ESCOTO TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE architecture Architecture: The Mother Of All Arts. Architecture is a discipline that combines artistic beauty, scientific and mathematical precision to design buildings for the people and their environment. The word ART comes from the Latin “ARS”, meaning skill and it still retains its original meaning. In the broadest sense, art embraces all the creative disciplines – literature, poetry, drama, music, dance and the visual arts. However, as most commonly used today, art means the visual arts, those areas of artistic creativity that communicate primarily through the eye. These can be divided into three main categories: PAINTING, SCULPTURE, and ARCHITECTURE. timeline Pre-historic 11,600 BC to 3,500 BC LEAN TO TEPEE MUD HUT STONE HOUSE
Paleolithic Neolithic
MUD HUTS SQUARE TEMPLES
MENHIR DOLMEN C HROMLECHS Bronze age Mesopotamia MESOPOTAMIA SUMERIA PRE-PORTO SUMERIAN (3,500-3,000 B.C.) THE FERTILE CRESCENT MESO – MIDDLE, POTAMOS – RIVER PORTO – SUMERIAN (3,000-2,000 B.C.)
PRESENT DAY – IRAQ SUMERIAN PROPER (2,500 B.C.)
ASSYRIA (800-700 B.C.)
BABYLON (600 B.C.)
SUMERIA PRE-PORTO SUMERIAN (3,500-3,000 B.C.) SUMERIA WAS A KINGDOM IN SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA PERIOD WHERE ARCHITECTURE STARTED
REED HOUSE MADE OF SWAMP REEDS BUNDLED UP BY WICKER THREADS THEN BURIED HALFWAY THROUGH THE GROUNDS AND ENDS IN AN ARCH PORTO – SUMERIAN (3,000- 2,000 B.C.) BRICK BUILDINGS STILL EMPLOYED THE USE OF MUD BRICKS MADE AS A STRUCTURE WHICH EMPHASIZED THE EXISTENCE OF GODS PREDECESSOR OF THE TYPICAL TMPLE WHICH FIRST MADE USE OF BUTTRESSES AND RECESSES AS A DECORATIVE ART
PODIUMS A LATIN DERIVED FROM THE GREEK WORD PODION MEANING “FOOT” FOOTING ON FOUNDATION WHERE SHRINES AND TEMPLES WERE RAISED
PILLAR TEMPLES TEMPLES WITH PILLARS FOR SUPPORT MASSIVE STRUCTURE FIRST EXAMPLE OF A FREE-STANDING PILLAR OF BRICKS SUMERIAN PROPER (2,500 B.C.) MULTICHAMBERED TEMPLES TEMPLES WITH MANY ROOMS USUALLY ASSYMETRICAL
ZIGGAURAT
TRUNCATED PYRAMID WHICH HOLDS A SHRINE ON TOP
MADE OF SUN-DRIED BRICKS WITHOUT INTERIOR CHAMBERS EVERY LAYER/LEVEL IS OF A DIFFERENT COLOR ASSYRIA (800- 700 B.C.) *NINEVEH
SEAT OF A VERY RICH AND PROSPEROUS
CIVILIZATION VERY MUCH CONCERNED WITH INTERIORS THE KINGS WERE ELEVATED TO THE STATUS OF GODS PALACES PLACES WHERE KINGS LIVED
EMPLOYED THE USE OF MATERIALS SUCH AS:
GYPSUM, LIMESTONE, ALABASTER
ZOOMORPHIC COLUMNS
MYTHOLIGIC DECORATIONS OF ENTRANCES
RECTANGULAR WINDOWS
SYMMETRY BABYLON (600 B.C.) HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
ARCHITECT: SEMIRAMIS ONE OF THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD EMPHASIS WAS ON EXTERIORS EXTERIORS WERE COVERED WITH GLAZED BRICKS AND OF VARIOUS COLORS; MOLDED WITH DESIGNS OF FLOWERS NEB’S GIFT FOR AMYTIS Egypt 3,050 BCE to 900 BCE Pyramids of Giza | National Geographic. All three of Giza's famed pyramids and their elaborate burial complexes were built during a frenetic period of construction, from roughly 2550 to 2490 B.C.
