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Analog Electronics Msbte Manual

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3K views207 pages

Analog Electronics Msbte Manual

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matetisantosh37

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VISION

To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of

Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social

concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization.

MISSION

To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to

the industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the challenging

technological & environmental challenges.

QUALITY POLICY

We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes

to enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in

management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation,

evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes.

CORE VALUES

MSBTE believes in the following

• Skill development in line with industry requirements

• Industry readiness and improved employability of Diploma holders

• Synergistic relationship with industry

• Collective and Cooperative development of all stake holders

• Technological interventions in societal development

• Access to uniform quality technical education

A Laboratory manual
for

Analog Electronics
(313324)

Semester – III
(DE/EJ/ET/EX/IC/IE/IS/MU/TE)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49,
Kherwadi, Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400051.
(Printed on July 2024)
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ……………………………………......

Roll No. ……… of Third Semester of Diploma in ..….………..
………………………................................ of Institute…..….……
………………………………………………………(Code:.………)
has completed the term work satisfactorily in course Analog
Electronics (313324) for the academic year 20……. to 20……... as
prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ………………. Enrollment No.: ………….….….

Date: ………………. Exam Seat No.: …………………

Subject Teacher Head of department Principal

Seal of
Institute
Analog Electronics (313324)

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is
to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE
embarked on this innovative 'K' Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programmes with outcome-
based education as the focus and accordingly, a relatively large amount of time is allotted for the
practical work. This displays the great importance of laboratory work making each teacher, instructor
and student realize that every minute of the laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop
these outcomes, rather than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful
implementation of this outcome- based curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a
'vehicle' to develop this industry identified competency in every student. The practical skills are
difficult to develop through "chalk and duster" activity in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the "K
scheme laboratory manual development team designed the practical to focus on the outcomes, rather
than the traditional age old practice of conducting practical to 'verify the theory" (which may become a
byproduct along the way).

This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and
instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected. from each student
that at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the concerned practical procedure
that they will do the next day and understand the minimum theoretical background associated with the
practical. Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills,
course outcomes and practical outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The
students will then become aware about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and
necessary precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in
their professional life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-
centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary resources
in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring the
achievement of outcomes in the students.

The basic aim of this course is that the student must learn the basic concepts, working and
applications of electronic circuits which are used for different purposes like power amplifiers, filters
and timers. The basic concepts of Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is the most versatile Linear
Integrated Circuit (IC) used to develop various applications in electronic circuits and equipment.
Hence this course is intended to develop the skills to build, test, diagnose and rectify the Op-Amp
based electronic circuits. This course deals with various aspects of Linear Integrated circuits used in
various industrial, consumer and domestic applications.

Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory manual,
perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and suggestions for
improvement are solicited and highly welcome.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) i

Analog Electronics (313324)

Program Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practicals of this Course

• PO 1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.

• PO 2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.

• PO 3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems

and assist with the design of system components or processes to meet specified needs.

• PO 4. Engineering tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

• PO 5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate

technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

• PO 6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team

member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.

• PO 7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) ii

Analog Electronics (313324)

List of relevant expected Psychomotor Domain skills

The following industry relevant skills of the identified competency "Use basic principles of analog
electronics engineering in different applications." are expected to be developed in student by
undertaking the laboratory work as given in laboratory manual.

1. Select, Identify and test various electronics components with the help of datasheet.
2. Use the heat sink for relevant active components.
3. Test the circuit for the given application.
4. Compare the observed output with the expected output.
5. Find faults and trouble shoot the given circuit.
6. Use appropriate EDA tool for simulation of electronic circuit.
7. Adopt proper procedure while performing the experiment.
8. Interpret the frequency response and calculate various parameters.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) iii

Practical-Course outcome matrix
COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS)

CO1 – Use transistor as a Power Amplifier.

CO2 – Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.
CO3 – Maintain different waveform generator circuits.
CO4 – Analyze active filters used in various electronic circuits.
CO5 – Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

Title of the Practical

Sr. No. CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5

Test the performance of single stage Class Apower

1 - - - -
amplifier.
Test the performance of Class B push pull power
2 - - - -
amplifier.

3 Test the performance of Class AB poweramplifier - - - -

Determine the range of output voltage swing of Op-

4 - - - -
Amp (IC 741).
Build the circuit to measure input offset voltage and
5 - - - -
output offset voltage of IC 741.
Determine the gain of inverting and non- inverting
6 - - - -
amplifier using IC 741.

7 Build /Test adder circuit consist of IC 741. - - - -

8 Build /Test subtractor circuit consist of IC 741. - - - -

9 Build /Test Integrator circuit consist of IC 741. - - - -

10 Build /Test Differentiator circuit consist of IC 741. - - - -

11 Build/ Test V to I converter circuit using IC 741. - - - -

Build the circuit of zero crossing detector and test the

12 - - - -
output.
Use transistor to build/test voltage series feedback
13 - - - -
amplifier with feedback.
Use transistor to build/test voltage shunt feedback
14 - - - -
amplifier with feedback.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) iv

Sr. No. Title of the Practical CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5

Test the effect of positive and negativefeedback on the - - - -

15
output voltage of given amplifier.
Test the circuit to measure the frequency ofoscillation - - - -
16 of the given RC phase shift oscillator consist of IC 741.
Test the circuit of Crystal Oscillator consist ofcrystal - - - -
17 and IC 741.
Test the Hartley Oscillator based on IC 741. - - - -
18

Simulate the working of Hartley Oscillator using - - -

19 -
Multisim or relevant software.
Build and test the circuit of first order low pass filter. - - - -
20

Build and test the circuit of first order high pass filter. - - - -
21

Simulate the working of high pass filterconsist of IC - - - -

22
741 using Multisim or relevant software.
Build / test astable multivibrator using IC 555 for the
23 specific duty cycle. - - - -
Build / test monostable multivibrator using IC 555 for
24 the specific duty cycle. - - - -

Simulate the working of monostable multivibrator using - - - -

25
IC 555 using Multisim or relevant software.
Build/ Test Voltage Controlled Oscillatorusing IC 555. - - - -
26

Build/ test the circuit of frequency multiplier using PLL - - - -

27
IC 565.
Check the performance of PLL as FM demodulator (IC - - - -
28
565).

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) v

Analog Electronics (313324)

Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with
allfeatures.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each experiment.
3. Involve students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in. the
studentsafter the completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands on experience after the demonstration.
6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered inthe manual but are expected the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned tocheck whether it is as per the instructions.
9. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum document and follow guidelines for
implementation
10. At the beginning of the practical which is based on the simulation, teacher should make the
students acquainted with any simulation software environment.

Instructions for Students

1. Listen carefully the lecture given by teacher about subject, curriculum, learning structure,
skills tobe developed.
2. Organize the work in the group and make record all programs.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those
included inscope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines.
7. Student should develop habit to submit the practical on date and time.
8. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.
9. Attach/paste separate papers wherever necessary.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) vi

Analog Electronics (313324)

Content Page
List of Practical’s and Progressive Assessment Sheet
Sr. Assessment Dated
Page Date of Date of Remark
No. Title of the Practical Marks sign. of
no. Performance Submission (If any)
(25) Teacher

1 *Test the performance of single

stage Class Apower amplifier.

2 *Test the performance of Class B

push pull power amplifier.

3 Test the performance of Class AB

power amplifier
4 *Determine the range of output
voltage swing of Op-Amp (IC 741).
*Build the circuit to measure input
5 offset voltage and output offset
voltage of IC 741.
*Determine the gain of inverting
6 and non- inverting amplifier using
IC 741.
*Build /Test adder circuit consist of
7
IC 741.
Build /Test subtractor circuit consist
8 of IC 741.
*Build /Test Integrator circuit
9 consist of IC 741.
*Build /Test Differentiator circuit
10
consist of IC 741.
11 *Build/ Test V to I converter
circuit using IC 741.
*Build the circuit of zero crossing
12 detector and test the output.
Use transistor to build / test voltage
13 series feedback amplifier with
feedback.
Use transistor to build / test voltage
14 shunt feedback amplifier with
feedback.
*Test the effect of positive and
15 negative feedback on the output
voltage of given amplifier.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) vii

Analog Electronics (313324)

Assessment
Sr. Page Date of Date of Dated sign. Remarks
Title of the Practical Performance Submission Marks of Teacher (If any)
No. no.
(25)
*Test the circuit to measure the
16 frequency of oscillation of the given
RC phase shift oscillator consist of
IC 741.
Test the circuit of Crystal Oscillator
17 consisting of Crystal and IC 741.

18 Test the Hartley Oscillator based on

IC 741.
Simulate the working of Hartley
19 Oscillator using Multisim or
relevant software.

20 *Build and test the circuit of first

order low pass filter.

21 *Build and test the circuit of first

order high pass filter.
Simulate the working of high pass
22 filter consist of IC 741 using
Multisim or relevant software.
*Build / test astable multivibrator
23 using IC 555 for the specific duty
cycle.
Build / test monostable
24 multivibrator using IC 555 for the
specific duty cycle.
Simulate the working of monostable
25 multivibrator using IC 555 using
Multisim or relevant software.

26 *Build/ Test Voltage Controlled

Oscillatorusing IC 555.

27 Build/ test the circuit of frequency

multiplierusing PLL IC 565.

28 Check the performance of PLL as FM

demodulator (IC 565).

Total

Note:

• '*' Marked Practicals (LLOs) are mandatory.

• Minimum 80% of above list of lab experiment are to be performed.
• Judicial mix of LLOs are to be performed to achieve desired outcomes

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) viii

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No.1: Test the performance of single stage Class A power amplifier

I Practical Significance
Class A amplifier is used in the PA system. Class A power amplifier is the simplest of all
power amplifier configurations. They have high fidelity and are totally immune to crossover
distortion. This practical will help the students to develop skills to build and test
performance of class A amplifiers generally used in various consumer electronic products.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

• Maintain analog electronic circuits.
• Select and test relevant electronics components.
• Mount the electronic component on breadboard as per circuit diagram.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use transistor as a Power Amplifier

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Test the performance of single stage Class A power amplifier

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Transistor power amplifiers handle large signals. Many of them are driven so hard by the
input large signal that collector current is either cut-off or is in the saturation region during a
large portion of the input cycle. Therefore, such amplifiers are generally classified according
to their mode of operation i.e. the portion of the input cycle during which the collector
current is expected to flow. On this basis, they are classified as:
• Class A power amplifier. If the collector current flows at all times during the full cycle
of the signal, the power amplifier is known as class A power amplifier.
• Class B power amplifier. If the collector current flows only during the positive half-
cycle of the input signal, it is called a class B power amplifier.
• Class C power amplifier. If the collector current flows for less than half-cycle of the
input signal, it is called class C power amplifier
The power amplifier is said to be a Class A amplifier if the Q point and the input signal are
selected such that the output signal is obtained for a full input signal cycle. For all values of
input signal, the transistor remains in the active region and never enters into the cut-off or
saturation region. When an AC. signal is applied, the collector voltage varies sinusoidally
hence the collector current also varies sinusoidally. The collector current flows for 360°
(full cycle) of the input signal i.e. the angle of the collector current flow is 360°.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 1

Analog Electronics (313324)

Circuit diagram/ Laboratory layout

Fig. 1.1: Circuit Diagram of Class A amplifier

(Courtesy:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/amplifiers/classA_power_amplifier.htm)

Actual Experimental set up

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 2

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Resources Required

4. Transistor SL/CLlOO or BC558 or BD115 1 No.

R1=47KΩ, R2=33Ω, RE=560Ω,
5. Resistors 1No.
RL=220Ω,
6. Capacitors 47µF, 10µF 1No.

7. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1 No.

Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8. Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure proper connections are to be made as per setup.
2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off condition initially while connecting the circuit.
3. Ensure proper settings of function generator and CRO before use.

IX Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per diagram.
2. Set frequency and amplitude of sine wave input signal on function generator with the
help of CRO.
3. Connect Function generator at input terminal of circuit.
4. Connect DC supply to the amplifier circuit.
5. Switch ON the DC Power Supply, function generator and CRO.
6. Vary the amplitude of sine waveform from the function generator at different values and
measure the output voltage on CRO.
7. Calculate the Pac, Pdc and % efficiency using the given formula.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 3

Analog Electronics (313324)

X Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XI Actual Procedure
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table No.1.1

Input Output Pac=Vo2/2RL Pdc = Vcc * ICQ % Efficiency =

Sr.
Voltage Voltage (watts) Pac / Pdc * 100
No.
[Vi] [Vo]
(Volts) (Volts)
1

Where ICQ is the current measured at the collector terminal when the AC input signal is zero.

XIII Result(s)

% Efficiency =

XIV Interpretation of results

XV Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 4

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVI Practical related questions

Note: Below given are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. List the low power transistor and high-power transistor using a datasheet.
2. List the ratings of low power transistors and high power transistors using a datasheet.
3. Differentiate Class A, B, AB, C power amplifier.

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 5

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://youtu.be/dKTbrZMscpM?si=6lQ3xdhGvLDZL-VL
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=937FMlUhgN4

XVIII Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 6

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 7

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 2: Test the performance of Class B Push Pull Amplifier

I Practical Significance
A push pull amplifier is an amplifier which has an output stage that can drive a current in
either direction through the load. Push pull amplifiers are superior over single ended
amplifiers in terms of distortion and performance. This practical will help the students to
understand the working of Push Pull amplifier.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

• Select and test relevant electronics components.
• Mount the electronic component on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
• Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use transistor as a Power Amplifier

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Interpret the operation of Class B push pull power amplifier.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

1. Follow safe practices.
2. Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Push pull amplifiers are commonly used in situations where low distortion, high efficiency
and high output power are required. The basic operation of a push pull amplifier is as follows:
The signal to be amplified is first split into identical signal 180° out of phase. The Class B
push pull amplifier is almost similar to the Class A push pull amplifier and the only difference
is that there are no biasing resistors for a Class B push pull amplifier. This means that the two
transistors are biased at the cutoff point.

The Class B configuration can provide better power output and has higher efficiency (upto
78.5%). Since the transistor is biased at the cutoff point, they consume no power during idle
condition and this adds to the efficiency. The advantages of Class B push pull amplifiers are
work in limited power supply conditions with absence of even harmonics in the output and
simple circuitry when compared to the Class A configuration.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 8

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Practical Circuit Diagram

Sample Circuit Diagram

Fig. 2.1: Class - B Push Pull Amplifier

Actual Circuit used in laboratory

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 9

Analog Electronics (313324)

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
1. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
Regulated Power Supply DC 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection VCC
2. 1 No.
Power = 12 volt.
3. Function Generated (0-3) MHz 1 No.
4. Transistor BC147 and BC148 1 No.
R1=33kΩ, R2= 3.3kΩ,
5. Resistors 1 No.
R=1.5KΩ, RE= 330Ω, R1=1kΩ
6. Capacitors 10 µF 3 No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
8. Connecting wires
mm Diameter) Requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of function generator and CRO before use.
4. Ensure the terminals of transistor.

X Procedure
1. Make the connection as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect the input supply with appropriate polarity.
3. Connect DC power supply as per circuit diagram. Set VCC = 5V.
4. Connect CRO at the output. Switch ON CRO.
5. Observe input and output waveforms on CRO.
6. Note down reading of input voltage and output voltage from CRO.
7. Calculate efficiency of amplifier.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient).
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 10

Analog Electronics (313324)

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Ri = ………………………. (Input resistance measured at the input of Class-B amplifier using DMM)
Ro= …………………… (Output resistance measured at the output of Class-B amplifier using DMM)

Table No. 2.1 Observation Table

Output
Sr. Input Pi=Vi² / Ri Po=Vo² / Ro % Efficiency
Voltage
No. Voltage (Vi) = Po / Pi * 100
(Vo)
1. 2V
2.
3.

Calculations:

i. % Efficiency = Po / Pi * 100 = ……………………………..

XIV Results:

i. % Efficiency = ……………………………... (When Vi = 2 Volt)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation (Actions /decisions to be taken based on the

interpretation of results)
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 11

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIIPractical Related Questions (Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical)
1. What is meant by Cross Over Distortion?
2. State the applications of Class B Push Pull Amplifier.
3. State the difference between a voltage and a Power Amplifier.
4. State the difference between an amplifier and oscillator.
5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 12

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Dr. R.S. Sedha, Applied Electronics, Edition-2013, ISBN NO 81-219-2783-8.
2. K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication, 10th edition,2005, ISBN
NO :81- 7409-208-0.

XIX Assessment scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 13

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 3: Test the performance of Class AB power amplifier.

I Practical Significance
Class AB amplifiers combine Class A and Class B to achieve an amplifier with more
efficiency than Class A but with lower distortion than class B. This is achieved
by biasing both transistors so they conduct when the signal is close to zero (the point where
class B amplifiers introduce non-linearities).

II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Select and test relevant electronics components.
Mount the electronic component on breadboard as per circuit diagram.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use transistor as a Power Amplifier.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Test the performance of Class AB power amplifier.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

In a class AB power amplifier, the operating point is so adjusted that the collector current
flows for more than half cycle but less than the full cycle of the input signal. For class
AB operation of the amplifier, the biasing circuit is so adjusted that the operating point lies
near the cut-off voltage. The input circuit is forward biased during a small portion of negative
half-cycle & for the positive half cycle of the signal. Hence during a small portion of the
negative half cycle, the input circuit is reverse biased and hence no collector current flows
during this period.
The circuit waveform of this amplifier is shown in the figure below.

Fig. 3.1: Waveform of Class AB power amplifier

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 14

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout

Fig 3.2: Circuit Diagram of class AB amplifier

[Courtesy: https://www.elprocus.com/wp-content/uploads/Class-AB-Amplifier-Circuit-Diagram.jpg]

Actual Experimental set up

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 15

Analog Electronics (313324)

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
1. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
0-30V, 2Amp SC protection
2. Regulated DC Power Supply 1 No.
Vcc=12 volt
3. 0-2 MHz with Sine, square and
Function Generator triangular output with variable 1No.
frequency and amplitude
4. Transistor N3904, N3906, 1 No.

5. Resistors R1=1kΩ,R4=1KΩ,RL=10KΩ 1No.

6. Capacitors C4=C5=10uF,C3=10uF 1No.
7. Diode D1=IN4148,D2=IN4148 1No.
8. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
9. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper connections are to be made to as per setup.
2. Ensure the power switch is in off condition initially while connecting the circuit.
3. Ensure proper settings of function generator and CRO before use.

X Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per diagram.
2. Set frequency and amplitude of sine wave input signal on function generator with
the help of CRO.
3. Connect Function generator at input terminal of circuit.
4. Connect DC supply to the amplifier circuit.
5. Switch ON the DC Power Supply, function generator and CRO.
6. Vary the amplitude of sine waveform from function generator at different value and
measure the output voltage on CRO.
7. Calculate the Pac, Pdc and % Efficiency using the given formula.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 16

Analog Electronics (313324)

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Ri= ………… (Input resistance measured at the input of Class - AB amplifier using DMM).
Ro=………. (Output resistance measured at the output of Class - AB amplifier using
DMM).

Table No.3.1: Observation Table

Input Output
Sr. % Efficiency
Voltage Voltage Pi= Vi 2 / Ri Po= Vo 2 / Ro
No. = Po/ Pi * 100
(Vi) (Vo)
1

XIV Result(s)

% Efficiency =. (When Vi= 10 Volt)

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Analog Electronics (313324)

XV Interpretation of results
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must
design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. What is meant by Cross Over Distortion?
2. State the applications of class AB Push Pull Amplifier.
3. State the difference between a voltage and a Power amplifier.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 18

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://testbook.com/electrical-engineering/power-amplifier- definition-types-and-uses
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVK31WCmB4M

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 19

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 20

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 4: Determine the range of output voltage swing of Op-Amp (IC 741).

I Practical Significance
The output voltage swing is the range of voltage that an Op Amp physically provide at its
output. Output Voltage Swing defines how close the op-amp output can be driven to
saturation voltage under defined operating conditions where the op-amp still can function
correctly. To design the preferable amplifier circuit used in industry measurement of voltage
swing is necessary to enhance the performance of amplifier circuit using IC 741.This practical
will enables student to measure the output voltage swing of Op Amp using IC741.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.

Select relevant electronic components like resistor for determine the voltage swing range.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

● Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Measure output voltage swing of Op-Amp (IC 741).

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Handle tools and equipment carefully
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Theoretical Background Relevant

The output voltage swing of an op-amp refers to the maximum peak-to-peak voltage that the
op-amp can output without significant distortion. For the 741 op-amp, the output swing is
typically within a couple of volts less than the supply voltage (usually ±15V). This range
shows the values of positive and negative saturation voltages of op-amp.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 21

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Circuit diagram / Laboratory layout:

a) Sample Circuit diagram

Fig. 4.1 Output voltage swing.

b) Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power
1. Variable DC power supply 2 No.
supply
2. Analog IC tester Suitable to test l analog ICs 1 No
3. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 1 No.
4. Resistors RF and R1 10KΩ, 2 No
5. Potentiometer 10KΩ 1 No.
6. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
7. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

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Analog Electronics (313324)

IX Precautions to be Followed
1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure the use of proper settings of input DC voltage

X Procedure
1. Assemble the circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram given in figure number 2.1.
2. Connect dual power supply to pin No. 7 (+Vcc) and pin No. 4 (-VEE) of IC 741.
3. Set two function generator to produce a sine waveform of 1V pp amplitude at 1 KHz.
4. Check the output of the function generator on CRO before applying it as input.
5. Apply input signal Vin1 to pin No. 3 and Vin2 to pin No.2 from function generator.
6. Vary input voltage Vin1 and Vin2 till the output waveform is clipped.
7. Observe input and output (pin No. 6) waveforms on CRO.
8. Note down the reading of peak to peak voltage of output waveform.

XI Resources Used
Sr. Name of Resource Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XII Actual Procedure Followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table No.: 4.1 Observation Table for output voltage swing

Sr.
Vin1 (p-p) Vin2 (p-p) Vo (p-p)
No.
1

2
3
4

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Calculations:

Output Voltage Swing Peak-to-Peak Vo(pp): The difference between the positive and
negative peaks of the output voltage, calculated as
Vo(pp): ∣𝑉in1 − 𝑉in2∣ = ……………….
= ……………….

