CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC TOLL PAYMENT

SYSTEM

This chapter provides software installation and overview of the overall

electronic toll payment system. It then describes the entities in each of the whole
system. In this chapter, design and implementation can be described detail.

4.1. Software Implementation

Implementation is the carrying out, execution, or practice of a plan, a method,
or any design, idea, model, specification, standard or policy for doing something. As
such, implementation is the action that must follow any preliminary thinking in order
for something to actually happen.
In an information-technology (IT) context, software or hardware implementation
encompasses all the post-sale processes involved in something operating properly in its
environment, including analyzing requirements, installation, configuration, customization,
running, testing, systems integrations, user training, delivery and making necessary
changes. In this thesis, Arduino IDE, Proteus and Visio software are used.

4.2. Setting the Arduino Board

Figure 4.1. Setting with the Arduino Board

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Connect the Arduino hardware via USB, and choose the connection type
Bluetooth. Choose the board type and the port number from the Choose board and
Choose board menus. Select the libraries to include in Arduino server. Click Program
to begin uploading the server to Arduino board. Setting with the Arduino Board is
shown in Figure 4.1.

4.2.1. Introduction to Arduino Programming

There are two methods of programming Arduino to implement a serial interface
by using the real time clock and interrupt functionality or by using time loops. Arduino
microcontroller can do various operations by executing the instructions, which were
stored in the program memory. When designing a system based on Arduino
microcontroller, a program is needed to control that system.
Programming can do done in several languages such as ASSEMBLER, C and
BASIC which are most commonly used languages. Programs in C language are easier
to be written and easier to be understood, but are slower in executing from
ASSEMBLER programs. Arduino software is normally written in C++ language. The
C++ converts these into their corresponding binary values.

4.2.2. Arduino IDE Software

Figure 4.2. Arduino IDE Software

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In this project, author use Arduino IDE Software version 2.3.2. Arduino IDE is
an open-source software program that allows users to write and upload code within a
real-time work environment. As this code will thereafter be stored in computer, it is
often utilized by those who have been searching for an extra level of redundancy. The
system is fully compatible with any Arduino software board.
Main Functions and Uses are Arduino IDE can be implemented within
Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems. The majority of its components are
written in JavaScript for easy editing and compiling. While its primary intention is
based around writing codes, there are several other features worth noting. It has been
equipped with a means to easily share any details with other project stakeholders.
Use can modify internal layouts and schematics when require. There are in
depth help guides which will prove useful during the initial installation process. Other
Accessories are several other advantages associated with Arduino IDE. It will
automatically detect any existing Arduino boards that are connected to a personal
computer.

4.2.3. Library Installation of RFID

Communicating with an RC522 RFID module is a lot of work, but luckily there
is a library called the MFRC522 library that makes reading and writing RFID tags
simple. This library is not included in the Arduino IDE, so the user will need to install
it first.

Figure 4.3. Library Installation of RFID (1)

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To install the library navigate to Sketch Include Libraries Manage Libraries.

And then wait for Library Manager to download the library index and update the list of
installed libraries. After installing the library, open the Examples submenu and choose
MFRC522 > Dumpinfo example sketch. This sketch just reads the tag and displays the
information stored in it. This sketch can be very handy before trying out any new tags.

Figure 4.4. Library Installation of RFID (2)

4.3. Introduction to Proteus

Proteus Design Suite (designed by Labcenter Electronics Ltd.) is a software tool
set mainly used for creating schematics, simulating Electronics & Embedded Circuits
and designing PCB Layouts, Proteus ISIS is used by Engineering students &
professional to create schematics & simulations of different electronic circuits. Proteus
ARES is used for designing PCB Layouts of electronic circuits. It's available in four
languages i.e., English, Chinese, Spanish & French.
ISIS has wide range of components in its library. It has sources, signal
generators, measurement and analysis tools like oscilloscope, voltmeter, ammeter etc.
probes for real time monitoring of the parameters of the circuit, switches, displays,
loads like motors and lamps, discrete components like resistors, capacitor, inductors,
transformers, digital and analog Integrated circuits, semi-conductor switches, relays,
microcontrollers, processors, sensors etc.
ARES offers PCB designing up to 14 inner layers, with surface mount and
through hole packages. It is embedded with the foot prints of different category of
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components like ICs, transistors, headers, connectors and other discrete components. It
offers Auto routing and manual routing options to the PCB Designer. The schematic
drawn in the ISIS can be directly transferred ARES.

4.4. Microcontroller Simulation

The micro-controller simulation in Proteus works by applying either a hex file
or a debug file to the microcontroller part on the schematic. It is then co-simulated along
with any analog and digital electronics connected to it. This enables its use in a broad
spectrum of project prototyping in areas such as motor control, temperature control and
user interface design. It also finds use in the general hobbyist community and, since no
hardware is required, is convenient to use as a training or teaching tool. Support is
available for co-simulation of:
• Microchip Technologies PIC10, PIC12, PIC16, PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC33
Microcontrollers.
• Atmel AVR (and Arduino), 8051 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers
• NXP 8051, ARM7, ARM Cortex-M0 and ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers.
• Texas Instruments MSP430, PICCOLO DSP and ARM Cortex-M3
Microcontroller.
Starting New Design.
Step 1: Open Proteus software and select new project in File menu.