The pyramids were
built by Pharaohs Khufu (tallest), Khafre (background), and Menkaure (front) Classical Classical architecture refers to the style and design of buildings in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Greek Hellenistic / Hellenic Period FOR THE GREEKS, ARCHITECTURE BEGAN IN THE SERVICE OF RELIGION. TEMPLES WERE BUILT FOR THE PURPOSE OF HOUSING A GOD OR MARBLE GODDESS AND THE TASK OF ARCHITECTURE WAS TO MAKE THESE HOUSES BEAUTIFUL. THE GREEKS REGARDED BEAUTY AS AN ATTRIBUTE OF THE GODS AND THE CONSCIOUS PURSUIT OF BEAUTY AS A RELIGIOUS EXERCISE. Hellenistic / Hellenic Period AN ORDER IN CLASSIC GREEK ARCHITECTURE CONSIST OF:
UPRIGHT COLUMN OR SUPPORT, INCLUDING THE BASE AND CAPITAL AND HORIZONTAL ENTABLATURE Three types of Greek column Forms of Greek Architecture ACROPOLIS
PROPYLAEA
AGORA
STOA
PARTHENON
ERECTHEUM
CARYATIDS
THEATER
AUDITORIUM
ODEON
STADIUM
HIPPODROME
PRYTAEON
BOULETERION
PALESTRA MOULDINGS / ORNAMENTS PHIDIAS
The greatest sculptor of the Greeks MAJOR ORDERS OF ROMAN COLUMNS 1. TUSCAN - SIMPLE 2. COMPOSITE – COMBINATION OF Roman IONIC AND CORINTHIAN Forms of Roman Architecture 1. FORUM/FORA 3. TEMPLES • EXACTLY THE SAME AS THE GREEK AGORA 4. ARENA 2. PANTHEON
5. THEATER
6. AMPITHEATER
7. CIRCUS • THE WEIGHT OF THE DOME IS REDUCED BY RECTANGULAR RECESSES KNOWN AS COFFERS 8. BRIDGES 10. THERMAE/BATHS MAIN PARTS: 9. AQUEDUCTS a)MAIN BUILDING 1)TEPIDARIUM – WARM ROOM 2)CALDARIUM – HOT ROOM 3)FRIGIDARIUM – COLD ROOM b)LACONICUM/SUDATORIUM – DRY SWEATING ROOM c)APODYTERIA – DRESSING ROOMS d)UNCTUARIA – OILIING AND SHAMPOOING e)PALESTRA – GYMNASIUM
11. THE ROMAN HOUSE
- atrium - insula - domus - villa Byzantine After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul in Turkey) in 330 CE, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms. Forms of Architecture A. BASILICA
1) ATRIUM - OPEN FORECOURT SURROUNDED BY ARCHES
2) NARTHEX - FOUND BETWEEN THE ATRIUM AND THE CHURCH, ASSIGNED TO PENITENTS 3) NAVE - THE NARTHEX OPENSINTO THIS AREA, LIGHTED BY A CLEAR STOREY OF WINDOWS 4) AISLE - FOUND ON THE OTHER SIDE, USUALLY HALF THE WIDTH OF THE NAVE 5) BEMA - LED TO THE TRANSEPT WHICH CONVERTED THE PLAN TO A LATIN CROSS 6) TRANSEPT - CHAPELS 7) CHOIR - ENCLOSED BY A LOW SCREEN WALL AND PROVIDED WITH AN AMBULATORY OR PULPIT ON EITHER SIDE 8) AMBO - AMBULATORY, FOR PEOPLE TO WALK ON 9) PULPIT - WHERE THE PRIEST ADDRESSES HIS CONGREGATION 10) APSE - SANCTUARY 11) ALTAR - LOCATED IN FRONT OF THE APSE AND WAS PLACED OVER THE BURIAL PLACE OF A SAINT 12) CIBORIUM/BALDOCHINO - TABERNACLE, ERECTED ON COLUMNS OVER THE ALTAR B. SANCTUARIES ◦ ENSHRINES A RELIC OR TOMB OF A MARTYR C. MAUSOLEUMS ◦ A LARGE TOMB, ALMOST TEMPLE-LIKE D. BAPTISTRIES ◦ USED FOR THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM E. PIAZZA ◦ A PUBLIC OPEN SPACE OR SQUARE SURROUNDED BY BUILDINGS F. CHURCHES ◦ A CENTRAL PLAN TYPE – CIRCULAR OR OCTAGONAL IN SHAPE, THE DOME IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ARCHITECTURAL FEATURE ◦ GYNAECEUM – THAT PART OF A GREEK HOUSE, OR A BYZANTINE CHURCH RESERVED FOR WOMEN HAGIA SOPHIA ARCHITECT : ANTHEMUS OF TRALLES, ISIDORES OF MILETUS DREW THE PLAN, DOME WAS 107FT. IN DIAMETER, 180FT. ABOVE THE GROUND Romanesque As Rome spread across Europe, heavier, stocky Romanesque architecture with rounded arches emerged. Churches and castles of the early Medieval period were constructed with thick walls and heavy piers. The floor plan is that of the Latin cross gothic Early in the 12th century, new ways of building meant that cathedrals and other large buildings could soar to new heights. Gothic architecture became characterized by the elements that supported taller, more graceful architecture— innovations such as pointed arches, flying buttresses, and ribbed vaulting. In addition, elaborate stained glass could take the place of walls that no longer were used to support high ceilings. Gargoyles and other sculpting enabled practical and decorative functions. Gothic Renaissance A return to Classical ideas ushered an "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and England. During the Renaissance era architects and builders were inspired by the carefully proportioned buildings of ancient Greece and Rome.