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVII Practical Related Questions

(Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two questions related to
practical)
What is an operational amplifier, and what are its typical applications?
1.
Explain the significance of the output voltage swing in an operational amplifier.
2.
Why does the output voltage of an operational amplifier clipped?
3.
If the power supply voltages are reduced (e.g., ±12V instead of ±15V), how would you
4.
expect the output voltage swing to change?
5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
[Space for Answers]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 24

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rd edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7
2. K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication,10th edition,2005, ISBN NO :81-
7409-208-0

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 25

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 5: Use relevant instruments to measure the input offset voltage and Output
offset voltage.

I Practical Significance
Op-Amps are very popular building blocks in electronic circuits. Op-Amps are used for a
variety of applications such as AC and DC signal amplification, filters, oscillators, voltage
regulators, comparators and in most of the consumer and industrial devices. Op- Amps
exhibit little dependence on temperature-changes or manufacturing variations, which makes
them ideal building blocks in electronic circuits. The performance of above mentioned
circuits depends on various parameters of Op-Amp.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Student will be able check and observe the different parameters of Op-Amp IC 741 before
developing any analog circuit.
• Test Analog IC-741.
• Use DC power supply to provide proper voltage to the IC 741.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure input offset voltage and output offset voltage of IC 741.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

• Follow safe practices.
• Follow ethical practices
• Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Theoretical Background Relevant

Operational amplifiers are a direct coupled high gain amplifier usually consisting of one or
more differential amplifiers followed by a level shifter and output stage. An Op Amp is
available as a single integrated circuit package. There are various parameters of Op-Amp that
are to be measured that are necessary for faithful amplification. Op-Amp has different
electrical parameters like differential input resistance, input offset voltage, output offset
voltage.

Input offset voltage (Vio): It is the voltage applied between two terminals to Op-Amp to
null Voo. Vio = |Vdc1-Vdc2|

Output Offset voltage (VOO): It is the output of the Op-Amp when the input terminals are
grounded.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 26

Analog Electronics (313324)

Fig 5.1 Pin diagram of IC741

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory Layout:

Fig 5.2 Input offset voltage (Vio)

(https://www.circuitstoday.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/Input-Offset-Voltage-Of-OP-AMP-
741IC.jpg)

Fig 5.3 Output offset voltage (Voo)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 27

Analog Electronics (313324)

Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power
1. Variable DC power supply 2 No.
supply
2. Analog IC tester Suitable to test l analog ICs 1 No
3. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 1 No.
4. Resistors Ra 10KΩ, 2 No
5. Potentiometer 10KΩ 1 No.
6. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
7. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

X Procedure
Procedure for measurement of Input offset voltage (Vio)
1. Test and mount the IC741 on the breadboard.
2. Make connections per given circuit diagram.
3. Connect dual power supply to pin No.7 (+ Vcc) and pin No.4 (-VEE) and DMM to pin
No. 6 shown in figure no.5.2.
4. Apply DC voltage Vdc1 and Vdc2, in 1V to 15V range to the two input terminals of an

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 28

Analog Electronics (313324)

Op-Amp to get zero output voltage. (Vo = 0V).

5. Calculate Vio = |Vdc1-Vdc2|.
6. Using DMM measure Vio in between two input terminals (that is between pin No.2 and
pinNo.3).
7. Note: Practically Vio varies in between 20mV to 80mV.

Procedure for measurement of output offset voltage (Voo)

1. Make the connections as per given circuit diagram.
2. Connect dual power supply to pin No.7 (+ Vcc) and pin No.4 (- VEE) and DMM to pin
No. 6 shown in figure no.5.3
3. Ground both input terminals of Op-Amp.
4. Measure the output voltage using DMM at pin No.6
5. Adjust 10KΩ potentiometer connected in between pin-1 and pin-5 of IC 741 to get output
voltage equal to 0V.
6. Measure Voo range by varying the potentiometer.

XI Resources Used

Sr. No. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No.: 5.1 Observation Table for Input offset voltage (Vio)

Vdc1 Vdc2 Vio = |Vdc1-Vdc2|

Sr. No.
Volts Volts Volts
1.
2.
3.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 29

Analog Electronics (313324)

Table No.: 5.2 Observation Table for Output offset voltage (Voo)

Sr. No. Vcm Voo

1.
2.
3.

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVII Practical Related Questions

(Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two questions related to
practical)
1. Draw symbol and equivalent circuit of IC 741.
2. Define various parameters of IC 741.
3. Draw ideal and practical characteristics of IC 741.
4. State significance of level shifter circuit of IC 741

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 30

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 31

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEiVSbPYWNE
2. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rd edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7
3. K.R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication,10th edition,2005, ISBN
NO :81- 7409-208-0
4. http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm741.pdf

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 32

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 6: Determine the gain of inverting and non-inverting amplifier using IC
741.

I Practical Significance
Inverting and non-inverting both amplifier configurations are widely used for signal
amplification purposes. By adjusting the values of the feedback and input resistors, precise
amplification of analog signals can be achieved. This is crucial in applications where weak
signals need to be boosted for further processing or transmission.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output using multimeter.
Select relevant electronic components IC 741 and resistor value for specified gain.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Connect IC 741 in inverting and non-inverting mode.
Measure the voltage gain of inverting and non-inverting amplifier circuit using IC 741.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices.
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Theoretical Background Relevant

Operational amplifiers are versatile integrated circuits designed to amplify, filter, and process
analog signals. They typically have two input terminals (inverting and non-inverting), an
output terminal, and a power supply connection.

Inverting Amplifier Configuration

In the inverting amplifier configuration, the input signal is connected to the inverting (-) input
terminal of the op-amp, while feedback from the output is applied to the same inverting input
terminal through a resistor (). A resistor (𝑅𝑖𝑛) is connected between the input source and the
inverting input. The non-inverting (+) input terminal is grounded.

Gain of Inverting Amplifier

The gain (𝐴𝑣) of an inverting amplifier is determined by the ratio of the feedback resistor
(RF) to the input resistor (Rin). Mathematically, the gain (𝐴𝑣) can be expressed as:
𝐴𝑣 = − 𝑅F / 𝑅𝑖𝑛
The negative sign indicates phase inversion, meaning the output signal is 180 degrees out of
phase with the input signal.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 33

Analog Electronics (313324)

Non-Inverting Amplifier Configuration

In the non-inverting amplifier configuration, the input signal is connected to the non-inverting
(+) input terminal of the op-amp, while feedback from the output is applied to the inverting (-)
input terminal through a voltage divider network consisting of resistors (𝑅𝑓 and Rin). The
non-inverting input terminal is directly connected to the input source.

Gain of Non-Inverting Amplifier

The gain (Av) of a non-inverting amplifier is determined by the ratio of the sum of the
feedback resistor (𝑅𝑓) and the input resistor (𝑅𝑖𝑛) to the input resistor (𝑅𝑖𝑛). Mathematically,
the gain (𝐴𝑣Av) can be expressed as:

Av = 1+ (RF / Rin)

The positive term indicates that the output signal is in phase with the input signal.

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 6.1: Inverting Amplifier

Fig. 6.2: Non Inverting Amplifier

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 34

Analog Electronics (313324)

Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument /
Specification Quantity
No. Components
0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power
1. Dual Power supply 1 No.
Supply.
2. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 2 No.
3. Resistors R1 1KΩ 2 No.
4. Resistors RF 10KΩ, 2 No.
5. Function Generator 20MHz 2 No.
6. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs 1 No.
7. CRO 20MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope 2 No.
8. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 2 No.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
9. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be Followed
1. Ensure proper mounting of IC 741 and Resistor on Breadboard.
2. Ensure proper connection of Circuit.
3. Ensure proper Input Voltage and Supply voltage to the Circuit.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 35

Analog Electronics (313324)

X Procedure
Procedure for Inverting amplifier
1. Test IC741 with analog IC tester.
2. Make the point of supply voltage +15V, -15V and Ground on the Breadboard.
3. Connect pin No. 7 to +15V and pin No. 4 to -15V and pin No. 3 to Ground.
4. Connect R1 and Rf as shown in Figure 6.1
5. Select Sine wave Vin of (1V, 500 Hz) from Function generator, Check the wave
on CRO.
6. Apply the selected Sine wave input to pin No. 2.
7. Keep the amplitude constant and change input frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz.
8. Measure VOut on CRO from pin No.6 and note down the reading.
9. Plot graph of frequency versus gain on semi log.
10. Find out band width and cut off frequency from semi log

Procedure for Non Inverting amplifier

1. Test IC741 with analog IC tester.
2. Make the point of supply voltage +15V, -15V and Ground on the Breadboard.
3. Connect pin No. 7 to +15V and pin No. 4 to -15V and pin No. 2 to Ground.
4. Connect R1 and RF as shown in Figure 3.2
5. Select Sine wave Vin of (1V, 500 Hz) from Function generator, Check the wave
on CRO.
6. Apply the selected Sine wave input to Pin No. 3.
7. Keep the amplitude constant and change input frequency from 100Hz to 1MHz.
8. Measure Vout on CRO from pin No. 6 and note down the reading.
9. Plot graph of frequency versus gain on semi log.
10. Find out band width and cut off frequency from semi log.

XI Resources Used
Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 36

Analog Electronics (313324)

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table No. 6.1: Observation Table For inverting amplifier Vi = 0.5 Vpp.

Output Voltage
Sr. Gain in dB
Input Frequency (Hz) Voltage, Gain
No. 20 log (Vo/Vi)
Vo (Volts) (A=Vo/Vi)
1. 100Hz

2. 500Hz
3. 1KHz
4. 3KHz
5. 6KHz
6. 10KHz
7. 20KHz
8. 30KHz
9. 40KHz
10. 50KHz
11. 60KHz
12. 70KHz
13. 80KHz
14. 90KHz
15. 100KHz
16. 200KHz
17. 300KHz

18. 400KHz
19. 500KHz
20. 1MHz

Table No. 6.2: Observation Table for Non Inverting amplifier Vi = 0.5 Vpp.

Output
Sr. Input Frequency Voltage Gain Gain in dB
Voltage,
No. (Hz) (A=Vo/Vi) 20 log Vo/Vi)
Vo (Volts)
1. 100 Hz
2. 500 Hz

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 37

Analog Electronics (313324)

Output
Sr. Input Frequency Voltage Gain Gain in dB
Voltage,
No. (Hz) (A=Vo/Vi) 20 log Vo/Vi)
Vo (Volts)
3. 1KHz
4. 3KHz
5. 6KHz
6. 10KHz
7. 20KHz
8. 30KHz
9. 40KHz
10. 50KHz
11. 60KHz
12. 70KHz
13. 80KHz
14. 90KHz
15. 100KHz
16. 200KHz
17. 300KHz
18. 400KHz
19. 500KHz
20. 1MHz

Calculations:
For Inverting:
i. Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi =

ii. Voltage Gain in dB: 20 log (Vo/Vi) =

For Non-Inverting:
i Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi =

ii Voltage Gain in dB: 20 log (Vo/Vi) =

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 38

Analog Electronics (313324)

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVII Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical).
1. Draw the nature of output waveform for inverting and non-inverting amplifier
which is shown in figure 6.1 and 6.2 for given sine wave.
2. State the effect of negative feedback in inverting amplifier?
3. Design a non-inverting amplifier for gain = 5.
4. State the maximum input signal voltage that can be applied in experimental
circuit for linear operation?

