MODULE 1

QUES1: DEFINE SPSS SOFTWARE AND ITS APPLICATION.

It is a suite of software programs that analyzes scientific data related to the social sciences.
SPSS offers a fast-visual modeling environment that ranges from the smallest to the most
complex models. The data obtained from SPSS is used for surveys, data mining, market
research, etc.

APPLICATION OF SPSS CAN BE DONE IN THE FOLLOWING FIELDS: -

1)Market research- For market researchers who are looking for a reliable solution that will
help them understand their data, analyze trends, forecast, plan, and arrive at conclusions,
SPSS is the best tool out there.

2)Education- Educational institutions must bear the pressure of enrolling students and
retaining them each year. Not to mention the fact that they need to attract new students
every year. This is where SPSS comes in.

3)Healthcare- In healthcare institutions, outdated practices in patient delivery and

misaligned incentives for caregivers are some of the biggest issues. This is where analytics
can be a lifesaver, literally at that. Applying SPSS’ statistical analysis for healthcare delivery
has several use cases.

4)Retail- The retail industry relies heavily on analytics for everything from initial stock
planning to forecasting future trends. Customers have a lot of leverage when it comes to
retail products, thanks to the advent of social media, forums, and review sites.

Customers are taking their decisions based on the brand’s reviews online. So it is imperative
that retail businesses give the best that can be offered. Thankfully, statistical analysis is a
savior for the retail industry.

QUES2: DEFINE THE PROCESS OF IMPORTING THE DATA

1) From the menu, choose File > Import Data > CSV, the dialog box “Open Data” will pop up.
Locate and select the CSV file, then click Open. You can also drag and drop an existing file
directly into an open SPSS window.

2) The “Read CSV File” dialog box will appear. Select appropriate settings.

3) Make sure Read variable names from first row of data is selected.

4) Delimiter between values: The delimiter is the character that separates each data value.
Users can choose from “comma”, “semicolon” and “tab” in the dialog box (“comma” is
selected in most cases). If the delimiter is other characters or a blank space, use Advanced
Option (Text Wizard) to import the data.
5) Text Qualifier: The text qualifier is the character used to enclose values that contain the
delimiter character. Select “Double Quote” as text qualifier.

6) You can go to Advanced Option (Text Wizard) to access more options to customize the
data import.

7) Click OK to import the data.

QUES3: EXPLAIN DATA VIEW AND VARIABLE VIEW WITH THE HELP OF EXAMPLE.

The Data Editor window is the default window and opens when SPSS starts. This window
displays the content of any open data files and provides drop-down menus that allow you to
modify and analyze data. The data are displayed in a spreadsheet format where columns
represent variables and rows represent cases. The spreadsheet format includes two tabs at
the bottom labeled Data View and Variable View. The Data View tab displays the open data
set: variables appear in columns, and cases appear in rows. The Variable View tab displays
information about variables in the open data (but not the data themselves), such as variable
names, types, and labels, etc. The tab that is currently displayed will be yellow in color.

The “Data View” tab shows the variables in columns and each observation in rows, which is
most useful to look at the actual values presented in the dataset.
In “Variable View”, SPSS shows each variable as rows and has a series of columns with more
information about the variable such as “Name”, “Type”, and the “Label” given.
 MODULE 2
1. Create Data With Name Gender Religion Year Section Sub 1 2 3 4

2. Transform. > Recode Into Different Variables> Old Value Into New Example Gender Changed To
Gender Code , M Changed To 1. This Creates A New Column. If Using Recode Into Same
Variables , The Respective Column Will Get Changed

I. DATA RECODE

Sometimes you will want to transform a variable by combining some of its categories or
values together. For example, you may want to change a continuous variable into an ordinal
categorical variable, or you may want to merge the categories of a nominal variable. In SPSS,
this type of transform is called recoding.

In SPSS, there are three basic options for recoding variables:

1. Recode into different variables

Recoding into a different variable transforms an original variable into a new variable. That is,
the changes do not overwrite the original variable; they are instead applied to a copy of the
original variable under a new name.

2. Recode into same variable

 Recoding into the same variable (Transform > Recode into Same Variables) works the same
way as described above, except for that any changes made will permanently alter the
original variable. That is, the original values will be replaced by the recoded values.

In general, it is good practice not to recode into the same variable because it overwrites the
original variable. If you ever needed to use the variable in its original form (or wanted to
double-check your steps), that information would be lost.

3. Analyze> Descriptive Stats >Frequencies > Select The Columns > Ok

In SPSS, the Frequencies procedure can produce summary measures for categorical variables
in the form of frequency tables, bar charts, or pie charts.
To run the Frequencies procedure, click Analyse > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.

