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Gec 224

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22 views4 pages

Gec 224

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brightimefor223
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1

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LANDMARK UNIVERSITY, OMU-ARAN, NIGERIA
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS-I (GEC 224)
3RD ONLINE LECTURE NOTE

OUTLINE
 LINEAR AND LATERAL STRAIN
 POISSON RATIO
 VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
 BULK MODULUS

Prepared & Delivered by:


Kazeem R. Adebayo (Ph.D.)

GEC 224 (Strength of Materials-I) _ 2019/2020 Session


2

LINEAR AND LATERAL STRAIN

Consider a circular bar of diameter d and length l, subjected to a tensile


force P as shown in Fig. 1 below

Fig. 1

A little consideration will show that due to tensile force, the length
of the bar increases by an amount  l and the diameter decreases by an
amount  d , as shown above. Similarly, if the bar is subjected to a
compressive force, the length of bar will decrease which will be followed
by increase in diameter.
It is thus obvious, that every direct stress is accompanied by a strain
in its own direction which is known as linear strain and an opposite kind
of strain in every direction, at right angles to it, is known as Lateral
strain.

POISSON’S RATIO
It is defined as the ratio between lateral strain and linear strain.
Mathematically,

Lateral _ Strain
= Constant
Linear _ Strain
1
This constant is known as Poisson’s ratio and is denoted by  or (in
m
some textbooks). The symbol ν, is a lower case Greek letter nu, which
looks similar to the lower case Roman letter v.

For more understanding (see Fig. 2), Poisson’s ratio is also given as

 transverse

 longitudinal

Where  transverse is the strain in the transverse (crosswise) direction, and


εlong is the strain along the longitudinal axis (sometimes called εaxial).
The sign convention for strain is positive for expansion, negative for

GEC 224 (Strength of Materials-I) _ 2019/2020 Session


3

shrinkage. Typical values of Poisson’s ratio are 0.25 for steel, 0.33
for aluminum, and 0.10 to 0.20 for concrete.

Fig. 2

We can calculate the change in length of a rod by taking the definition


 long
of strain,  long  and rewriting it as long   long L . In the same way, we
L
can calculate the change in diameter by substituting  transverse for  axial , and
diameter d for length L:  transverse   transverse L .

BULK MODULUS

When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular stresses of


equal intensity, then the ratio of the direct stress to the corresponding
volumetric strain is known as Bulk Modulus. It is denoted by K


K
V
V

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BULK MODULUS AND YOUNG’S MODULUS

The bulk modulus (K) and Young’s modulus (E) are related by the following
relation.

m.E E
K 
3(m  2) 3(1  2 )

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YOUNG’S MODULUS AND MODULUS OF RIGIDITY

m.E E
G 
2(m  1) 2(1   )

GEC 224 (Strength of Materials-I) _ 2019/2020 Session


4

Exercise

(1) An aluminum rod has a cross-sectional area of 0.19635m2. An axial


tensile load of 6000N causes the rod to stretch along its length,
and shrink across its diameter. What is the diameter before and
after loading?
(2) Calculate the strains in the x, y, and z directions for the steel
block loaded as shown .

(3) An axial tensile force of 100kN is applied to a steel rod, 38mm in


diameter and 50cm long. Calculate the change in volume if E =200 GPa
and Poisson’s ratio = 0.26.
(4) A bar of 20mm diameter is subjected to a pull of 50kN. The measured
extension over a gauge length of 20cm is 0.1mm and the change in
diameter is 0.0035mm. Calculate the Poisson’s ratio, the value of
the modulus of elasticity E and the bulk modulus K.

GEC 224 (Strength of Materials-I) _ 2019/2020 Session

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