Scribd
Upload
21 views4 pages

Fundamental of Computer Topic 1

Badic of computer

Uploaded by

poojadevi09112003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views4 pages

Fundamental of Computer Topic 1

Badic of computer

Uploaded by

poojadevi09112003
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

FUNDAMENTAL OF COMPUTER

INTRODUCTION:- Being a modern-day we must have used, seen, or read about computers. This is
because they are an integral part of our everyday existence. Be it colleges, schools, banks, shops,
railway stations, hospitals or our own home, computers are present everywhere, making our work
easier and faster for us. As they are such integral parts of our lives, we must know what they are
and how they function. That means computers are present in almost every field, making our day-
to-day tasks easier and faster.
DEFINITION:- The literal meaning of computer is a device that can calculate. However, modern
computers can do a lot more than calculate. Computer is an electronic device that receives input,
stores or processesthe input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format.
OR
Definition: Is a collection of entities (hardware, software and liveware) that are designed to
receive, process, manage and present information in a meaningful format.
OR
A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The data is normally
held withinthe computer as it is being processed.

Basic Computer Organization


ORGANIZATION: - Let us first understand the meaning of organization in the context of
computers. The term of organization is defined as arranging, classifying things together logically to
maximize the functional convenience. In simple words, the computer organization is all about
organizing various system hardware components and how these components are interconnected.

Computer Organization is a field which explains about structure and behavior of digital
computers. Its main objective is to make us understand the overall computer hardware structure and all its peripheral
devices. It tells us how all the units in the system are arranged and interconnected to each other.
The basic organization of a computer system is the processing unit, memory unit, and input-
output devices. The processing unit controls all the functions of the computer system. It is the brain
of the computer e.g. CPU. The memory unit consists of two units. One is an arithmetic unit and the
other is a logic unit. Input devices are those devices through which end-users can send messages to
computers e.g. keyboard, mouse, etc. Output devices are those devices through which end-users
get output from computers e.g. monitors.
The basic organization of computer

The computer organization describes the details of the various hardware components
related to the various functional units present in the system. The computer organization deals with
the arrangement of various system hardware components and the function performed by the
components. It also defines the interaction between various functional components. The computer
organization defines the structure and behavior of the digital computers. The main objective of the
computer organization is to understand the various computer hardware components and the
interaction between these components.
The main component of basic organization of a computer system is micro-processor
(C.P.U),memory unit(MU), and input-output devices.
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is called "the brain of computer" as it controls operation of all parts of
computer.It consists of two components: Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and Control Unit.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Data entered into computer is sent to RAM, from where it is then sent to ALU, where rest of data
processing takes place. All types of processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of
non-numeric information takes place here and once again data is moved to RAM.
Control Unit
As name indicates, this part of CPU extracts instructions, performs execution, maintains and directs
operations of entire system.
Functions of Control Unit
Control unit performs following functions −
 It controls all activities of computer
 Supervises flow of data within CPU
 Directs flow of data within CPU
 Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit
 Transfers results to memory
 Fetches results from memory to output devices
Memory Unit
This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well as results given by computer are
stored.Unit of memory is "Byte".
Just how much data is that
0,1= Bits
4 bits=1 Nibble
8 bits = 1 byte
1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte
1024 K = 1 Megabyte = 1,048,576 bytes
1024 Mb = 1 Gigabyte = 10,73,741,824 bytes
1024 Gb = 1 Terabyte = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1024 Tb = 1 Petabyte = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
1024 Pb = 1 Exabyte = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes
1024 Eb = 1 Zettabyte = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes
1024 Zb = 1 Yottabyte = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 bytes
1024YB= 1Brontobyte=1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (1027) bytes.
1024 BB= 1 Geopbyte=1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (1030)bytes
1024 Geop bytes=1 Gluconate (GNB)
1024 Gluconate=1Temobyte (TMB)

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM


Computer hardware - Are physical parts/ intangible parts of a computer. eg Input devices, output
devices,central processing unit and storage devices
Computer software - also known as programs or applications. They are classified into two classes
namely -system software and application software
Live ware - is the computer user. Also known as orgware or the human ware. The user commands
the computer system to execute on instructions. It is a slang term used to denote people
using(attached to) computers, and is based on the need for a human, or live ware, to operate the
system using hardware .

Characteristics / Features of a Computer.


1. Speed.
Computers operate at very high speeds, and can perform very many functions within a very short time.
They can perform a much complicated task much faster than a human being. The speedof a computer
is measured in Fractions of seconds.
Millisecond - a thousandth of a second (10-3)
Microsecond- a millionth of a second (10-6)
Nanosecond - a thousand millionth of a second (10-9)
Picosecond - a million millionth of a second (10-12)
2. Accuracy: Unlike human beings, computers are very accurate, i.e., they never make mistakes. A
computer can work for very long periods without going wrong. However, when an error occurs the
computer has a number of in-built, self-checking features in their electronic components thatcan
detect & correct such errors. Usually errors are committed by the users entering the data to the
computer, thus the saying Garbage in Garbage Out (GIGO). This means that, if you enter incorrect
data into the computer and have it processed, the computer will give you misleading information.
3. Reliability. The computer can be relied upon to produce the correct answer if it is given the
correct instructions & supplied with the correct data. Therefore, if you want to add two numbers,
but by mistake, give the computer a “Multiply” instruction, the computer will not know that you
intended to “ADD”; it will multiply the numbers supplied. Similarly, if you give it the ADD
instruction, but make a mistake and enter an incorrect data; let say, 14 & 83 instead of 14 & 38;
then the computer will produce the “wrong” answer 97 instead of 52. However, note that, 97 is
‘correct’ based on the data supplied. Therefore, the output produced by a computer is only as
reliable as the instructions used & the data supplied.
4. Consistency: Computers are usually consistent. This means that, given the same data & the
same instructions, they will produce the same answer every time that particular process is
repeated.
5. Storage: A computer is capable of storing large amounts of data or instructions in a very small
space. A computer can store data & instructions for later use, and it can produce/ retrieve this data
when required so that the user can make use of it. Data stored in a computer can be protected from
unauthorized individuals through the use of passwords.
6. Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer can work continuously without getting tired or bored.
Even if it has to do a million calculations, it will do the last one with the same speed and accuracy as
the first one.
7. Automation: A computer is an automatic device. This is because, once given the instructions, it is
guided by these instructions and can carry on its job automatically until it is complete. It can also
perform a variety of jobs as long as there is a well-defined procedure.
8. Versatile: A computer can be used in different places to perform a large number of different jobs
depending on the instructions fed to it.
9. Lack of Decision-Making: They cannot decide on their own. Each operation that they perform is fed
with an algorithm to perform different processes for each situation. However, if it faces a problem
that isnot fed into the system, it will not be ready for it. It either gets corrupted or does not
respond.
10. Lack of Common Sense: Despite the fact that they are automated devices, they nevertheless
need human intervention. Only when some input is given will it function. You might have to
perform calculations for your math homework, for instance. Each sum must be fed in order to
obtain the output.There are other characteristics that make them lacking in some fields.
11. Human dependency: Once turned on, it is a mechanism that operates entirely automatically.
But it isunable to operate in order to turn on. Without such a program, they do not know when
to start and when to stop.
12. The Memory of Computer:-The Computer's memory is one of the most useful features of the
computer system. Computer memory stores a tremendous amount of data and makes it available
when the need arises.
13. Imposition of a formal approach to working methods:
Because a computer can only work with a strict set of instructions, it identifies and imposes rigid
rules for dealing with the data it is given to process.

You might also like