Variable(s): The variables to produce Frequencies output for. To include a variable for
analysis, double-click on its name to move it to the Variables box. Moving several variables
to this box will create several frequency tables at once.
4. Analyse > Descriptive > Crosstab To Create A CrosstableOf Particular Columns (Gender) And Year
(Row)

Row: One or more variables to use in the rows of the crosstab(s). You must enter at least one
Row variable.
Column: One or more variables to use in the columns of the crosstab(s). You must enter at
least one Column variable.
5. Analyze> Descriptive stats> Descriptive > Select Subjects. Mean Table Created
6. Graphs> Type Of Graph> Bar>Simple > Individual > Select Data Columns Like Year Sub1 >
Variable Select the ‘Simple’ bar chart. Under ‘Data in Chart Are’, select ‘Summaries for
groups of cases’. Click “Define”.
This brings up the following dialog box. Select the variable for which you wish to create a
Bar Chart (“YEAR” in this example), and add it to the “Category Axis’ box by selecting the
arrow button to the left of the box.
Select your desired option from “Bars Represent”. We want this bar chart to display the
number of cases for each variable, so the “N of cases” option is correct.
7. Legacy > Pie > Group > Sum Of Variable
 MODULE 3

1.Report> Case Summaries > Statistics > Mean > According To Subs And Grouping Variable

a.From the menus choose:

a. Analyse>Reports>Case summaries
b. Click Select variables under the Dependent variables section and select one or more
variables. Click OK after selecting the dependent variables.
c. Optionally, click Select variables under the Group variables section and select one or more
variables that define groups of cases and produce individual summaries with respect to each
category. Click OK after selecting the group variables.
d. Optionally, you can select the following options from the Additional settings menu:
e. Click Statistics for summary, central tendency, dispersion, and user missing values for
categorical fields statistics.
f. Click Options for displaying statistics and controlling the treatment of missing values. g.Click
Run analysis
2.Transform > Compute Variable> Select Function Group All > Select Mean In Function Variable
> Select The Columns Of The Mean> Give Name (Average) > A Nw Column Will Be Created

Sometimes you may need to compute a new variable based on existing information (from
other variables) in your data. For example, you may want to:

• Convert the units of a variable from feet to meters

• Use a subject's height and weight to compute their BMI
• Compute a subscale score from items on a survey

To compute a new variable, click Transform> Compute Variable

The Compute Variable window will open where you will specify how to calculate your new variable.

• Target Variable: The name of the new variable that will be created during the computation.
Simply type a name for eg: “TOTAL” for the new variable in the text field. Once a variable is
entered here, you can click on “Type & Label” to assign a variable type and give it a label.
The default type for new variables is numeric.

• Numeric Expression: Specify how to compute the new variable by writing a numeric
expression. This expression must include one or more variables from your dataset, and can use
arithmetic or functions.

• Function group: You can also use the built-in functions in the Function group list on the
right-hand side of the window. The function group contains many useful, common functions
that may be used for calculating values for new variables (e.g., mean, logarithm). To find a
specific function, simply click one of the function groups in the Function Group list. You
will now see a list of functions that belong to that function group in the Functions and
Special Variables area. If you click on a specific function, a description of that function will
appear in the text field to the left.
 3.Transform > Compute Variable> Select Function Group All > Select Sum In Function
Variable > Select The Columns Of The Sum > Give Name (Total)> A Nw Column Will Be
Created

Sometimes you may need to compute a new variable based on existing information (from
other variables) in your data. For example, you may want to:

• Convert the units of a variable from feet to meters

• Use a subject's height and weight to compute their BMI
• Compute a subscale score from items on a survey

To compute a new variable, click Transform> Compute Variable

The Compute Variable window will open where you will specify how to calculate your new variable.

• Target Variable: The name of the new variable that will be created during the computation.
Simply type a name for eg: “TOTAL” for the new variable in the text field. Once a variable is
entered here, you can click on “Type & Label” to assign a variable type and give it a label.
The default type for new variables is numeric.

• Numeric Expression: Specify how to compute the new variable by writing a numeric
expression. This expression must include one or more variables from your dataset, and can use
arithmetic or functions.

• Function group: You can also use the built-in functions in the Function group list on the
right-hand side of the window. The function group contains many useful, common functions
that may be used for calculating values for new variables (e.g., mean, logarithm). To find a
specific function, simply click one of the function groups in the Function Group list. You
will now see a list of functions that belong to that function group in the Functions and
Special Variables area. If you click on a specific function, a description of that function will
appear in the text field to the left.
 MODULE 4
•FILTER DATA
DATA >> SELECT CASES >> IF CONDITION IS SATISFIED >> IF >> ENTER THE
CONDITION >> CONTINUE >> OK

If condition is satisfied
This option opens dialog where we can define formula that will filter data. We can click on
column names (1), math and number symbols (2), and we can choose some of built-in
functions (3). What we click, will appear in pane (6). We can also type by hand what we want
in pane (6). Whole expression can be typed manually, but it is easier to select elements of
expression. Pane (5) will filter functions presented in the pane (3). This will help us to find
function we want. When we select one of the functions in the pane (3), we can see its syntax
and description in the pane (4).
Now that we created our filter (7), we will choose to “Filter out unselected cases” (8). This
option will not hide or delete filtered data (9), but will only mark it as filtered (10). Although
still visible, marked rows will not be included in SPSS calculations. This way we do not lose
any data and we can after, apply some other filter on our table.
• CASE SUMMARIES

ANALYSE >> REPORTS >> CASE SUMMARIES >> INDEPENDENT VARIABLES AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES NEED TO BE ENTERED IN GROUPIG VARIABLES AND
VARIABLES RESPECTIVELY >> OK
• Sort
DATA TAB >> SORT CASES >> SELECT NAME >> ASCENDING ORDER >> SAVE FILE WITH
SAME DATA >> OK

Sorting variables allow users to reorder the variables based on the

variable attribute (variable name, data type, width, etc.).