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 39

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston Publishing, Resto,
Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222
2. Tower’s International data book for OpAmp
3. Ramakant A.Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rdedition, 2001,ISBN NO : 81-203-0807-7
4. K.R.Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication,10th edition,2005,ISBN NO
:81- 7409-208-0

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage
Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 40

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 41

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 42

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 7: Build / Test adder and circuit consist of IC 741.

I Practical Significance
In adder and circuit the input signal can be added and subtracted to the desired value by
selecting appropriate values for the external resistors. These arithmetic functions are
employed in analog circuits. This circuit can be used to add ac or dc signals. This circuit
provides an output voltage proportional to or equal to the algebraic sum of two or more input
voltages each multiplied by a constant gain factor. This practical will enable student to add
and subtract signals using IC 741

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Student will be able to mount the electronic component on breadboard as per the given sample
circuit diagram.
Select relevant electronic components IC 741 and resister value for specified gain.

III Course Level Learning Outcome

Use various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications
\
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):
Select the proper range of multimeter to measure the voltage.
Measure output voltage of adder circuit consist of IC 741.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

• Follow safe practices.
• Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
• Follow ethical practices

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Adder circuit using Op Amp is used to perform arithmetic operations like addition, s. It is
always used in close loop mode with negative feedback and the voltage gain is controlled by
external components R1 and RF. When the power supply is connected there is output even
when the two inputs are grounded this is called offset. It can be made zero by connecting
10KΩ POT between pin 1 and 5 and connecting wiper to pin 4. In the inverting configuration
of an op-amp if more than one input is given to the inverting terminal then resultant circuits
work as a summing amplifier or adder.
Output expression:

Vout = - (RF / R) * (V1 + V2)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 43

Analog Electronics (313324)

a) Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 7.1: Inverting Adder

(https://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Summing-Amplifier-002.jpg)

b) Sample Experimental set up

Fig. 7.2: Adder experimental setup

c) Actual Experimental set up

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 44

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument/
No. Components Specification Quantity
1. Dual Power supply 0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power supply 1 No.
2. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 2 No.
3. Resistors R1 , R2 1KΩ 4 No.
4. Resistors Rf 1KΩ, 2 No.
5. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs 1 No.
6. DMM 0-30V,2A 2 No.
7 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 2 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8 Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

VIII Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure the proper value of resistor for specified gain.
2. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
3. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
4. Ensure the input voltage is in proper value.

IX Procedure
Inverting Adder
1. Test and mount the IC on the breadboard.
2. Make connections as per circuit diagram.
3. Connect dual power supply.
4. Apply input voltages V1 and V2 using regulated power supply.
5. Connect DMM to the output of circuit pin No.6
6. Perform offset nulling (Ground both the inputs and measure output on DMM.
Adjust 10KΩ Potentiometer Connected between 1 and 5 to get 0 volt at the
output)
7. Adjust input voltages V1 and V2 using regulated power supply.
8. Calculate (V1 + V2) and the theoretical output voltage using the formula
9. Vout = - (RF/ R) * (V1 + V2) Note: R = R1 = R2
10. Using DMM, measure V0and record it in the observation table
11. Compare theoretical and observed output.
12. Repeat steps 5 and 8 for different values of V1, V2.

X Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 45

Analog Electronics (313324)

XII Observation:

Table No. 7.1: Observation Table for Inverting Adder

Input
Vout = -(RF/R) Output
Sr. Voltage Practical Gain =
(V1 +V2) * (V1 + V2) Voltage (Vout)
No. (volts) Vout / (V1 +V2)
(Theoretical) (Practical)
V1 V2
1.

Note: R1= R2= RF =R

XIII Calculations:
Inverting Adder:
1. Vout = -RF/ R* (V1 + V2)
2. Practical Gain = Vout / (V1 + V2)

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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Analog Electronics (313324)

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…
XVII Practical related questions
Note: Below are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design
more such questions to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.

1. Can the given adder circuit be used for averaging? If yes, how? Justify
2. Why it is necessary to null the offset voltage before using the OPAMP?
3. Draw the circuit diagram of non-inverting Adder.
4. State the expression for output voltage of non-inverting summing amplifier?
5. Draw the circuit for the define output equation Vo = 2(V1 + V2 + V3).

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 47

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rdedition, 2001, ISBN No: 81-203-0807-7
2. https://dec-iitkgp.vlabs.ac.in/exp/functions-inverting adder(Virtual Lab Link)
3. https://youtu.be/c_a8eA52zKU?si=vxfGAI-RFZTuSedV.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 48

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 8: Build / Test subtractor circuit consists of IC 741.

I Practical Significance
In subtractor circuit the input signal can be subtracted to the desire value by selecting
appropriate values for the external resisters. This circuit can be used to subtract ac or dc
signals. This circuit provides an output voltage proportional to or equal to the difference of
two input signals each multiplied by a constant gain factor. This practical will enable student
to subtract signals using IC 741.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Student will be able to mount circuits on bread board and test output using multimeter.
Select relevant electronic components IC 741 and resister value for specified gain.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s):

Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Select the proper range of multimeter to measure the voltage.
● Measure output voltage of subtractor circuit consisting of IC 741.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

Subtractor circuit using Op Amp is used to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction etc. it is always used in close loop mode with negative feedback and the voltage
gain is controlled by external component R1 and Rf when the power supply is connected there
is output even when the two inputs are grounded this is called offset. It can be made zero by
connecting 10KΩ Potentiometer between pin 1 and 5 and connecting wiper to pin 4.

Using a basic differential Op-Amp configuration a subtractor can be designed. A difference

amplifier has an output proportional to the difference between the inputs. In difference
amplifier if resistors are of same value. Hence gain of difference amplifier is one.

Vout = (RF / R) * (V1 -V2)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 49

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 8.1: Circuit diagram Subtractor

Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument
Specification Quantity
No. /Components
0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power
1. Dual Power supply 1 No.
supply
2. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 2 No.
3. Resistors R1 , R2 1KΩ 4 No.
4. Resistors Rf 1KΩ, 2 No.
5. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs 1 No.
6. DMM 0-30V,2A 2 No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 2 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8. Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 50

Analog Electronics (313324)

IX Precautions to be Followed
1. Ensure the proper value of resistor for specified gain.
2. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
3. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
4. Ensure the input voltage is in proper value.

X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC on the breadboard.
2. Make connection as per circuit diagram.
3. Connect dual power supply.
4. Apply input voltages V1 and V2 using regulated power supply.
5. Connect DMM to the output of circuit pin No.6
6. Perform offset nulling (Ground both the inputs and measure output on DMM. Adjust 10KΩ
Potentiometer Connected between 1 and 5 to get 0 volt at the output)
7. Adjust input voltages V1 and V2 using regulated power supply.
8. Calculate (V1 - V2) and the theoretical output voltage using the formula
9. Vout = RF / R* (V1 - V2) Note: R=R1=R2= RF
10. Using DMM, measure Vo and record it in the observation table
11. Compare theoretical and observed output.
12. Repeat steps 5 and 8 for different values of V1, V2.

XI Resources Used

Sr. Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

XII Actual Procedure Followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 51

Analog Electronics (313324)

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table No. 8.1: Observation Table for Subtractor

Input
Output
Voltage Vout =
Voltage Practical
Sr. (volts) (RF/ R) * (V1 -V2)
(V1- V2) (Vout) Gain = Vout
No. V1 V2 (Theoretical
(Practical) / (V1 - V2)
)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Note: R1= R2= R3= RF =R

Calculations:
Subtractor
1. (V1 -V2) =
2. Vout = Rf/ R* (V1 - V2)
3. Practical Gain =Vout / (V1 - V2)

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVII Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical).
1. Why it is necessary to null the offset voltage before using the OPAMP?

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 52

Analog Electronics (313324)

2. Draw the circuit diagram of non-inverting subtractor.

3. Draw the circuit for the defined output equation Vo = 2(V1 - V2 - V3)
4. Suggest the circuit and value of input and feedback resistor for given output
equation Vo = -3(Va- Vb)

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 53

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston Publishing, Resto,

Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222
2. Tower’s International data book for Op-Amp.
3. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rdedition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7.
4. K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication,10th edition,2005, ISBN NO
:81- 7409-208-0.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 54

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 9: Build / Test Integrator circuit consist of IC741.

.
I Practical Significance
Operational amplifiers can be configured as integration. In an integrating circuit, the output is
the integration of the input voltage with respect to time. An integrator circuit which consists
of active devices is called an Active integrator. An active integrator provides a much lower
output resistance and higher output voltage than is possible with a simple RC circuit.
Integrator circuits are usually designed to produce a triangular wave output from a square
wave input. Integrating circuits have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave input
signals. This practical will enable student to convert the square wave to triangular wave using
IC 741

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Select relevant electronic components IC 741 and resistor and capacitor value for specified
gain.
Student will be able to build, test and understand the concept as well as functionality of an
Integrator circuit using IC-741.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Use function generator.
Interpret input and output waveforms of integrator circuit consist of IC 741.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
Follow ethical practices

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

An integrator is a circuit that performs a mathematical operation called integration.
Integration is a process of continuous additions. The most popular application of an integrator
is to produce a ramp of output voltage which is linearly increasing or decreasing voltage. It is
similar to an inverting amplifier circuit except that the feedback is through capacitor C instead
of register RF. If the input voltage is step voltage then output voltage will be ramp or linearly
changing voltage. Integrators are widely used in ramp or sweep generators, in filters, analog
computers etc.

𝟏
𝑽𝑶 = − ∫ 𝑽𝒊 𝒅𝒕
𝑹𝑪

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 55

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII a) Circuit diagram/Layout of Laboratory

Fig 9.1: Integrator using IC 741

(https://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Integrators-19.jpg)

b) Actual Experimental set up

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 56

Analog Electronics (313324)

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of
Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No. Resource
Dual Power supply ± 15 V 2A Dual tracking power 1 No.
1. supply
IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 1 No.
2.
Resistors R1 10KΩ 1 No.
3.
Resistors Rf 100KΩ, 1 No.
4.
Capacitor CF 0.1µF 1 No.
5.
Function generator 02 Hz to 2 MHz 1 No.
6.
CRO 0 to 20 MHz 1 No.
7.
Analog IC tester 1 No.
8. Suitable to test analog IC
Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 1 No.
9.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
10. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure the use of proper settings of function generator and CRO.
4. Ensure the proper value of resistor and capacitor.

X Procedure
1. Assemble the circuit on the breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect dual power supply to pins No.7 (+Vcc) and pin No.4 (-VEE) of IC 741.
3. Set the function generator to produce a sine waveform of 1V pp amplitude at 1
KHz to pin No. 2
4. Check the waveform on CRO before applying it as input.
5. Observe input and output (pin No.6) waveforms on CRO for 1 KHz frequency
and check the phase shift for the given input from function generator and CRO.
6. Vary the input frequency from 100 Hz to 10 KHz keeping input voltage 1V.
7. Measure the output voltage for each frequency and note the output voltage
in the observation table.
8. Plot the graph gain vs. frequency on semi log paper. Calculate gain for different
input frequency in decibels.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 57

Analog Electronics (313324)

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation and Calculation

Table No: 9.1 Observation Table for Integrator Input Voltage Vi = 1 V pp

Sr. Input Frequency Output Voltage, Vo Gain in dB 20

No. (Hz) (Volts) log10(Vo/Vi)
1. 100 Hz
2. 200 Hz
3. 300 Hz
4. 400 Hz
5. 500 Hz
6. 600 Hz
7. 700 Hz
8. 800 Hz
9. 900 Hz
10. 1 KHz
11. 2 KHz
12. 3 KHz
13. 4 KHz
14. 5 KHz
15. 6 KHz
16. 7 KHz
17. 8 KHz
18. 9 KHz
19. 10 KHz

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 58

Analog Electronics (313324)

Calculations:

i. Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi

ii. Voltage Gain in dB: 20 log10 (Vo / Vi)
iii. 3 dB Bandwidth, B/W = FH-FL

XIV Result(s)

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
such questions to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.

