a According to this lau then a@ beam of plane polantsed Jight 3s incident on ambyser. then intensity of fhe Light lepends on the Sead cosine of angle made y plane of transmission , @ Analyser - \ 0) p Plase. of fypeanitee “e—_ a 7 From mission (Polorisen) + x caste > [TH teces7o[> Te is He initial - inet @ Nicole prism = It is an optical device made from a calcite crystak for psoducing % analysing plane polarised Light - the Nicole prism ds mode in such 4 wey it eliminates one of te two ways ( €-r9y 01! 0-10) by Totol internal faction (TER:) . 4 By the use of Niole prism ve ue can Seperaty { ee Extra esdinary Ray end ordinay Pay - @ Stat Huygens A principle ;- T+ States that, Every Point on a wovefsnt ts tn itsof the source of spherical wavelets ich spared cut tte = fosward clive ction at tte speed of Leght .g wsite down the mathematical expression fos a Prog sensive wave and statationary wove: \ 2. Progressive wove (troveling wave) can be sepresented a5: [yen A Sin(Kx — ust +) hese! A> amplitude cf the wave kK wave number = 2k w-> ang los. frequancy = anf © > phase constant . A Stationary wave ( Stamling wave) can be wepresented os: Sin ft x ) css (ast )| uheve | A> amplitude ofc ved weves Wo angular frequevcy. A> amplitude of oxginted tuaves - K>.Wwave number.gQ @efine resonance in acoustics - fins In acoustics, wsesonance ig the phenomenon where o system vibvatp utith maximum amplitude at He natural {rea quamcy leading te Rcticien! enexqy transfer and lorger oscillations - Q: write coun the differential equation ofa forced vibration. The diff eqn. for d forced vilerotiew ta typp ically written -as% M¥+ CX 4 kx = F/L). Where, _ m> masa of the System C > camping ce cfficient ing ce ou | Ks DyIRA CoM. / 2 =r dianhemend / PH) esdesnal cbs ving forsee as 0 functen cf timet- DQ Sefine wavefront . Anes A wavefront 1% an ter V0 connecting point of et hase. f ve presenting the Woave'e shape — and os it propagates thaveghy a medstate fhe conditions under which sustained 9 tnteference from two beams of tight can take place - Ayes sustained interference from two beams of tight can occu if: je The beams have the Some Constant Phase yealaton ship. (Coherence ) 2+ The beams have fhe same waveleuqht (Menochwe madicity) 2%. The beawy have the Same o%' compatible Polavizations. (Pelérteati on ) 4 The path temath differonce is uhthin the Cohex ence length (Path @ifference) . S- spatial overlap’ The ben overlap in Space where interfesence t& obscsyec Q@ Oifference between interference ond Oiffractoy . Interference Occutes When fice ox! more eoherent Light waves overlap, ewrealing 9 patesmoeh bright and dark fringes at (o. consbruciyy 4 fed aud distuctive tnterferedace Oitffeaction Occused when a sinrle dioht wave « a bends axound an obstacle ox! passes {htrlt a lit, Ereating 4 pattern of fring ie spreading of the uaave@ Neartonip Ring When a plano-convex lens is placed on fhe gos plate then theis form an aly the fim between the lowe, susface of the leme & upper. surface of the glo plate. tke Thickness of this film increase from Centre +o outwnrd: When we falls a monochromatic Sight on tt then we get alternate bright or dark ep-centric Civcle. These Co-centeric Civcles ore known os — Neutton's ving: @ Zone plate :- A zone plate 35 te 4ype of a plate which difracts the maximum post of Uart on a Btperict Point «gt ds Constructed by cluauin @n-centryic Cycles on a sheet of uthite paper udth yadius proportional +e +he Squre soot of nodura) number- This plate behaves Like convey fens - @ Similarities between a zone plate ond a convex lense t— : AL The focal length of both convex lene and Zone plode depends on wavelengh . Sd Both focused the Light at a point - JA3 Both form real image of 4 Object placed on it axe.0 Qissimilorities between am zone plate and a Conuen lens 4. In a Convex lense the vay of Light we focused to form am imaye by wJeaction , while in Zone plate the imaje formed hy diffraction of light g. The image formed by Convex lense Js more inteme than that of a zone plate « 3. The focal Length of plane zone plete invessaly propartion) Yo wavelength while the