• Quick sorting variables

In the Variable View, right-click the attribute column heading on which
you want to sort the variables and select Sort Ascending or Sort
Descending.
 MODULE-5(i)

• RECODING OF MISSING FREQUENCIES IN THE SAME VARIABLE

MISSING VALUE>RECODE INTO SAME >SELECT COLUMN>SYSTEM MISSING> SET NEW VALUE
FIND FREQUENCY WITH NEW ADDED VALUE > APPLY STATS LIKE MEAN MEDIAN VARIANCE
• SPLIT DATA AND CALCULATING STANDARD DEVIATION AND VARIANCE
DATA > SPLIT DATA > COMPARE GROUPS> YEAR > OK
ANALYSE > FREQUENCY > SELECT THE NECESSARY VARIABLES > STATISTCS > VARIANCE AND
STANDARD DEVIATION > CONTINUE > OKAY
 MODULE 5(ii)
• RECODING MISSING FREQUENCIES INTO DIFFERENT VARIABLE
TRANSFORM>RECODE INTO DIFFERENT VARIABLE > SUB_1> WRITE THE LABEL > WRITE THE
NEW AND OLD ENTERIES > CONTINUE > OK
 MODULE 6
DESCPRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1. CLICK ON ANALYZE, SELECT DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FROM THE DROP-DOWN MENU, SELECT
DESCRIPTIVE.

2. “DESCRIPTIVES” DIALOGUE BOX WILL APPEAR, CHOOSE ALL THE VARIABLES EXCEPT NAME
IN THE VARIABLE LIST AND THEN CLICK ON “STATISTICS”.

3. CLICK ON OPTIONS AND SELECT MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION, KURTOSIS AND SKEWNESS.
4. NOW CLICK CONTINUE AND THEN OK
5. IN THE OUTPUT DATA VIEWER, WE CAN SEE ALL THE DATA DESCRIBED STATISTICALLY.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FROM EXPLORE
1. CLICK ON ANALYZE, SELECT DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FROM THE DROP-DOWN MENU, SELECT
EXPLORE.

2. SELECT TOTAL AS DEPENDENT VARIABLE.

3. GO TO PLOT AND CLICK ON PLOTS. SELECT HISTOGRAM AND NONE

4. CLICK CONTINUE AND OK
5. THE OUTPUT IS AS FOLLOWS
REGRESSION

1.FIRST GO TO GRAPHS AND SELECT CHART BUILDER. AFTER THIS THE BUILDER DIALOGUE
BOX APPEARS.

2.AFTER THAT WE SELECT SCATTER OR PLOT AND THEN CLICK OK AND THE
OUTPUT IS AS FOLLOWS
3. CLICK ON ANALYZE AND THEN MOVE TO REGRESSION AND SELECT LINEAR
4. SELECT DEPENDENT AND INTERDEPENDENT FILE

5. CLICK ON OK AND THE OUTPUT WILL BE AS FOLLOWS

 MODULE-7

SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS

SKEWNESS
1. A frequency distribution of a set of values that is not symmetrical is called as asymmetrical o skewed
data.
2. In a skewed distribution, extreme values in a data set move towards one side or tail of the
distribution. 3.Skewness is of two types: Positive and Negative
4. Positive skewness is when the bulk data is on the left side and right tail is longer. It is also called
skewed right.
5. Negative Skewness is when the bulk data is on the right side and the left tail is longer. It is also called
skewed left.

KURTOSIS

1. The degree of concentration of frequency in a distribution is known as kurtosis.

2. Degree of Flatness or peakness.
3. Whether the Observed values are concentrated more around the mode or away from the mode
4.Two or more observations may have identical average, variation, and skewness but not
concentration
5.There are three types of KurtosisMeso, Platy and Lepto.

1. Click on analyze and then descriptive statistics and then Descriptives

2. Choose the variables of which skewness and kurtosis need to be calculated.

3. Select options and then select skewness, kurtosis and standard deviation. And click on Continue. And
then ok.

4. The answer is as follow.

INTERPRETATION

SKEWNESS
1. YEAR: -0.35
2. SUB3: 0.454

The data of both Year and Sub3 is normally distributed.

KURTOSIS

1. YEAR: -1.281
2. SUB3: -0.196

The data of both Year and SUB3 lies between -3 and 0 and +3 and 0 and thus the data has
platy kurtosis.

MODULE-8
 1.Go to descriptive in analyze and then head to explore

1. Select the dependent and factor list for example SUB2 and gender. Then click on plots and
factors levels together and untransformed. Click on continue and click on ok.
2. Once the histogram comes as an output click on it twice. A new window will appear, now
go to elements, and then click on show distribution curve. The distribution curve will
appear.