Figure 4.5. Open Proteus Software and Select New Design in File Menu
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Step 2: A dialogue box appears to save the current design. However, we are creating a
new design file so you can click Yes or No depending on the content of the present file.
Then a Pop-Up appears asking to select the template.

Figure 4.6. Selecting the Paper Size

Step 3: An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish, it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files supporting your
design. However, it is not mandatory.

Figure 4.7. Saving of Untitled Design Sheet

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Step 4: To select components, Click on the component mode button.

Figure 4.8. Selecting of Components Mode

Step 5: Click on Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components available
and a search option to enter the part name.

Figure 4.9. Picking from Libraries

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Step 6: Select the components from categories of type the part name in Keywords text
box.

Figure 4.10. Selecting the Components from Categories

Step 7: The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the component
and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

Figure 4.11. Placing the Selection Component in the Design Sheet

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Place all the required components and route the wires i.e., make connections.
Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode allows to
connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to make connection.
Double right-click on the connected wire or the component to remove connection or the
component respectively.

4.5. Complete Flow Chart of Electronic Toll Payment System

Software design has only two parts. They are flowchart and implementation.
First draws the flowchart of the system. The whole system electronic toll payment
system is described by flowchart. Software flowchart of implementation of electronic
toll payment system is expressed in Figure 4.12.
This project implements an electronic toll payment system based on RFID and
GSM technologies, controlled by an Arduino Nano microcontroller. The system
automates toll collection, allowing vehicles to pass through toll gates without manual
payment, while also managing blacklisted vehicles and reporting to authorities. Below
is a detailed step-by-step explanation of the flowchart that describes how this system
operates.
1. Start/Initialize System
Power on the System: The system is activated by powering the Arduino Nano
microcontroller. The initialization of all connected components such as RFID reader,
GSM module, LCD, IR sensors, LEDs, servos, keypad, and buzzer is performed.
System Initialization: The microcontroller initializes the system by setting up
communication between all components. The LCD I2C displays a "Welcome" message
and prompts for a vehicle to approach the toll gate.
• Vehicle Entry Detection
IR Sensor Entry Detection: As a vehicle approaches the entry gate, the first IR sensor
detects its presence. This sensor sends a signal to the Arduino Nano, indicating that a
vehicle is ready for processing.
Display on LCD: The LCD I2C screen updates to prompt the user to scan their RFID
card for identification and payment processing.
• RFID Card Scanning
Scan RFID Card: The RFID reader scans the vehicle's RFID card for identification. The
card contains information about the vehicle's ID and toll account.
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Start

If IR1 detecteted No Entry Gate in closed

vehicle at entry gate
State
or press key 5

Yes
Open Entry Gate

Scan RFID

LED red on, Buzzer alerts ,

Yes
LCD displays and GSM Check
module reports SMS to the Blacklist?
police station
No

LED Green on,LCD

displays

No Displays Unknown
RFID Tag
Vehicle Access Denied
Valid?
on LCD

Yes
Scan RFID

Sufficient No
Balance?

Update the Balance

Yes and recharge SMS to
vehicle owner
Deduct the Balance, ,Displays
Deposit on LCD , toll SMS to
vehicle owner

A
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If IR2 detecteted No
Exit Gate in closed
vehicle at exit gate or
State
press key 6

Yes

Open Exit Gate

No
# key pressed?