1.Apply different inputs: sine wave, square wave and triangular wave to the integrator
and observe the output. Draw input and output waveforms on graph paper.
2.Define instrumentation amplifier. State need of it
3. Can integrator act as low pass filter? Justify it with the help of frequency response.
4. Draw circuit diagram of Schmitt trigger.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 59

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://youtu.be/pf4PteIKJrY?si=y3_XVpFGIj7p1XdH
2. https://youtu.be/1B4O5gy6A6U?si=kc7B-1iMECU4oa2K

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 60

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 61

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 10: Build /Test Differentiator circuit consists of IC 741.

I Practical Significance
In differentiator circuit the position of the capacitor and resistor have been reversed and now
the reactance, XC is connected to the input terminal of the inverting amplifier while the
resistor, RF forms the negative feedback element across the operational amplifier. The
differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation and “produces a
voltage output voltage which is directly proportional to the input voltages rate-of-change with
respect to time”.
The faster or larger the change to the input voltage signal, the greater the input current, the
greater will be the output voltage change becoming more of a “spike” in shape. The input
signal to the differentiator is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor only allows AC type input
voltage changes to pass through and whose frequency is dependent on the rate of change of
the input signal. This practical will enable student to convert the square wave to spike wave
using IC 741.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output using multimeter.
Select relevant electronic components IC741, resistor and capacitor value for specified gain.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Use function generator.
● Interpret input and output waveforms of Differentiator circuit consisting of IC 741.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

The differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation i.e. the output
waveform is the derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be constructed from
a basic inverting amplifier if an input resistor R1 is replaced by a capacitor C1.
The expression for the output voltage can be obtained as the output Vo is equal to R F C1 times
the negative rate of change of the input voltage Vin with time. The (–) sign indicates a 180°
phase shift of the output waveform Vo with respect to the input signal. Since the differentiator
performs the reverse of the integrator function.

VO = - RC dvi /dt

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 62

Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 10.1: Active differentiator

Actual Experimental set up

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 63

Analog Electronics (313324)

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument
Specification Quantity
No. /Components
1. Dual Power supply 0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power 1 No.
supply
2. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 1 No.
3. Resistors R1 82Ω 1 No.
4. Resistors Rf 1.5KΩ, 1 No.
5. Capacitor CF 0.01µF 1 No.
6. Capacitor C1 0.1µF 1 No.
7. Resistors Rl 10 KΩ, 1 No.
8. Resistors RROM 1.5KΩ, 1 No.
9. Function 02 Hz to 2 MHz 1 No
generator
10. CRO 0 to 20 MHz 1 No
11. Analog IC tester All analog IC tester 1 No.
12. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 1 No.
13. Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. Assemble the circuit on the breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect dual power supply to pin No.7 (+Vcc) and pin No.4 (-VEE) of IC 741.
3. Set the function generator to produce a sine waveform of 1V pp amplitude at 1 KHz.
4. Check the waveform on CRO before applying it as input.
5. Observe input and output waveforms (at pin No.6) on CRO for 1 KHz frequency and
check the phase shift for the given input from function generator and CRO
6. Vary the input frequency from 100 Hz to 10 KHz keeping input voltage 1V.
7. Measure the output voltage for each frequency and note the output voltage in
observation table 10.1
8. Plot the graph gain vs. frequency on semi log paper. Calculate gain for different input
frequency in decibels.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 64

Analog Electronics (313324)

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No. 10.1: Observation Table for differentiator Input Voltage Vi = 1 V pp

Sr. Input Frequency Output Voltage, Gain in dB 20

No. (Hz) Vo (Volts) log10(Vo/Vi)
1. 100 Hz
2. 200 Hz
3. 300 Hz
4. 400 Hz
5. 500 Hz
6. 600 Hz
7. 700 Hz
8. 800 Hz
9. 900 Hz
10. 1 KHz
11. 2 KHz
12. 3 KHz
13. 4 KHz
14. 5 KHz
15. 6 KHz
16. 7 KHz

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 65

Analog Electronics (313324)

Sr. Input Frequency Output Voltage, Gain in dB 20

No. (Hz) Vo (Volts) log10(Vo/Vi)
17. 8 KHz
18. 9 KHz
19. 10 KHz

Calculations:
i. Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi
ii. Voltage Gain in dB: 20 log10 (Vo / Vi)
iii. 3 dB Bandwidth, B/W = FH-FL

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVII Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or
two questions related to practical).
1. Apply different inputs: sine wave, square wave and triangular wave to the
differentiator and observe the output. Draw input and output waveforms on graph
paper.
2. Can the active high pass filter acts as differentiator? Justify.
3. State the effect of time constant on the differentiator waveform?
4. Draw the output of differentiator if the input is symmetrical triangular waveform?

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 66

Analog Electronics (313324)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 67

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rd edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7.
2. Electronics Component Handbook; Jones, Thomas H., Reston Publishing, Resto,
Virginia, USA, ISBN: 978087909222.
3. Tower’s International data book for Op-Amp.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 68

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 69

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 11: Build / Test Voltage to Current converter circuit consist of IC 741

I Practical Significance
In voltage to current convertor the current is proportional to certain voltage, even though the
load resistance may vary, the feedback resistor Rf is replaced by a load resistor R L. Voltage to
current converter is useful to convert transducer output signal (which is generally in voltage
form) into current.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Select relevant electronic components IC 741 and resistor value for specified gain.
Mounting of the electronic component on breadboard as per circuit diagram.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure output current of V to I converter circuit using IC 741.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
Follow ethical practices

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Voltage to current convertor in which load resistor RL is floating. The input voltage is applied
to the non-inverting terminal and the feedback voltage across R1 drive the inverting input
terminal, this circuit also called as current-series negative feedback amplifier because
feedback voltage across R1 depends on the output current Io and is in series with the input
difference voltage Vid.
Io = (Vo-Vin) /R1

VII a) Sample Experimental set up

Fig. 11.1: V/I converter kit

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 70

Analog Electronics (313324)

b) Circuit diagram / Layout of Laboratory:

Fig. 11.2: Voltage to current converter

)https://ae-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/voltage-current-converter/images/VC1.png)

c) Actual Experimental set up

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Analog Electronics (313324)

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
± 15 V 1 A Dual tracking power 1 No.
1 Dual Power supply
supply
0 to 30 V 1 A with SC protection 1 No.
2 D C Power supply
Digital meter
3 IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 2 No.
4 Resistors R1 1KΩ 2 No.
5 Resistors RL 1KΩ, 1 No.
6 Resistors Rf 3KΩ, 1 No.
7 DMM 0 to 20 mA,10V 2 No.
8 Analog IC tester Suitable to test l analog IC 1 No.
9 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 2 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm Asper
10 Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure the use of proper settings of input voltage.
4.Ensure the proper value of resistor

X Procedure

1. Test and mount IC 741, resistor on breadboard.

2. Connect dual power supply to pin No. 7 (+Vcc) and pin No.4 (-VEE) of IC
741 as shown in circuit diagram 11.2.
3. Connect power supply to input of circuit diagram Vary input voltage in the range
of 1 to 5 volt in step of 1 volt.
4. Vary input voltage in the range of 1 to 5 volt in step of 1 volt.
5. Measure the corresponding current using Ammeter record reading in the
observation table No.7.1.
6. Calculate theoretical value of current using Io= (Vo-Vin) /R1.
7. Compare theoretical current and practical current values.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 72

Analog Electronics (313324)

XI Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No. 11.1: Observation Table for voltage to current converter

Sr. DC Input voltage Output current (Io)mA

No. (Vin)V
Theoretical Practical
1. 1V
2. 2V
3. 3V
4. 4V
5. 5V

Calculations:

Io = (Vo-Vin) /R1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 73

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVIIPractical related questions

Note: Below given are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Give output expression for V to I converter with grounded load and draw diagram.
2. Draw I/V converter and write output expression.
3. Write application of Log amplifier and antilog amplifier.
4. Draw diagram of multiplier and write output expression.
5. Draw a sample and hold the circuit and waveform of it.
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 74

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Bo-PR5Zoso
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9R0qsP-MpvM&t=27s

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 75

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 12: Build the circuit of zero crossing detector and test the output.

I Practical Significance
A zero crossing detector can be used to measure the phase angle between two voltages. When
an input signal Vin crosses zero volts in positive direction the output Vo is driven into
negative saturation when an input signal Vin crosses zero volts in negative direction the
output Vo is driven into positive saturation. This practical will enable students to measure
phase value of input signal using IC 741.

II Industry / Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output using multimeter.
Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

● Construct various configurations of Op-Amp for different applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Interpret output voltage waveform of zero crossing detector.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

A comparator is a circuit which compare the input signal (Vin) with a reference signal (Vref.),
which are applied at the input terminal and depending on its comparison it gives the result at
the output terminal of Op-Amp. In comparator circuit, when reference signal (Vref.) is given
as zero volt i.e. grounded Comparator then acts as a zero crossing detector. The output
changes very rapidly from one saturation level to another level through zero. This circuit is
also called a square wave converter.

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 12.1: Zero crossing detector

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 76

Analog Electronics (313324)

Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument /
Specification Quantity
No. Components
0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking
1. Dual Power supply 1 No.
power supply
2. IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 2 No.
3. Resistors R1 1KΩ 1No.
4. Resistors R2 1KΩ 1 No.
5. Resistors RL 10 KΩ, 2 No.
6. Function generator 02 Hz to 2 MHz 1 No
7. CRO 0 to 20 MHz 2 No
8. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog IC 1 No.
9. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17cm 2 No.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
10. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. Assemble the circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect dual power supply to pin No. 7 (+Vcc) and pin No. 4 (-VEE) of IC 741.
3. Set the function generator to produce a sine waveform of 1V pp amplitude at 1 KHz.
4. Check the waveform on CRO before applying it as input.
5. Apply input signal Vin from function generator to input pin No.2 and vary upto value as per
variation given in observation table no. 12.1.

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Analog Electronics (313324)

6. Observe input and output (pin No. 6) waveforms on CRO.

7. Plot the graph for input and output waveforms observed on CRO.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 12.1 Observation Table for Zero crossing detector

Apply Input
Sr. Applied Difference Voltage, Output Voltage, Vo
Voltage
No. Voltage (Vin) Vid=V1-V2 (Volts) (Volts)
(Volts)
1. Vin = 0
2. Vin > 0
3. Vin < 0

XIV Results
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Analog Electronics (313324)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XVI Conclusions and Recommendation
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVII Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical).
1. Apply the given input signal to non-inverting terminal of Op-Amp and compare it with
inverting zero crossing detectors.
2. Why is comparator sometimes also called voltage level detector?
3. What is the drawback in zero crossing detectors?

