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Electromagnetism 3

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39 views33 pages

Electromagnetism 3

Uploaded by

moranesteave
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTROMAGNETISM

PART 1
 Electromagnetism describes the interaction
between charges, currents and the electric and
magnetic fields to which they give rise.

 Electromagnetism is the study of the properties


of and relationship between electric currents
and magnetic fields

 An electric current creates a magnetic field and


a changing magnetic field will create a flow of
charge.

 The relationship between electricity and


magnetism has been studied extensively. This
has resulted in the invention of many devices
which are useful to humans, for example cellular
telephones, microwave ovens, radios, televisions
and many more.
Magnetic field associated with a straight current
carrying wire

A current carrying conductor has a magnetic field


around it while the current is flowing through the
conductor, and this conductor is then called an
electromagnet.

Magnetic field lines produced by the current form


circles with, with the wire at the center.

They are arranged in concentric circles around the


straight wire.

 The field lines are at right angles to the wire.

 The direction of the field lines is determined by the


right hand rule
RIGHT HAND RULE

The Right Hand Rule to determine the direction of the


magnetic field associated with a current carrying conductor

If you grasp the conductor with your right hand, with your
thumb pointing in the direction of the electric current:

 the curled fingers represent the direction of the magnetic


field.
 The thumb represents the direction of the current
 Direct current into page (x in circle) produces a clockwise field.
 Current out of page (dot in circle) produces an anticlockwise field
Magnetic field associated with a current carrying loop (single)
of wire

Consider two loops made from a conducting material, which


carry currents (in opposite directions) and are placed in the
plane of the page.

By using the Right Hand Rule


 Loop 1 has the current flowing in a counter-clockwise
direction
 Loop 2 has the current flowing in a clockwise direction.

Note
1. The magnetic field lines closest to the wire are circular
2. Magnetic field lines at the center of the loop are straight
and parallel to each other
Magnetic field around a solenoid
 Magnetic field lines form closed loops
 On the outside of the solenoid, the direction of
the field is from north to south like in a bar
magnet
 Inside the solenoid, the direction of the field is
south to north
 The polarity of the current is determined by the
Right Hand Rule
 The thumb is pointing at the direction of the field
 Curved fingers are pointing in the direction of
convectional current
Electromagnetism
• If a magnet is moved relative to a coil, an electric
current is induced in the circuit.
• When there is a change in magnetic field around a
coil or conductor, current is induced.
• This process is called electromagnetic induction
• An emf (electromotive force) is produced which • Electromagnetic induction is put into practical use in the
causes a flow of current in a closed circuit. construction of electrical generators, which
use mechanical power to move a magnetic field past
• There is only an induced current while there is
coils of wire to generate voltage.
movement of the magnet relative to the coil & vice
versa. No current is induced if neither coil nor
magnet are held stationary
Direction of induced current
 The direction of the induced current is determined by the As S pole is moved out of coil – S pole formed at near end
Right Hand Rule of coil & thus a reversal of direction of current in coil.

 Clasp the solenoid with the thumb pointing to the induced


North pole of the solenoid.
 The direction in which the fingers curl about solenoid,
provides the direction of the induced current in the
solenoid.

As N pole moves into coil – N pole formed at near


end of coil – to oppose the incoming N pole and thus
set up an induced current in the coil.

S NN
Magnet moving into solenoid Magnet moving out of solenoid

 The distance between the magnet and the solenoid


 The distance between the magnet and the increases and so the magnetic flux inside the solenoid
solenoid decreases and so the magnetic flux decreases
inside the solenoid increase
 The magnetic field of the magnet is towards right
 The magnetic field of the magnet is towards left
 To oppose this increase towards the right, the field
 To oppose this increase towards the left, the field produced by induced current is towards left
produced by induced current is towards right
 If the thumb points in the direction of the field, curved
fingers point in the direction of current and vice versa
 The induced current flows in a direction so as to set up the
magnetic field to oppose the change in magnetic flux
Magnetic flux

Magnetic flux (ø – pronounced fie) means the total


magnetic field that passes through a loop of wire. It is a
measure of the field lines passing through the loop and is
measured in weber (Wb)

It is the product of the component of the magnetic field


(Bcosθ) perpendicular to a surface and the area (A) of the
surface the field passes through
Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic flux density (B) is a measure of the strength and direction


of the magnetic field i.e. it is the magnetic flux per square metre
of area that it passes through and is measured in tesla (T).
Faradays Law Faradays Law Equation
An emf is induced in a conductor when the magnetic field
surrounding it changes.

Faradays law states that, the magnitude of the induced


emf (Ɛ) across the ends of a conductor is directly
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux
linkage.

Emf has a negative sign because it opposes the


change in flux
Factors influencing the magnitude of the induced current
 The strength of the magnetic field lines : The stronger the
magnet the greater the induced current
 The number of turns in the coil: The greater the number of
turns, the greater the induced current
 The speed at which the magnet and coil are moved relative
to each other: The higher the speed, the greater the
induced current
Environmental impact of overhead electrical
cables

The construction and maintenance of above-


ground power lines require clearing large swaths
of land and cutting down native trees. This process
disrupts local ecosystems, leading to habitat loss
and fragmentation for many species. Once power
lines are erected, they can also pose significant
risk to local wildlife

In SA voltages in overhead power transmission


lines are up to 765 kV & are dangerous

Environmental concerns are:

1. Health hazard
2. Animal hazard
3. Visual impact
4. Land use
16
PAST EXAM PAPERS
2021 Gauteng November Exemplar Paper 1 Q 6
ELECTROMAGNETISM
PART 2:
PAST EXAM PRACTISE
QUESTIONS ONLY
2022 KwaZulu Natal November Paper 1 Q 4
2022 Gauteng November Paper 1 Q 6
2023 Eastern Cape November Paper 1 Q 9
2015 November Paper 1 Q 10
2019 Eastern Cape November Paper 1 Q 10
2016 Kwazulu Natal September Paper 1 Q 3
2017 November Paper 1 Q 9
2016 November Paper 1 Q 9
2019 November Paper 1 Q 9
2018 November Paper 1 Q 11
2018 KwaZulu Natal September Paper 1 Q 8
2023 Eastern Cape June Paper 1 Q 7

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