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21 views

Week 1

Uploaded by

silaspaul549
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D).

FLOWER
Flowers are the reproductive parts of a plant. A flower has various structures
(floral parts) with different arrangements and shapes.

Floral part Function

Pedicel Flower stalk.

Receptacle Specialized shoot on which the flower grows

whorls Circular or ring-form arrangement of floral parts on the receptacle.

Calyx The outermost whorl. A set of leaf-like sepals.

Corolla Collective name for petals inside the calyx.

Androecium Collective name for stamens (male parts of a flower). Stamen consists of an
anther and a filament.

Carpel Collective name for female organs of a flower. A carpel consists of a stigma
and ovary. Many carpels are collectively called gynoecium or Pistil.

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Classification of flowers

Flowers are mainly classified in terms of the agent of pollination.

I. Wind-pollinated flowers

They have the following characteristics;

➢ Petals are very small, not clearly visible or absent since they don’t need
to attract pollinators.
➢ They do not produce nectar or scent.
➢ Produce large quantities of pollen to increase the chance of falling on the
stigma.
➢ Pollen produced is light and small, and not sticky so that it can easily be
carried in the air.
➢ They have large anthers, loosely attached filament which hang outside
the so that they shake and shed pollen even when there is no strong
wind.
➢ Stigmas are wide and feathery to increase the chance of catching pollen.
➢ Flowers develop long pedicels so that the wind reach the flower.

II. Bird and Insect-pollinated flowers.

➢ The flowers are brightly coloured and attractive to pollinators.


➢ They have nectar.
➢ Petals produce a distinctive scent which attracts pollinators.
➢ Pollen grains are large, hairy in some plants, smooth and sticky so
that it can easily attach to the body of pollinators.
➢ Anthers and stigmas (often sticky) are located inside the corolla.

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ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Animals are generally classified into two groups; invertebrates and


vertebrates.
Invertebrates are animals without a backbone. They are generally
small and are either soft bodied or with hard external covering
called exoskeleton. Some have no legs, others few legs while others
have many legs. Vertebrates are animals with a backbone.
1. Invertebrates
1.1. Arthropoda
a) Insects (class insecta)
Insects belong to phylum. Arthropods have exoskeleton which is
formed by chitin, a carbohydrate secreted by the body. Chitin
hardens on contact with air or water. Insects are mostly terrestrial
and a few others aquatic.
➢ The body is divided into 3 parts; the head, thorax and
abdomen.
➢ The head has one pair of antennae and two compound eyes.
➢ The thorax has three segments, each of which has a pair of
jointed legs.
➢ Mouthparts may be adapted for biting (locust),
sucking(butterflies) or piecing (mosquito, bed bugs).
➢ Gas exchange is through trachea.

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b) Crustaceans (class crustacea)
They are mostly aquatic.
➢ They have a head with two pairs of antennae.
➢ Usually have two compound eyes and five or more pairs of
limbs which may be adapted for walking, swimming or
catching prey.
➢ Gas exchange is through the gills.
➢ Their body is covered with a hard-shining coat made of chitin
and calcium carbonate compound.
➢ Examples include prawns, crayfish, crabs and shrimps.

Claw or cheliped

antennae
Stalked eyes

Carapace (Hard exoskeleton)

legs

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c) Arachnids (class Chelicerata)
➢ Members are carnivorous and paralyses prey using poison
produced from poison claws.

Distinguishing Characteristics
➢ The body has two parts: cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen
(opisthosoma).
➢ Cephalothorax is head fused to thorax.
➢ A pair of chelicerae, on ventral side of cephalothorax.
➢ They have four pairs of walking legs.
➢ They have no antennae. Instead they have a pair of short
pedipalps which are sensitive to touch.
➢ Most arachnids use lungs for gaseous exchange.
➢ They have simple eyes but more than one pair.
Examples include garden spider, ticks, scorpions

Chelicerae

Pedipalps
Prosoma

Opisthosoma

spinnerets

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d) . Millipedes (class Diplopoda)

➢ They have a cylindrical body.


➢ Has two parts: head, short thorax and a trunk.
➢ Body elongated with numerous segments.
➢ Has two pairs of legs on each segment.
➢ Gaseous exchange is by tracheal system.
➢ Head has a pair of antennae.
➢ Are herbivorous.

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e) Centipedes (class Chilopods- Chilopoda)
➢ They have a long flat body.
➢ The body has 2 body parts, a head and segmented trunk.
➢ Each body segment has a pair of legs.
➢ The body is dorsal-ventrally flattened.
➢ Head has a pair of antennae.
➢ Gaseous exchange through tracheal system.
➢ Are carnivorous.

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