[Space for Answers]

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Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. K. R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication,10th edition,2005, ISBN NO:81-
7409-208-0.
2. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall India,3rd
edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7.
3. Tower’s International data book for Op-Amp.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 80

Analog Electronics (313324)

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 13: Use transistor to build / test voltage series feedback amplifier with
feedback.

I Practical Significance
As negative feedback is used for stability. This configuration is the most stable one and used
in most discrete amplifier systems. This practical will help to develop practical skill of the
students to use appropriate feedback connection in the amplifier

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Select relevant components, mount it on breadboard as per the circuit diagram.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Check the performance of feedback on the output voltage of amplifier.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The feedback circuit is connected in shunt with the output in such a way that it decreases the
output impedance and increases the input impedance. In this circuit, it is placed in a shunt
with the output but in series with respect to the input signal. Voltage-Series feedback, the
input impedance of the amplifier is increased, and the output impedance is decreased. Noise
and distortions are reduced considerably. The most advantage of the negative feedback is that
by proper use of this, there is significant improvement in the frequency response and in the
linearity of the operation of the amplifier. The following figure shows the block diagram of
voltage series feedback, by which it is evident that the feedback circuit is placed in shunt with
the output but in series with the input.

Fig. 13.1: Block Diagram of Voltage Series Feedback amplifier

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Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Circuit diagram/ Laboratory layout

Fig. 13.2: Circuit Diagram of voltage series feedback amplifier

(Courtesy:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/amplifiers/classA_power_amplifier.htm)

Fig. 13.3: Input and Output waveform

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory:

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
Cathode Ray
1. Oscilloscope 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1No.
(Analog type)
Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection
2. 1No.
Supply Vcc=12 volt
3. Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1 No.
4. Transistor BC558 or CLl00 or BDl15 1No.
R1=33kΩ, R2=3.3Ω, RC=l.5KΩ
5. Resistors 1No.
RE=330Ω, RL=lKΩ,
6. Capacitors Cin=10µF, Cc=10µF CE=l0µF 1No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8. Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 84

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IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper Connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of function generator and CRO before use.

X Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect function generator output to CRO and observe input signal on CRO.
3. Switch ON DC Power Supply, function generator and CRO
4. Keep the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 10 Hz to MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage on CRO.
5. Remove the emitter bypass capacitor and repeat Step 4 and observe the effect of
feedback on the gain of the amplifier.
6. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency. The voltage gain is in
db.
7. Calculated by using expression Av = 20 log (VO / Vi) dB

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Suggested Broad
No Name of Resource Quantity
Specification
.

XII Actual Procedure

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 85

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Observation Table 13.1

Input Voltage in mV (To be kept Constant), Vi = ........................

Output Output
Input Voltage, Vo’ Voltage, Vo Gain in dB Gain in dB
Sr.
Frequency (with (without (with (without
No.
(Hz) feedback) feedback) feedback) feedback)
(Volts) (Volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Calculations:

i. Voltage Gain: Vo/Vi

ii. Bandwidth (with feedback) (B.W) F = FH -FL

iii. Bandwidth (without feedback) (B.W) = FH -FL

XIV Result(s)
1. Bandwidth (with feedback) (B.W) =.......................

2. Bandwidth (without feedback) (B.W) =.....................

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 86

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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must
design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. State the significance of the value of the bypass capacitor.
2. Compare Voltage series feedback and voltage shunt feedback.
3. Suggest the changes in circuit to form voltage shunt feedback amplifier.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 87

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://www.becbapatla.ac.in/ece/lab/EC%2026 l%20EC-l %20Lab%20Manual.pdf
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTwmVEKQc-0

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 88

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 14: Use transistor to build/test voltage shunt feedback amplifier with
feedback.

I Practical Significance
As negative feedback is used for stability. This configuration is the most stable one and used
in most discrete amplifier systems. Voltage shunt feedback connection decreases output
resistance. It is one of the important features of an amplifier. This practical will help the
students to use appropriate feedback connection in the amplifier.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output on CRO.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Check the performance of feedback on the output voltage of amplifier.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The feedback circuit is connected in shunt with the output in such a way that it decreases the
output impedance and increases the input impedance. The most advantage of the negative
feedback is that by proper use of this, there is significant improvement in the frequency
response and in the linearity of the operation of the amplifier.
Voltage shunt feedback operates as a current - voltage controlled feedback system. In the
Voltage shunt feedback configuration, the signal fed back is in parallel with the input signal.
The output voltage is sensed, and the current is subtracted from the input current in shunt.
The following figure shows the block diagram of voltage shunt feedback, by which it is
evident that the feedback circuit is placed in series with the output but in shunt with the
input.

Fig. 14.1: Block Diagram of Voltage Shunt Feedback amplifier

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 89

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VII Circuit diagram / Laboratory layout

Fig. 14.2: Circuit Diagram of Voltage Shunt Feedback amplifier

Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory:

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1No.
1. (Analog type)
0-30V, 2Amp SC protection 1No.
2. Regulated DC Power Supply
VCC = 12 volt
3. Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1 No.
4. Transistor BC558 or CLl00 or BDl15 1No.
R1=33kΩ, R2=3.3Ω, RC=l.5KΩ 1No.
5. Resistors
RE=330Ω, RL=1KΩ.
6. Capacitors C1=10µF C2=10µF CE=l0µF 1No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1No.
Single strand Teflon coating As per
8. Connecting wires
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 90

Analog Electronics (313324)

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper Connections are made to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in off condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of function generator and CRO before use.

X Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect function generator output to CRO and observe input signal on CRO.
3. Switch ON DC Power Supply, function generator and CRO
4. Keep the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 10 Hz to 1 MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage on CRO.
5. Remove the emitter bypass capacitor and repeat Step 4 and observe the effect of
feedback on the gain of the amplifier.
6. Note down the value of output voltage for each frequency. The voltage gain is in
db.
7. Calculated by using expression Av = 20log (Vo I Vi) dB
8. Plot frequency response on semi log paper.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.

XII Actual Procedure followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 91

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No.: 14.1 Observation Table

Input Voltage in mV (To be kept Constant), Vi = ........................

Output Output
Input Voltage, Voltage, Vo Gain in dB Gain in dB
Sr. Frequency Vo’ (with (without (with (without
No. (Hz) feedback) feedback) feedback) feedback)
(Volts) (Volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

Calculations:
i. Voltage Gain: Vo / Vi

ii. Bandwidth (with feedback) (B.W) F = FH – FL

iii. Bandwidth (without feedback) (B.W) = FH – FL

XIV Result(s):

1. Bandwidth (with feedback) (B.W.) =.......................

2. Bandwidth (without feedback) (B.W.) =.....................

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 92

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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must
design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. State the effect of change in value of feedback resistance.
2. Compare Current shunt feedback and voltage shunt feedback.
3. List the specifications of the transistor used in circuit from the datasheet.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 93

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/systems/feedback-systems.html
2. Laboratory Manual for Introductory Electronics Experiments, Maheshwari, L.K.; Anand,
M.M.S., New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi; ISBN: 9780852265543
3. Transistor Database User Guide, 2016
4. http ://www.becbapatla.ac.in/ece/lab/EC%20261 %20EC-1 %2 OLab%20Manual.pdf

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60%
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 94

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Practical No. 15: Test the effect of positive and negative feedback on the output voltage
of given amplifier.

I Practical Significance
Positive or regenerative feedback has the tendency of making an amplifier circuit unstable, so
that it produces oscillations (AC). Negative or degenerative feedback has the tendency of
making an amplifier circuit more stable, so that its output changes less for a given input signal
than without feedback. This practical will help the students to develop skills to test the effect
of positive and negative feedback on the given amplifier.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.
.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Check the performance of amplifier for positive and negative feedback.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Feedback is the coupling of an amplifier's output to its input. Depending upon whether
the feedback signal increases or decreases the input signal, there are two types of feedback
in amplifier.
1. Positive or Regenerative feedback
2. Negative or Degenerative feedback.
Positive or Regenerative feedback: If the feedback signal is applied in phase with the input
signal and thus increases output signal amplitude, then it is called positive feedback. It is
also called regenerative or direct feedback.
a. It increases gain of amplifier
b. It produces excessive distortion
c. It is used in oscillators.
Negative or Degenerative feedback: If the feedback signal is applied out of phase with the
input signal and thus decreases the output signal amplitude, it is called negative feedback.
a. It reduces the gain of the amplifier.
b. It improves the amplifier performance.
c. It is used in small and large signal amplifier circuits.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 95

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VII Circuit diagram / Laboratory layout

Fig. 15.1: Circuit Diagram of negative feedback amplifier

Courtesy: https:/lwww.scribd.com/doc/l l 9790927/Voltage-Series-

Feedback-Amplifier

Fig. 15.2: Circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator (positive feedback amplifier)

(http:l/bhagwantuniversi fy.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ELECTRONICS-LAB-l l-SEM-IV.pdf)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 96

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Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1No.
1. (Analog type)
Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2Amp SC 1No.
2.
Supply protection VCC = 12 volt
3. Function Generator (0-3) MHz 1 No.
4. Transistor BC107 or BC548 1No.
Resistors For figure 15.1 1No.
R1=33kΩ, R2=3.3Ω, RE=330Ω,
RL=1KΩ.
5.
For figure 15.2
R1=683kΩ, R2=12Ω, RC=1KΩ,
RE=1KΩ, RL=1KΩ.
Capacitors For figure 15.1 1No.
C1=1µF C2=1µF CE=l0µF
6.
For figure 15.2
CE = 100 µF, C=0.1µF
7. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 2No.
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating As per
8.
(0.6mm diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 97

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X Procedure
1. Build circuit of negative feedback amplifier on breadboard as per Figure 15.1.
2. Select appropriate amplitude (10 mV to 20 mV) and frequency (10 KHz) of sine
wave input signal on function generator.
3. Connect function generator output to CRO and observe input sine wave signal on CRO.
4. Connect function generator at input terminals and CRO at output terminals of circuit.
5. Switch on DC Power Supply and Observe output waveform on CRO.
6. Note down output voltage from CRO with and without bypass capacitor CE.
7. Build circuit of positive feedback (RC phase shift oscillator) on breadboard as per Figure
15.2.
8. Connect DC Power Supply to the circuit and CRO at output terminals.
9. Switch ON power supply, Set VEE = 12V.
10. Switch on CRO and Observe output on CRO.
11. Note down Output voltage from CRO.
12. Change the value of resistor R in the RC network and observe the change in output.
13. Note down Output voltage from CRO.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations

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Table No: 15.1 Observation Table (Negative feedback amplifier)

Output Output Gain Gain with

Sr. Input Voltage Voltage without feedback
No. Voltage without with feedback (Av= Vo/Vi)
Vi feedback feedback (Av= Vo’/Vi)
(Vo’) (Vo)

Table No: 15.2 Observation Table (Positive feedback amplifier)

Input Voltage (Vi) Output Voltage (VO)

5Gain Av=Vo/Vi
(at base of transistor) (at the collector)
Sr.
No. RC RC RC RC RC RC RC RC RC
N/W N/W N/W N/W N/W N/W N/W N/W N/W
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1

XIV Result(s)

1. Gain with Negative feedback =.......................

2. Gain with positive feedback =.......................

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 99

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write the difference between gain with and without negative feedback.
2. State the effect on output voltage with change in capacitor of RC network.
3. State the specifications of transistors used in circuit from the datasheet.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 100

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://en.wikiped ia.org/wiki/Negative-feed back_amplifier
2. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/systems/feedback-systems.html
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive _feedback

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 101

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 16: Test the circuit to measure the frequency of oscillation of the given RC
phase shift oscillator consist of IC 741.