fealbgtzone plate hos a multiple focal length « of the focal lenght of Convex leme is directly Propostonal fo wawelenath - 4 Convex lense has single focal length while QO zone plate has q multiple focal length @ Gefine the tem bell Bos”. The texm “Bel” is defined as a unit used fn the Composison of power levels “in wectrical Communication or of intensities of sounds. ot! A ‘Bd’ iso unit of measurment for sounds intensity oy power levels, where one Bef wepresents a tenfold fnorease. i, more More common rt to we odlecibels (de). which we one -tenth of a Bel, for portical purposes.Q: Explain tuo importon| differences behueen loudness and intensify of Sound: LOUDNESS INTENSITY 4+ Loudness is Subjective 4 Intensity is objective Pereeption of sound, Physical measurment of varying wlth indusidul] sound enetgy per Unit Sensitivity amd influen- Ore, measuered in ed by eee Wott, — per Square meter (Wine) 2. Loudness measused | 2- Intensity measured in in phony oF sones. decibels (48) , aaa veflectng human the actual sound energy. Perception . Qe Explain two important diff, between prism Spectra ‘and gratin Spectra. Priam Spectra | Grating Spectra. 4 In Prism spectra 4. In Gratin Spectro Gispersion occurs due ®isperston to Occurs due the Refbactive to interfesence of fight index Varying uth Woves at the getings Wayelensth, caus Lines . diferente bending of Light - Nowlinenr dispeniny | 2 tneos, dispersion tui With Varying Fesdubon| Consistent — dud often Qevoss the. spectyum- baghes. Vesolution gored the spectrum.; g —— why is the central point of Newton'p sings ts dark ? beeeuse_o”. PY ake Central point of Neuton'p rings a daxk @ t £& fk ef Because of destructive interference. At this points the air film -thickness jy Zero» causing the veflacted Light waves from the Top ond bottom Surface fo be out of phase by half wouelength « TR cseosults in the tuo wave Two impostant psopesties of produced fringes : 4 Fringes Consist of aHernations bright and daxk bands - 2. Te fringes are usually evens Spaced with consistent distances betuccn adjacent bsiqht or davk bands . What 3s meomt y Opticalt activity 2 Ne Optical mexivet Js the property) of a material +o wotate te plane of polarisation of Babe Waves, pone na through t- T+ depends on factorp such os the material's nature, woaydenath of light > and concen trecion of Substamee .SS 7 The displacement of a particle at time ‘t' ix X= a Ced(ut) + b sin(wt). Prove that the motin, is simple harmonic and find tty omplitucle - Solution: given = Aces(Wt) 4 b(Sin(UWt)- ——H The Stomdord form of atm Bs given by: (4) = A Cos (Wt +) A> Amplitude b> phase angle - Now aaa iff. ut-x.to.t of equa Gis “AU Sin(Wwt) + bus(coslst) ) Again . = Dae s se. = AW cwS(USt) — bus*$in (Wt) - oe =~ Ww (Aceslett) + b sintot)] Sa dex ~ «9 (2) ce eae © & 2. = Ju at + wx =O This the given displacement "ot! So8, Lafies the diff. equotion of SH, Proving thal he motion & simple hovmonic . SP the equation of SHM of a panticle i% sf +12 =0. Find itp time period (f and mare acceleration and displacement of the Particle respectively) . nin. golutio The equation of SHM Js given- Bf +12%=0 ——-@ a8 ques fovm of SHM equation ty f+w*x =o oe = apsty —_@ 8 et Gad © - Bf = -12¥ 2 fuss) = - bx 4 used = “40 w= 4 on the gular freagucncy U9 ss _ W= 9 wad/, Te Bw us T= In* x x x Qe Two cpvhetent Light wones howin intensi Hey “925 wim? amd 324 w/mr ark sup vpesed. Find the visibility of the fringe system - ‘The visibility N of the -fringe system is calaulated using: y= Emax — tein =) Tan -& Twin + que T= 225 w/m> Tr = 324 W/m’. Calculate max. and min. tniensities Tmax = Wz) +E) (oe am)*< (sia? = 32° = 1089 W/wt. “Twin = (Stim) (235 ~ sem)’ (is-1sf I (co \ J Wha ay pie ay ey O 7 = _1Ok8I-F _ 1080 | , NM [089 +9 10978 ~~ 0-783 Th, the visibility is approximately 0-783, or! 968% « a a a& Light weflected frm a smath fce surface ice surface gete completely tinearfy polarised. if the efractve fndex(Rz-) of the tee: £309, find te ongle of incidence. | The angle of incidence ( Brewster!» angle) can be calculated & using the formula: [a=] M> RT yon + BO cia " fh= }-309 " + = tome oui! (x0) " p B > 4on' (1-309) fe @ iven A= S8IOA = SEI0KIOom D= Sm d= o-4Yem = 0-4 x10 Mm Ay= fringe utidth = 2 | — 2} formals ay= 2750 x16! 