Chapter 1 (Sadiku) Basic Concepts

Chapter 2 (Hayt) Basic Components and Electric Circuits

Prof. Mamoun F. Al-Mistarihi

[email protected]
Jordan University of Science and Technology
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 A quick word of advice before we begin

Pay close attention to the role of “+” and “-” signs when labeling
voltages, and the significance of the arrow in defining current;
they often make the difference between wrong and right answers.

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 System of Units
• As electrical engineers, we deal with measurable quantities.

• Our measurement, however, must be communicated in a standard

language that virtually all professionals can understand, irrespective of
the country where the measurement is conducted.

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 System of Units
The SI uses the decimal system to relate larger and smaller units to the basic
unit, and employs prefixes to signify the various powers of 10.

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 Charge and Current
• The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.
• We all experience the effect of electric charge when we try to remove
our wool sweater and have it stick to our body or walk across a carpet
and receive a shock.
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which material
consists, measured in coulombs (C)

• There are two types of charge: positive (corresponding to a proton) and

negative (corresponding to an electron).
• This course is concerned with circuits in which only electron flow is
relevant. There are many devices (such as batteries, diodes, and
transistors) in which positive charge motion is important to
understanding internal operation, but external to the device we typically
concentrate on the electrons which flow through the connecting wires.
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 Charge and Current

In the SI system, the fundamental unit of charge is the coulomb (C).

It is defined in terms of the ampere by counting the total charge that
passes through an arbitrary cross section of a wire during an interval
of one second.

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 Electric Current

The current present in a discrete path, such as a metallic wire, has both a
numerical value and a direction associated with it; it is a measure of the
rate at which charge is moving past a given reference point in a specified
direction.

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 Electric Current
• When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected to a
battery, the charges are compelled to move.
•

• Positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in

the opposite direction.

• This motion of charges creates electric current

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Electric Current
Electric Current

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 Electric Current
Example 1

Example 2

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 Electric Current
Example 3

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 Voltage
• To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires
some work or energy transfer.
• This work is performed by an external electromotive force (emf),
typically represented by the battery. This emf is also known as voltage or
potential difference.
• The voltage between two points a and b in an electric circuit is the
energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge from a to b;

where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in

coulombs (C).
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 Voltage

• The plus (+) and minus (-) signs are used to define
reference direction or voltage polarity
• vab can be interpreted in two ways:
1. Point a is at a potential of vab volts higher
than point b
2. the potential at point a with respect to point b
is vab .

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Voltage

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 Power and Energy
• Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric
circuit, they are not sufficient by themselves.
• For practical purposes, we need to know how much power an electric
device can handle.
• We all know from experience that a 100-watt bulb gives more light than a
60-watt bulb.
• We know that when we pay our bills to the electric utility companies, we
are paying for the electric energy consumed over a certain period of time

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Power and Energy

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 Power and Energy

If one joule of energy is expended in transferring one coulomb of

charge through the device in one second, then the rate of energy
transfer is one watt.

The absorbed power must be proportional both to the number of

coulombs transferred per second (current) and to the energy needed to
transfer one coulomb through the element (voltage). Thus,

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Power and Energy

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Passive Sign Convention

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 Passive Sign Convention
Case 1

Case 2

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 Passive Sign Convention
Compute the power absorbed (dissipated) or supplied (generated) by
each element in the following circuit

+ 12 V - I =2A
- 4V
+
I1 = 4 A 3
Element #2 Element #4

+ + I2 = 2 A +
36 V Element #1 Element #5
24 V Element #3 28 V

- - -

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 Passive Sign Convention
+ 12 V - I =2A
- 4V
+
I1 = 4 A 3
Element #2 Element #4

+ + I2 = 2 A +
36 V Element #1 Element #5
24 V Element #3 28 V

- - -
P1 = v1 i1 = 36 (-4) = -144 W so P1 = 144 W Supplied or P1 = -144 W absorbed

P2 = v2 i2 = 12 (4) = +48 W so P2= 48 W absorbed

P3 = v3 i3 = 24 (2) = +48 W so P3= 48 W absorbed

P4 = v4 i4 = 4 (-2) = -8 W so P2= 8 W Supplied or P2= -8 W absorbed

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P5 = v5 i5 = 28 (2) = 56 W so P5= 56 W absorbed
Passive Sign Convention

Note

∑ Pgenerated = ∑ Pabsorbed

144 + 8 = 48 + 48 + 56
152 W = 152 W

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 Voltage and Current Sources
Independent Sources

Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source

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 Voltage and Current Sources
Independent Sources

An independent voltage source is characterized by a terminal

voltage which is completely independent of the current through it.

The current through the independent current source is completely

independent of the voltage across it.

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 Voltage and Current Sources
Dependent Sources

Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source

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 Voltage and Current Sources

K is a dimensionless scaling constant. g is a scaling factor with units of A/V.

r is a scaling factor with units of V/A.

The controlling current ix and the controlling voltage vx must be defined in

the circuit.

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 Voltage and Current Sources

Dependent and independent voltage and current sources are

active elements; they are capable of delivering power to some
external device.

For the present we will think of a passive element as one which

is capable only of receiving power. However, we will later see
that several passive elements are able to store finite amounts of
energy and then return that energy later to various external
devices; since we still wish to call such elements passive.

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Example
Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element

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Example

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Networks and Circuits

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 Circuit Elements
• An element is the basic building block of a circuit.
• An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.
• Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or
the currents through) the elements of the circuit.
• Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of resisting
the flow of electric charge.
• This physical property, or ability to resist current, is known as
resistance and is represented by the symbol R.

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 Circuit Elements

The Unit of the resistance is Ohm (Ω)

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Ohm’s Law

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 Ohms Law
Power Dissipated in a Resistor

A resistor always absorbs (dissipates) power from the circuit 36

Ohm’s Law

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Short Circuit

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Open Circuit

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 Ohms Law
Example 3

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 Ohms Law
Example 4

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 Ohms Law
The power dissipated in the 5kΩ resistance

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 End
Of
Chapter 2

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