Renaissance architecture is the European
architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 16th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Mannerism Mannerism. A style of Italian architecture which was a reaction against the classical perfection of High Renaissance architecture, either responding with a rigorous application of classical rules and motifs or flaunting Classical convention in terms of shape and scale. Mannerist Architecture. During the Mannerist period, architects experimented with using architectural forms to emphasize solid and spatial relationships. They did so by deliberately playing with the symmetry, order, and harmony typically found in Renaissance architecture. Baroque Early in the 1600s, an elaborate new architectural style lavished buildings. What became known as Baroque was characterized by complex shapes, extravagant ornaments, opulent paintings, and bold contrasts. Rococo During the last phase of the Baroque period, builders constructed graceful white buildings with sweeping curves. Rococo art and architecture is characterized by elegant decorative designs with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes, and delicate geometric patterns. Neoclassicism By the 1700s, European architects were turning away from elaborate Baroque and Rococo styles in favor of restrained Neoclassical approaches. Orderly, symmetrical Neoclassical architecture reflected the intellectual awakening among the middle and upper classes in Europe during the period historians often call the Enlightenment. Art Nouveau Jugendstil, Modernismo, Sezessionsstil , Stile Liberty 1890 to 1914 Known as the New Style in France, Art Nouveau was first expressed in fabrics and graphic design. The style spread to architecture and furniture in the 1890s as a revolt against industrialization turned people's attention to the natural forms and personal craftsmanship of the Arts and Crafts Movement. Art Nouveau buildings often have asymmetrical shapes, arches, and decorative Japanese-like surfaces with curved, plant-like designs and mosaics. Beaux Arts 1895 to 1925 Also known as Beaux Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or Classical Revival, Beaux Arts architecture is characterized by order, symmetry, formal design, grandiosity, and elaborate ornamentation.
Combining classical Greek and
Roman architecture with Renaissance ideas, Beaux Arts architecture was a favored style for grand public buildings and opulent mansions. Neo Gothic / Gothic Revival 1905 to 1930 In the early 20th century, medieval Gothic ideas were applied to modern buildings, both private homes and the new type of architecture called skyscrapers.
Gothic Revival was a Victorian style inspired by Gothic
cathedrals and other medieval architecture. Art Deco 1925 to 1937 With their sleek forms and ziggurat designs, Art Deco architecture embraced both the machine age and ancient times. Zigzag patterns and vertical lines create dramatic effect on jazz-age, Art Deco buildings. Interestingly, many Art Deco motifs were inspired by the architecture of ancient Egypt.
The Art Deco style evolved from many sources. The austere shapes of the modernist Bauhaus School and streamlined styling of modern technology combined with patterns and icons taken from the Far East, classical Greece and Rome, Africa, ancient Egypt and the Middle East, India, and Mayan and Aztec cultures. Asian Architecture Next Meeting