4 ays AD = 786235 X16 = 5890%10 me = 7ae-25 x 105 Si ORDERS OU Xx 197 epee Ree ea = 2245 0x15" | Be uxtie? oG How mary orders of diffroction pattern will be vinible Tf the crating hos 500 lines peemm. amd the wanelentih of light used i 600 nm- Golatien® Fivst we need tr find the d ( qsoting pacing ) or 500 lines per mm 4 ‘ d 4mm IX1om . 9% 10 m= 20600nm 00 lines 500 = News Pind the moximum porrible order m. Max. diffraction angle Ow 70. -. Sino <4° Now ty diffraction grating focmula , d sin@= ms 2000nmMx 4 = mx 600nM os! rok me 2uonm ar 3.33 pe am rm mutt be inteqo., the highest pe otden i 3: QD For a Sight of wavelenpi. Goco A, the augle of i 4 bough fi ; diffraction through a grating Comes pon caya to first order i 80", Find the number of Lines Per cm, glut ion: - Given - A (wavelengit)= C000 A= Gove x Fem m( order of diff) = 2 © (order diff - Aygle) = Bo". d=?_— e by cliff geet ny formula d Sing = MA ov d= mA sine aA = 2% 6x10° Sin3o = 12x18 om = p2xtotem. | ‘2 number of lines pen cm = 4 a | 12x 164 e ! 0-000I2 = 8333-33 Se, No- of Lines pes cw orf the grating & approximately $333 33 & te freaquency of a Sonometer ive is S60 Hz if the Length of the uslve is doubled awd ee tension ds inoreased four times » hout will the froqueng| of the wire chomge ® Solution 2° The Frequency of a vibvating Shiny ef sree ls wire ts géven by osmula : ve i JieGiven the taitial conditions f,= S60 He Ly = 2b) Pr b as doubled ] \ Te = 4T [ T js incr¢osed 4 times} New - Ta al, Lt by subtitulery values f= So, the new frequency will be ainchangect- fr= SO = 26042. Light from tuto independen! sources cloes not Produce interference patlern On a Sorcery, why? We Ayet> cam not obtain interference usin quo tndependent Sumnces of leg ht becawe, Two independent —Sowcer of (ight — cannot be cohvent because they cannot emit wove — count Nuc wsly : They will nof bowe Same phase difference bus fiom@ Given. A= 5000A = Sxi0% em m= 2 © = 60 d =2 no. of lines = ? by formula - dsing= mA cae mr ind | -~S | q = _2x Ske 10 (E ae 2] | a fa 2& & progressive wave J& Find tte tuaveleongth een = 10 sin 2n (sot -2 1S Y= [0 Sin 20 (sot - x) —@ The quieral form of o peagresive wane 4 - Y= A Sindr (t# - ES) Comparing the givenequ.@ with genertl for rn | an(st-a) = om (Ht 3) y Cat fie fem inside fle sine Functiou: F = Sone t=. 1s aA thus . the waveleg ti A is [A= is me ork | & explain the term Pnse- beats . The vise and fall cin the intensity of Sound due to the supetposition of two sound waves of Slightly different frequencies troveling in the game divection ik known os heats.re ee eti(isti “aii % what iste specific wotation amd tts unt? > Aye - o specific sotation measurs how much a Substance soiates the plane of pidovized Light. Tt ue characteristic of optically active (chiral) substoumes, it ss denoted by S. 7 x fe # - L-> path lougih. co concenteent vation n> augle of wtation. unit of specific sotation: - Degree por decimeter per (Grom Pe milliétes. (G - dm! gimb)- state Bsewster's law of Ppoloviaadion of light os 5 = Browster'p lau states that the tangent of the polarizatic polosising amie for 4 4am pour ent medium % equal to ts wefractive tndex , p> Refrective index. BD Polorising angle & Polarized light | Unpolarized Light W) Th 3s Light waves in which|@ EH is Light waves in whick the vibrations occurs in the vibroton occtess in a single plane - multiple planes Ui Emitte cl by Common ligth Sounes like Sty, Shen c bulb. ete-- W eveated using polaring Filters, by weflaction ox!Q Te fuvdamental frequency ofa gonometer tise under tention js Boone. if te fension 0” tHe wire be increased inthe vatio 16:9 and tHe length qe doubled, what will be the new findamental freaquency of the wire ¢ Solution.— pouron 6S Fe furdawrentet Given s- Te initial Proqueny ff, = 360 Hz. + Tre initial Tewion @= Th ¢ The tension f% increased in The sotto 16.9" Se, the new fasion 7, = 1271. + The length ts doubled, so the new length tS by = 2ba * fo =7 = The phase cliff. betuees the tuo Weves -