I Practical Significance
Oscillators are circuits that produce periodic waveforms without any input signal. They
generally use some form of active devices like transistors or Op-Amps as amplifiers with
feedback network consisting of passive devices such as resistors, capacitors, or Inductors. A
RC Phase shift oscillator is an oscillator that generates sine waves. RC Phase shift oscillator is
used for audio frequency generator in the radio receiver. RC Phase Shift Oscillators are used
in musical instruments, voice synthesis and in Global Positioning System. This practical will
enable student to view RC phase shift oscillator generates oscillations of certain frequency.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

● Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output using multimeter.
● Select and test proper components value with their specifications.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

● Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Measure the output frequency of RC phase shift oscillator based on IC 741.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

A RC phase shift oscillator consists of Op-Amps as the amplifying stage and 3-RC cascaded
network as the feedback circuit. The feedback circuit provides feedback voltage from the output
back to the input. This voltage is the input to the Op-Amps. The Op-Amps is used in inverting
mode, therefore any signal appearing at the inverting terminal is shifted by the 180° at the
output. An additional 180° phase shift required for oscillation is provided by a cascaded RC
network.
For RC phase shift oscillator, the frequency of oscillation is given by
1
𝐹=
2π√6RC

At this frequency, the gain Av must be at least 29.

𝑅𝐹
𝐴𝑉 = = 29
𝑅1
RF = 29R1

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VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 16.1: Circuit diagram of RC phase shift oscillator

Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
Variable DC power 0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking 1 No.
1.
supply power supply
Cathode Ray 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
2. Oscilloscope
(Analog type)
3. Capacitors C=0.1µF 3 No.
4. Potentiometer RF=1MΩ 1 No.
5. IC-LM318/LM741 Op Amp IC 1 No.

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Sr.
Instrument /Components Specification Quantity
No.
6. Resistors R1 =33KΩ, R= 3.3KΩ 4No.
DMM DC VOLTAGE Ranges: 1 No.
7.
200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V
8. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs, 1 No
9. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating As per
10.
(0.6 mm diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC 741 on breadboard.
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram as shown in figure 16.1.
Apply voltage using VCC = + 15 V and VEE = -15V DC power supply to pin no 7 and pin
no. 4 of IC 741 respectively.
3. Connect CRO at the output terminals of the circuit (Pin no. 6 of IC 741).
4. Vary potentiometer to get stable sine wave output.
5. Observe the sine wave output on CRO.
6. Measure the frequency of sine wave output on CRO.
7. Calculate the frequency of sine wave theoretically using formula:
1
𝐹 = 2π𝐑𝐂√6
8. Compare theoretical and practical frequency of sine wave output.
9. After the completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connections and submit
wires and equipment.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Instrument / Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 16.1 Observation table for Frequency of RC phase shift oscillator

Theoretical
Practical
Frequency (Hz)
Sr. Frequency
R C 𝟏
No. (Hz) 𝑭=
𝟐𝛑𝐑𝐂√𝟔

Calculations:
Output frequency
1
𝐹=
2π RC√6

XIV Results:

1. Output frequency = ……………………

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two questions related to
practical)
1. Give the values of slew rate of IC: LM 318, LM 351 and LM741 (Refer Data sheet)
2. Design RC phase shift oscillator using Op-Amp for F=1KHz.
3. …………………………………………………………………………………………..

[Space for Answers]

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XVII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rd edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7
2. http://vlabs.iitb.ac.in/vlabs-dev/bootcamp/labs/ic/exp6/exp/simulation.php
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4cQllyEgPA
4. http://www.ti.com/product/LM318-N?keyMatch=LM318&tisearch=Search-EN-
Everything.

XVIII Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 107

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 108

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No.17: Test the circuit of Crystal Oscillator consist of crystal and IC 741.

I Practical Significance
It is a linear electronic circuit that produces a sine wave output. The use of crystal oscillator
in military and aerospace is to establish an efficient modulation, for the navigation purpose,
electronic warfare, in the guidance systems. This practical will help the students to develop
skills to build crystal oscillator using IC741 and measure the generated frequency using CRO.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure the output frequency of Crystal Oscillator consist of crystal and IC 741.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Crystal oscillator gives most stable oscillations. It is widely used in microcontroller
applications to provide clock signal. There are different types of piezoelectric resonators, but
typically, quartz crystal is used in oscillators. Selecting crystals for a specific application will
often be dependent on three factors: size (footprint area, height), performance (accuracy over
temperature, lifetime) and cost (for example, higher performance and smaller package =
higher price). Crystals are available with leads or without leads. The quartz crystal oscillator
circuit diagram consists of series resonance and parallel resonance, i.e., two resonant
frequencies.

Fig. No. 17.1: Equivalent circuit of Quartz Crystal

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Analog Electronics (313324)

1
fs =
2𝜋√𝐿1𝐶1
(fs = Series resonant frequency)

1
fp =
𝐶2𝐶1
2𝜋√𝐿1( )
𝐶2+𝐶1

(fp =Parallel resonant circuit)

a) Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig No. 17.2: Crystal Oscillator

(https://www.circuitbasics.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/opamp_osc.png)

VII Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory:

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VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
Cathode Ray
1 Oscilloscope (Analog 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
type)
2 Dual Power supply ± 15 V 2A Dual tracking power supply 1 No.
3 IC-741C Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package 1 No.
4 Crystal 1 MHz or equivalent 1 No.
5 Resistors R1=47KΩ, R2=100KΩ, R4=10K 1 No.
6 Capacitors 30pf 2 No.
7 Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8 Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. Build circuit on breadboard as per circuit diagram.
2. Connect DC Power Supply to the circuit and CRO at output terminals.
3. Switch ON dual power supply, Set Vcc = 12V.
4. Switch on CRO and Observe output on CRO.
5. Measure amplitude and time period from CRO.
6. Calculate frequency of oscillation by the formula F = 1 / T.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

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XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Observation Table 17.1

Keep Vcc = 12 volt

Sr. Amplitude(V) of output Time period (T) of output

No. signal in volts signal in msec.

Calculations:
i. Practical Frequency (F) = 1 / T

XIV Result(s)
Practical Frequency (F) = .................

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Identify the crystal available on different microprocessor and microcontroller kit and state
it frequency.
2. State the characteristic and frequency range of the crystal oscillator.

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3. From the crystal datasheet state parameter values such as package number, resistance,
capacitance, frequency, temperature tolerance.
4. .....................................................................................................
[Space for Answers]
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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jyZQdZF6KIE
2. Laboratory Manual for Introductory Electronics Experiments, Maheshwari, L.K.; Anand,
M.M.S., New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi; ISBN: 978085226554
3. Transistor Database User Guide, 2016.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 18: Test the Hartley Oscillator based on IC 741.

I Practical Significance
The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in which the oscillation frequency is
determined by the tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, i.e. an LC oscillator.
This practical will help the students to view Hartley oscillators generated oscillations of
certain frequency.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

● Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

● Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure the output frequency of Hartley Oscillator consist of IC 741.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

Hartley oscillator is inductively coupled; variable frequency oscillators where the oscillator
may be a series or shunt fed. A Hartley oscillator is the advantage of having one tuning
capacitor and one center tapped inductor. The transistor provides amplification along with
inversion to amplify and correct the signal generated by the tank circuit. The mutual
inductance between Ll and L2 provides the feedback of energy from the collector-emitter
circuit to the base-emitter circuit. The frequency of oscillations in this circuit is
. Frequency = 1 / 2π √LT C

Where LT = L1 + L2

(LT total inductance of the series inductors) and C is the capacitance of the feedback capacitor.)

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Analog Electronics (313324)

VII Sample Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 18.1 Circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator

Sample Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 18.2 Circuit diagram of Hartley oscillator

Actual Experimental set up

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Analog Electronics (313324)

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument Specification Quantity

No. /Components
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1No.
1. (Analog type)
Regulated DC Power
2. 0-30V, 2Amp SC 1No.
Supply protection Vcc=12 volt
1 No.
3. Function Generator (0-3) MHz
4. Transistor BC420 1No.
R1=10KΩ, R2=47KΩ, 1No.
5. Resistors
R3=1.8KΩ, R4= 560Ω
6. Inductors L1=500uH, L2= 500uH, 1 No.
C1=1uF,C2=2uF,
7. Capacitors 4 No.
C3=0.004uF,C4=1uF
8. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 2 No.
Single strand Teflon As per
9. Connecting wires
coating (0.6mm diameter) requirement

X Procedure

1. Place the components on a breadboard according to the circuit diagram.

2. Make sure the connections are secure and correctly placed.
3. Connect the power supply to the circuit.
4. Power up the circuit and observe the output signal at the collector or the output tap of the
oscillator using an oscilloscope.
5. Verify that the circuit oscillates at the desired frequency.

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Analog Electronics (313324)

XI Resources Used

Sr. Instrument / Components Specification Quantity

No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 18.1 Observation table for Frequency of Hartley oscillator

Practical Theoretical
Sr. Time T (sec) Remark
Frequency Frequency (Hz)
No.
F= 1 / T (Hz)

Calculations:
i) Practical Frequency F= 1/T
ii) Theoretical Frequency F:
Frequency = 1 / 2π √LTC
Where LT = L1 + L2

XIV Results
i). Practical Frequency =………………...
ii) Theoretical Frequency= ……………………
iii) Amplitude of output voltage Vo= …………………….

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XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVIIPractical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical)
1. State the applications of Hartley Oscillator.
2. State the difference between positive and negative feedback.
3. State different types of oscillators.
[Space for Answers]
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XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUTvr9gJtgI
2. Applied Electronics by R. S. Shedha, S. Chand Publication.
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3B_sBX_11Zw

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 19: Simulate the working of Hartley Oscillator using Multisim or relevant
software.

I Practical Significance
The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in which the oscillation frequency is
determined by the tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors, i.e. an LC oscillator.
This practical will help the students to develop skills to build Hartley oscillator using
appropriate EDA tool.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Maintain different waveform generator circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Observe the output waveform of Hartley Oscillator.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Hartley oscillator is inductively coupled; variable frequency oscillators where the oscillator
may be a series or shunt fed. A Hartley oscillator is the advantage of having one tuning
capacitor and one center tapped inductor. The transistor provides amplification along with
inversion to amplify and correct the signal generated by the tank circuit. The mutual
inductance between Ll and L2 provides the feedback of energy from collector-emitter circuit
to the base-emitter circuit.
The frequency of oscillations in this circuit is,
.
1
Frequency = 2𝜋√𝐿
𝑇𝐶

Where LT = L1 + L2

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VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. No. 19.1: Circuit diagram of Hartley Oscillator

Actual Experimental set up used in laboratory:

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VIII Resources Required

Sr.
No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
Computer with
1. Latest Processor 1No.
desired Configuration
LT Spice /Lab view/H Spice / P Spice
2. Simulation software /HS Spice / Multisim / Proteus or any other 1No.
relevant open source software

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the computer system.
2. Ensure compatibility of computer system with software.
3. Ensure proper installation of simulation software.

X Procedure

1. Perform step by step Installation process of simulation software.

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2. Select relevant electronic components from the software library.

