General Biology 1

NOTES

Lesson 1:
Discover of cell Organelles- literally means “little organs”
Hans and Zacharias Janssen- first compound Structure of the Cell
microscope Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane- semi-
Rober Hooke- used microscope to look at thin permeable membrane
slices of plant tissue “cork”. Cell wall- found in exclusively on plant cells,
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- view pond water located just outside the cell membrane
organism that he called “animalcules”. Cytoplasm- a jelly-like fluid which fills every
Matthias Schleiden- German botanist; cell
observe and states that all plants were made - Cytosol: intracellular fluid
of cells. Nucleus- “control center” or the “brain” of
Theodore Schwann- German zoologist; the cell
observe and states that all animals were - Nucleolus
made of cells - Nuclear envelope
Rudolf Virchow- studied cell reproduction - Nuclear pores
Cell Theory Nucleolus- responsible for the manufacture
- All living things are made up of cells. of ribosomes
- Cells are the basic unit of structure and Ribosome- small particle; site of protein
function in an organism. synthesis
- Cells come from pre-existing cells. Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
Levels of Biological Organization Endoplasmic Reticulum- synthesis,
modification, and transport of proteins
- Rough ER: folding and modifying of
proteins
- Smooth ER: site of lipid synthesis
Golgi Body/Complex/Apparatus- secretion
and intracellular transport
Lysosome- suicide bags of the cell
Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis
Cell Theory and Structures - Chlorophyll: a green pigment
Cell- derived from the Latin term “cella” Central Vacuole- storage unit of the cell
which means small room. Cytoskeleton- system of filaments or fibers
Modern Cell Theory Centriole- paired barrel-shape organelles
- Cell carry genetic material which is past
from cell to cell during cell division
- All cells are basically the same in structure
and chemical composition
- Energy flow (biochemical processes) occurs
within the cells.
Different Type of Cells
 General Biology 1
NOTES

Lesson 3:
Lesson 2: The cell cycle
Type of cell Cell Cycle- ordered series of events involving
Prokaryotes- do not have nucleus cell growth and cell division that produces
pro- before two new daughter cells.
karyon- kernel or nut Two major phases
Eukaryotes (Animal and Plant cell)- does Interphase
have nucleus
eu-good
karyon- kernel or nut
Bacterial Cell structure
Pili- hair-like structures that help bacteria
attach to surfaces and other bacteria
Plasmids- genetic material (DNA)
Ribosomes- structure that make proteins
Cytoplasm- a gel-like material Gap 1 (G1)- cells increase in size and volume
Cell Membrane- a thin layer of the G1 Checkpoint- restriction point
phospholipids and proteins S Phase (Synthesis)- DNA replication
Cell Wall- a rigid wall that gives the cell its Gap 2 (G2)- the cell replenishes its energy
structure G2 Checkpoint- ensure that DNA are
Capsule- a third layer that helps prevent the completely and correctly duplicated
bacteria from drying out Mitotic Phase
Nucleoid- a mass of genetic material (DNA)
Flagellum- structure that helps the bacteria
move around

Prophase- chromosome, spindle fibers

Metaphase- attach, align
Anaphase- move opposite poles
Telophase- chromatid to chromatins,
cleavage furrow or cell plate
Cytokinesis- physical division
- cyto means cell
- kinesis means motion

Lesson 4:
 General Biology 1
NOTES

Cell Division -the homologous chromosomes are pulled

-The process in which cell reproduce. In cell apart and move apart to opposite ends of the
division, a parent cell divides into two cell
daughter cells. Meiosis I: Telophase I
TWO TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
1. Mitosis- division of somatic (body cells) -homologous chromosomes reach the
2. Meiosis- division of gametes (sperm opposite poles of the cell the nuclear
and egg cell) membrane reintegrates
Chromatid- one of the longitudinal subunits Meiosis II: cells transition from Meiosis I to
of a replicated chromosome. Meiosis II without DNA REPLICATION, and is
Chromosome- is an organized package of considered as a shorter and simpler process
DNA in the nucleus. Chromosomes have a then Meiosis I.
thin ribbon-like structure

