MSBTE Diploma in Electrical Engineering SAP Notes Unit 5

UNIT 5: Protection of motors ,busbar and transmission line
QU.1 ) Explain short circuit protection of 3Φ IM.

Ans:
The short circuit protection of three phase induction motor may be in one or
combination form of the following according to application of motor:
1. External protection against short circuit: External protection device is
normally done using different types of fuses, MCBS, MCCBS, MPCBS and short
circuit relays. This kind of protection device is compulsory and legal and placed
under safety regulations.
2. Built-in motor protection: This is usually done with thermal overload
protection to avoid damage and breakdown of motor. The built-in protector always
requires an external circuit breaker while some built-in motor protection types
even require an overload relay. There are two types commonly used namely: (i)
Thermostats (ii) Thermistors or positive temperature coefficient Sensors (PTC).
3. Advanced External Motor Protection Systems: Due to the increasing use of
electric motors in various aspects of industry, there has been significant
advancement in external motor protection against damage of short circuits.
Advance type sensor-relay combination like PT100 temperature monitoring of
stator and bearings, insulation resistance and temperature monitoring sensors,
digital / electronic / numerical relays etc. are applied to motor protection against
short circuit.
4. Instantaneous High Set Overcurrent Relay: It is used which trips
instantaneously the related circuit breaker of short circuited motor.
QU.2 ) List any four major faults related to 3Φ IM. Draw sketch of single
phasing preventer.
Ans:
Faults Related to 3Φ IM:
A) Electrical / magnetic sections:
1. Electrical supply failure due to single phasing, under voltage, unbalanced
voltages and reversal of phases.
2. Short circuit faults between turns of a stator coil due to failure of insulation.
3. Short circuit faults between stator coils due to failure of insulation.
4. Short circuit faults between stator coil/s and body of motor due to failure of
insulation.
5. Open circuit in stator winding/coils or their terminal connections.
6. Loose or broken rotor bars.
7. Damaged core stampings/teeth.
B) Mechanical section:
1. Unbalanced rotor.
2. Damaged bearings.
3. End play in shaft, bent shaft.
4. Cooling/ventilation system failures, damaged fan.
1
5. Failure/disturbances of alignment.
6. Foundation arrangement disturbed.
7. Worn out brushes leading to abnormal operation with sparking etc.
OR
1. Prolonged overloading.
2. Single phasing.
3. Stalling.
4. Phase to phase faults / phase fault.
5. Phase to ground fault.
6. Inter- turn faults.
7. Earth faults.
8. Reversal of phases.
9. Failure of bearings / Rotor Jam.
10. Supply under-voltage.
11. Supply over voltage.
12. Unbalanced Supply Voltage.
13. Faults in stator and associated circuit.
14. Faults in rotor or associated circuit.
15. Open circuit fault in stator / rotor circuit.
Single Phasing Preventer
QU.3 ) Explain the working of single phasing preventer with neat diagram.
Ans:
2
Working of single phasing preventer
Single phasing preventers are generally used for small / medium capacity
motors. Single phasing preventers are connected in secondary of line CTs.
These
mainly contain a negative sequence filter. The output of negative sequence filter
is fed to the level detector, which further sends tripping command to starter or
CB. When one of the three input lines get disconnected because of any reason,
ultimately the NC contact gets opened which stops the motor to avoid further
damage when single phasing occurs
QU.4 )List any four faults related to busbar.

Ans:
Faults Related to Busbar:
1. Failure of support insulators resulting in earth faults.
2. Failure of circuit breakers to interrupt the fault current.
3. Foreign object accidentally falling across the busbar.
4. Flash over across support insulator causing flash over due to over-voltage.
5. Heavily polluted insulator, causing flash-over.
6. Earthquake, mechanical damages.
7. Failure of other related equipment.
8. Errors in operation and maintenance
QU. 5) Discuss in brief the principle of distance protection and state four
advantages of
distance protection scheme.
Ans:
Principle of Distance Protection:
Action of relay depends on impedance (distance) up to fault point. At fault point
the ratio of V/I (= Z) falls below preset value due to which the relay operates to
trip the circuit breaker.
„V‟ is the restraining quantity while „I‟ is the operating quantity
Advantages:
1. System is economical
2. High speed of interruption
3. Suitable for very long and high voltage transmission lines.
4. No problem of pilot wires
3
QU. 6) Explain with neat sketch differential protection scheme of bus bar.
Ans:
Differential Protection Scheme for Bus Bar:
Under normal conditions, the sum of the currents entering the bus bar zone is
equal to those leaving it and no current flows through the relay coil. If a fault
occurs within the protected zone, the currents entering the bus will no longer be
equal those leaving it. The difference of these currents will flow through the relay
coil causing opening of circuit breaker of bus-bar
QU.7 ) Explain with neat sketch working principle of distance relay.

Ans:
Distance Protection Scheme for Transmission Line:
Impedance or distance protection scheme uses impedance relay. The relay
operation is based on the impedance (or distance) between the relay and point of
fault. Figure shows arrangement for distance protection for typical transmission
line.
The voltage element of impedance relay receives supply from PT secondary and
current element receives supply from CT secondary. It measures Impedance at
relay location ( Z = V / I ) The protection zone of line is between A and B.
Under normal working conditions, the impedance of line is ZL. The impedance
relay is so designed that, it operates only when line impedance becomes less than
ZL. When fault occurs between points A & B, the impedance of line becomes less
than ZL and impedance relay operates which trips the CB and line is protected.
4
QU.8 ) Explain with neat sketch, the Pilot wire protection scheme applied to
transmission line.
Ans:
Pilot Wire Protection scheme of Transmission Line
Figure shows the single line diagram of Merz price voltage balance system for
pilot wire protection of three phase transmission line. The pair of CTs in each
line is connected in series with a relay, in such a way that under normal
conditions, their secondary voltages are equal and opposite. Because current
entering is equal to current leaving, they cancel out and no current flows
through
relay coil. Suppose a fault occurs at point F, the current entering and leaving
are
different, hence cau to the circuit breaker for protection of transmission line
sing current to flow through the relay, which gives trip signal

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UNIT 5: Protection of motors ,busbar and transmission line

QU.1 ) Explain short circuit protection of 3Φ IM.

QU.4 )List any four faults related to busbar.

QU.7 ) Explain with neat sketch working principle of distance relay.

Pilot Wire Protection scheme of Transmission Line

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