Yes

Toll information SMS to

Tollgate owner and
Display on LCD

End

Figure 4.12. Flowchart of Electronic Toll Payment System

Vehicle Verification: The system checks if the vehicle is blacklisted by cross-

referencing the RFID data with the stored database.
If Vehicle is Blacklisted:
Red LED Turns On: A red LED lights up to signal that the vehicle is blacklisted.
Buzzer Alert: A buzzer sounds to alert toll personnel of the blacklisted vehicle.
GSM Alert to Police: The GSM module sends a message to the nearest police station,
alerting them of the blacklisted vehicle's entry attempt.
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No Toll Deduction or Entry: The gate does not open, and no toll deduction occurs.
If Vehicle is Not Blacklisted:
Green LED Turns On: A green LED lights up, signaling the vehicle is authorized to
pass through.
Toll Deduction: The system deducts the required toll amount from the vehicle's account
balance.
GSM Alert to Owner: The GSM module sends a message to the vehicle owner,
confirming toll payment and the remaining balance.
Open Entry Gate (Servo Control): The servo motor controlling the entry gate is
activated, and the gate opens to allow the vehicle to pass.
• Toll Payment Processing
Insufficient Balance: If the vehicle's RFID card does not have enough balance to cover
the toll fee: The system prompts the driver to recharge using the keypad.
Manual Recharge: The driver can use the 4x3 keypad to input a recharge code or enter
toll information.
GSM Alert: After recharge, the GSM module sends a message confirming the balance
top-up. The toll fee is deducted after recharging. The gate opens once the toll is
successfully paid.
• Vehicle Exit Detection
IR Sensor Exit Detection: As the vehicle approaches the exit gate, the second IR sensor
detects the vehicle's presence.
Open Exit Gate (Servo Control): The Arduino controls the exit gate servo motor,
opening the gate to allow the vehicle to exit the toll booth.
• GSM Notification to Tollgate Owner
Report Toll Transaction: The GSM module sends a summary of the transaction (vehicle
ID, toll fee deducted, and balance) to the toll gate owner.
Display on LCD: The LCD updates with a summary of the toll payment and balance
for the current vehicle.
• Manual Control Options
Keypad Manual Control: The system allows toll personnel to manually operate both the
entry and exit gates using the 4x3 keypad.
Open/Close Gates: Personnel can press specific keys to open or close the entry or exit
gates.
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View Toll Information: The keypad can also be used to access and view toll information
such as the total number of vehicles processed and the amount of toll collected.
• End of Process
Reset System: After each vehicle passes through, the system resets, returning to the
initial state where it waits for the next vehicle to approach the entry gate.
This flowchart provides a comprehensive explanation of the operation of the
RFID and GSM-based electronic toll payment system. Each step ensures the smooth
processing of vehicles through the toll gate, while handling exceptions like blacklisted
vehicles and insufficient balance. The use of GSM technology enhances
communication by alerting both authorities and vehicle owners, while manual control
options provide flexibility for toll personnel.

4.6. Overall Circuit Diagram of Electronic Toll Payment System

This project aims to automate the toll collection process using RFID and GSM
technology. The system will detect vehicles at entry and exit points, scan RFID cards,
manage toll payments, alert authorities if blacklisted vehicles are detected, and
communicate with vehicle owners and toll administrators via GSM.
Working Principle:
The RFID and GSM-based toll payment system automates the toll collection process
and enhances security through vehicle detection and real-time communication. The
main components include an Arduino Nano microcontroller, IR sensors, RFID reader,
GSM module, LCD I2C, servos, LED indicators, and a keypad.
Vehicle Detection:
Entry Gate: When a vehicle approaches the toll gate, an IR sensor placed at the entry
point detects its presence.
Exit Gate: Similarly, the IR sensor at the exit gate detects the vehicle's presence upon
departure.
RFID Scanning: Each vehicle is equipped with an RFID card containing a unique
identification number. When the vehicle reaches the toll booth, the RFID reader scans
the card and retrieves the vehicle's ID.
Toll Deduction:
Balance Verification: The RFID ID is sent to the Arduino Nano, which checks the
associated balance stored in the system's database. If the vehicle has sufficient balance,
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the toll amount is automatically deducted. A message is then sent to the vehicle owner
through the GSM module confirming the deduction.
Blacklisted Vehicles: If the vehicle is blacklisted, a red LED lights up, and a buzzer
alerts toll personnel. Simultaneously, a GSM message is sent to the nearest police
station to report the presence of a blacklisted vehicle.
Green LED: If the vehicle is not blacklisted and has sufficient balance, a green LED
lights up, and the entry servo barrier is opened automatically, allowing the vehicle to
pass through. Once the vehicle exits, the exit IR sensor triggers the closing of the exit
gate.
LCD Display: An LCD with I2C interface displays relevant toll information, including
the vehicle ID, the deducted amount, and the remaining balance after each transaction.
This provides real-time feedback to the driver and toll booth operator.
Toll Balance Recharging: A 4x3 keypad allows vehicle owners to recharge their toll
balance. The keypad can also be used to view toll information or operate the gates
manually if needed. The system sends a confirmation SMS to the owner upon
successful recharging of the balance via the GSM module.
GSM Communication:
For Toll Deductions: Every time a toll amount is deducted, an SMS is sent to the
vehicle owner indicating the deducted amount and the remaining balance.
For Blacklisted Vehicles: In case a blacklisted vehicle is detected, a notification is sent
to the nearest police station using the GSM module.
For Tollgate Owner: The system can send messages to the tollgate administrator,
providing reports on toll collections and blacklisted vehicles.
Servo Motors: Servo motors control the opening and closing of entry and exit gates.
Based on the input from the IR sensors and RFID scanner, the Arduino Nano sends
signals to the servos to either open or close the gates. This ensures that only authorized
vehicles are allowed to pass through.
Manual Operation: In case of system malfunctions or special conditions, the toll booth
operator can manually open or close the gates using the keypad.
This RFID and GSM-based electronic toll payment system offers a robust,
automated solution to toll management. It streamlines toll payments by reducing human
intervention, enhances security with blacklisted vehicle detection, and improves
communication through GSM notifications. The system is scalable and can be adapted
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to different toll booths, providing a cost-effective and efficient solution for electronic
toll collection. The circuit diagram is shown in Figure 4.13.

Figure 4.13. Overall Circuit Diagram of RFID and GSM-based Electronic Toll
Payment System

4.7. Summary

In this chapter, the software implementation of electronic toll payment system

is presented. The detail descriptions of the microcontrollers are presented with the help
of data software flowchart for the proper working of this system. According to this
software implementation, which will be carried out the expected output, can be
implemented.