Mutations
Sometimes, mistakes happen during the DNA
 23 pairs of Chromosomes copying process, leading to changes called
 46 chromosomes (mother and father) mutations.
 92 chromatids What causes mutations?
-errors in DNA replication during cell cycle.
-exposure to mutagens (radioactive
Meiosis I and Meiosis II substance, x-rays, ultraviolet radiation and
-sex cells or gametes certain chemicals)
-4 daughter cells -viral infections and other infectious agents
-unique to each other Non-Disjunction- the failure of the
Meiosis I Meiosis II chromosomes to separate
-Prophase I -Prophase Chromosomal Mutation
-Metaphase I -Metaphase I. Trisomy (2+1)
-Anaphase I -Anaphase - Trisomy 13- Patau’s Syndrome
-Telophase I -Telophase a rare genetic condition.
-Cytokinesis
Homologous Chromosome- two
chromosomes in a pair normally one
inherited from the mother and one from the
father.
Meiosis I: Prophase I
-disintegration of the nuclear membrane
-Synapsis: pairing of homologous
chromosomes - Trisomy 18- Edward’s Syndrome
-Crossing-over: exchange of genetic Include mental and motor retardation and
material between homologous chromosomes numerous congenital anomalies causes
Meiosis I: Metaphase I serious health problem.
-spindle fibers attach to the center of
homologous
Meiosis I: Anaphase I
 General Biology 1
NOTES

Lipids- group of organic compounds that are

insoluble in water.
- Phospholipid Bilayer: amphipathic
molecules
- Trisomy 21- Down Syndrome Proteins- biomolecules are made up of
Characteristics include decreased muscle building blocks called amino acids joined by
tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, peptide bonds.
slanting eyes and mild to moderate mental - Integral: polytropic
retardation. - Peripheral: receptor, channel,
adhesion…
Carbohydrates- made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Glycoproteins: attach to proteins
- Glycolipids: attach to lipids
Cholesterol- a waxy substance found in cells.
Functions of Cell Membrane
II. Monosomy (2-1) Protection- serves a barrier
- Monosomy X- Turner’s Syndrome Material Transport- semi-permeable
female sexual characteristics are present but membrane
underdeveloped. Cell shape- serves attachment point of the
cytoskeleton
Compartmentalization- separates the
organelles from each other
Cell recognition- identify other cells and
foreign substances
Cell function- locomotion, absorption,
impulse transmission

Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Happens in men who have more than one X
chromosome (XXY)

Lesson 5:
Cell Membrane
Transport Mechanisms
- Simple Diffusion
-Facilitated Transport
-Active Transport
-Bulk/Vesicular Transport
Cell Membrane- a membrane made of two
layers of phospholipids with embedded
proteins
 General Biology 1
NOTES

-Endocytosis: cells take in

substances from outside the cell by
engulfing them in a vesicle
-Phagocytosis: cell eating
-Pinocytosis: “gulps of drinks”; cell
Lesson 6: drinking
Membrane Transport -Receptor-Mediated: use to engulf
movement of particles across or though specific target molecules.
membranous barrier.  Exocytosis- secretory vesicle within
What are the factors that can affect the the cell fuses with the plasma
membrane transport? membrane releasing its content into
- Membrane permeability extracellular space.
- Size and change of solute
- Transmembrane solute concentration
The 2 Categories
Passive Transport- does not require the use of
energy or ATP
 Simple Diffusion- solute molecules
pass directly from high concentration
to low.
 Osmosis- diffusion of solvent
molecules
-Hypertonic: plasmolysis or
crenation
-Isotonic: balanced or normal
-Hypotonic: Hemolysis or swelling
 Facilitated Diffusion- movement of
molecules through semi-permeable
membrane
-Channel Proteins: membrane
protein that from pores or channels
-Gated-channel proteins: membrane
protein that opens a gate allowing
molecule to pass through
-Carrier Proteins: carry ions or
molecules across the membrane
Active Transport- requires the use of energy
(ATP)
 Primary Active: uses energy usually
ATP
 Secondary Active: uses potential
energy
-Symporter: substrates move in the
same direction
-Antiporter: substrates move in the
opposite direction
-Uniport
 Bulk Transport: movement of large
material into or out of the cell by way
of vesicles