3. Build the Hartley Oscillator in simulation software as per diagram

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Analog Electronics (313324)

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Observation Table 19.1
Amplitude of Waveform Vo = -------

Sr. Practical Frequency Theoretical

Time 'T' (sec) Remark
No. F = l / T (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
1.

Calculations:

Practical Frequency: F = l / T

Theoretical Frequency Fr:

1
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝑇 𝐶

Where, LT = L1 + L2

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Analog Electronics (313324)

XIV Results
1. Practical Frequency F =.......................
2. Theoretical Frequency Fr =...................
3. Amplitude of Output Vo = ...................

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. State the configuration of transistor used in Hartley oscillator circuit?
2. Suggest the changes required to simulate Colpitts oscillator.
3. Which type of feedback is used in oscillator circuit?
4. If transistor is replaced by Op-Amp then draw the circuit of Hartley oscillator
[Space for Answers]
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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUTvr9gJtgI
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQjQsOz5XUs

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Practical No. 20: Build and test the circuit of first order low pass filter.

I Practical Significance
A low-pass filter (LPF) is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain
cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.
LPF is used in Audio Applications for Equalization purposes. In medical instrumentation LPF
is used in ECG/EEG to eliminate ambient noise. This practical will enable student to view
LPF exhibit low gain before certain cut off frequency.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

• Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output using multimeter.
• Testing of relevant active and passive electronic components required to assemble the
first order low pass (LPF) Butterworth filter.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

● Analyze active filters used in various electronic circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Measure bandwidth and cut off frequency of low pass filter.
● Plot the frequency response of low pass filter.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

A low-pass filter is a filter that allows signals with a frequency lower than the cut-off
frequency (the frequency at which the output voltage is 70.7% of the source voltage) to pass
through it. It also attenuates those signals whose frequency is higher than the cut-off
frequency. Low-pass filters help in removing short-term fluctuations and provide a smoother
form of signal. Depending on the Roll of Rate of the LPF it is classified as first order, second
order filters and so on. The roll of rate is defined as the rate at which the gain of the filter
changes with frequency in stop band. In First order Low pass filter gain roll of at -
20dB/decade. In second order Low pass filter gain roll of at -40dB/decade.

Fig. 20.1: Frequency response of First order Low pass filter

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Output voltage for First order low pass Butterworth filter is given by
𝑉𝑂 𝐴𝐹
= 𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1+𝑗( ) 𝑓𝑐
The pass band gain of the first order Low pass filter is given by

𝑅𝐹
Where, AF = 1 +
𝑅1

1
FC = = Cutoff frequency (Hz)
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
F = frequency of the input signal (Hz)

Magnitude of the voltage gain is given by

𝑓
𝑉𝑂𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝐹 ( )
𝑓𝑐
Voltage Gain (Av) = =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑓
√1+𝑗[𝑓 ]2
𝑐

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 20.2: Circuit diagram of First order Low pass filter

Actual Experimental set up

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VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument /
Specification Quantity
No. Components
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
1. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
0-2 MHz with Sine, square and
2. Function Generator triangular output with variable 1 No.
frequency and amplitude
Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection
3. 1 No.
Supply Dual tracking power supply
4. Op-Amp IC IC 741C 1 No.
R1=10KΩ, R=20KΩ pot,
5. Resistors 2 No.
Rf=10KΩ
6. Capacitor C1=0.01µf 2 No.
7. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs, 1 No.
8. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
9. Connecting wires
mm diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC741 on breadboard.
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram show in fig. 20.2.
3. Apply voltage VCC = +15V and VEE = -15V using DC power supply to pin no 7 and pin
no. 4 respectively.
4. Connect the (1volt peak to peak, 100Hz) sine wave input from function generator and
observe the corresponding output of pin number 6 on CRO.
5. Measure the output voltage of LPF on CRO for the applied signal as in step 4.
6. Vary input signal frequency step by step as shown in the observation table and note down
the corresponding output voltage.
7. Repeat step 4 to 6 up to frequency 1MHz.
𝑉
8. Calculate gain in decibels using formula = 20 log10 (𝑉 𝑂 ) .
𝑖𝑛
1
9. Calculate the cutoff frequency theoretically using formula: FC =
2𝜋𝑅𝐶
10. Plot the frequency response on semi log paper for frequency on x axis and gain in dB on
y axis.
11. Find practical cutoff frequency from graph and compare theoretical and practical cutoff
frequency.

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12. Calculate roll-off rate from graph plotted in step 10 by considering any two consecutive
gain values and corresponding frequency values.
13. After the completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connections and
submit wires and equipment.

XI Resources Used

Sr. Instrument / Components Specification Quantity

No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

XII Actual Procedure Followed (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 10.1 Observation table for Gain of LPF

Input Voltage in Volts (To be kept Constant), Vi = 1Volt Peak to Peak (Sine Wave)

Sr. Input Output Voltage, Voltage Gain Gain in dB

No. Frequency (Hz) Vo (Volts) (A= Vo/Vi) = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
1. 100 Hz
2. 200Hz
3. 400 Hz
4. 500 Hz
5. 600 Hz
6. 800 Hz
7. 1KHz

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Sr. Input Output Voltage, Voltage Gain Gain in dB

No. Frequency (Hz) Vo (Volts) (A= Vo/Vi) = 20 log (Vo/Vi)
8. 2KHz
9. 4KHz
10. 6KHz
11. 8KHz
12. 10KHz
13. 20KHz
14. 40KHz
15. 60KHz
16. 80KHz
17. 100KHz
18. 500KHz
19. 800KHz
20. 1MHz

Calculations:
1
i. Cutoff frequency FC = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶 = ------------------------------ KHz

𝑉𝑂
ii. At FC gain in dB = 20 log10 ( ) = ------------------------- dB.
𝑉𝑖𝑛

𝐺1 − 𝐺2
iii. Roll of rate = = ---------------------- dB / decade
(𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑓1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑓2 )

iv. Bandwidth =…………………………

XIV Results
1. Cutoff Frequency =…………………...

2. Roll of rate =…...……………………

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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XVII Practical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical)
1. Design LPF at a cutoff frequency of 1 KHz and pass band gain of 2. Assume C=0.01µF.
2. Give some examples of electronic circuits where low pass filter is used?
3. Derive the formula of cut-off frequency Fc = 1/(2πRC) for a first order active Butterworth
high pass filter.
4. What do you mean by cut off frequency (Fc) of a filter?

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 133

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XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall India,3rd
edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7.
2. https://youtu.be/HEMM26YEN-s.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 134

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 135

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 21: Build and test the circuit of first order high pass filter.

I Practical Significance
A High-pass filter (HPF) is a filter that passes signals with a frequency higher than a certain
cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. HPF
is used in blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or radio
frequency devices. Active High Pass Filters are used in audio amplifiers, equalizers or speaker
systems to direct the high frequency signals to the smaller tweeter speakers or to reduce any
low frequency noise or “rumble” type distortion. This practical will enable student to view
HPF exhibit high gain after certain cut off frequency.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Testing of relevant active and passive electronic components required to assemble first
order high pass (HPF)

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Analyze active filters used in various electronic circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure bandwidth and cutoff frequency of high pass filter.
Plot the frequency response of high pass filter.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
Maintain tools and equipment’s

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

A high-pass filter is a filter that allows signals with a frequency higher than the cut-off
frequency (the frequency at which the output voltage is 70.7% of the source voltage)
to pass through it. It also attenuates those signals whose frequency is lower than the
cut-off frequency. High-pass filters are used for AC coupling at the inputs of many
audio power amplifiers, for preventing the amplification of DC currents which may
harm the amplifier, rob the amplifier of headroom, and generate waste
heat at the loudspeakers voice coil.
Output voltage for First order high pass Butterworth filter is given by
𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑓 ( )
𝑓𝑐
=
𝑉𝑖 √1 + (𝑓/𝑓𝑐)2

Where AF =1+RF/Ri

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Fig. 21.1: Frequency response of First order High pass Butterworth filter
(Courtesy:http://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/First-Order-High-Pass-
Butterworth-Filter-9.jpg)

VII Sample Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 21.2: High pass filter

(https://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/First-Order-High-Pass-Butterworth-Filter-
001.jpg)

a) Sample experimental setup:

`
Fig. 21.3: First order high pass Butterworth filter

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Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument /
No. Component Specification Quantity

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
0-2 MHz with Sine, square and
2. Function Generator Triangular output with variable 1 No.
frequency and amplitude
Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2 Amp SC protection Dual
3. 1 No.
Supply tracking power supply
4. Op-Amp IC IC 741C 1 No.
R1=10KΩ, R=20KΩ pot,
5. Resistors 2 No.
Rf=10KΩ, RL=1KΩ
6. Capacitor C1=0.01µf 2 No.
7. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs, 1 No
8. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
9. Connecting wires
mm diameter) requirement

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X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC741 on the breadboard.
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 21.2
3. Apply voltage VCC = +15 V and VEE = -15V using DC power supply to pin no 7 and pin
no. 4 respectively.
4. Connect the (1 volt peak to peak, 100Hz) sine wave input from function generator.
5. and observe the corresponding output of pin number 6 on CRO.
6. Measure the output voltage of HPF on CRO for the applied signal as in step 4.
7. Vary input signal frequency step by step as shown in the observation table and note down
the corresponding output voltage.
8. Repeat steps 4 to 6 up to frequency 1MHz.
𝑉𝑂
9. Calculate gain in decibels using formula: Gain in dB = 20 log10 ( ) .
𝑉𝑖𝑛
1
10. Calculate the cutoff frequency theoretically using formula: FC = 2𝜋𝑅𝐶
11. Plot the frequency response on semi log paper for frequency on x axis and gain in dB
on y-axis.

XI Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1.

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 21.1 Observation table for Gain of HPF

Input Voltage in Volts (To be kept Constant), Vi = 1 Volt Peak to Peak (Sine Wave)
Input Output Gain in dB
Sr. Voltage Gain
Frequency Voltage,
No. (A= Vo/Vi) = 20 log(Vo/Vi)
(Hz) Vo (Volts)
1. 100 Hz
2. 200Hz
3. 400 Hz
4. 500 Hz
5. 600 Hz
6. 800 Hz
7. 1KHz
8. 2KHz
9. 4KHz
10. 6KHz
11. 8KHz
12. 10KHz
13. 20KHz
14. 40KHz
15. 60KHz
16. 80KHz
17. 100KHz
18. 500KHz
19. 800KHz
20. 1MHz

Calculations:

1
i. Cutoff frequency FC = = ------------------------------ KHz
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

𝑉𝑂
ii. At FC gain in dB = 20 log10 ( ) = ------------------------- dB.
𝑉𝑖𝑛

XIV Results
1. Cutoff Frequency = …………………...
2. Gain in dB = …………………...

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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XVI Conclusions and Recommendation

XVII Practical Related Questions

1. Design first order HPF at a cutoff frequency of 1 KHz and pass band gain of 1. Assume C
= 0.1µF.
2. List types of filters. Draw an ideal frequency response of each filter.
3. Write advantages of active filter over passive filter.
4. Difference between active filter and passive filter.

[Space for Answers]

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbMnMmUdaCw
2. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, prentice -Hall India,
3rdedition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 142

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 143

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 22: Simulate the working of high pass filter consist of IC 741 using
Multisim or relevant software.

I Practical Significance
A High-pass filter (HPF) is a filter that passes signals with a frequency higher than a certain
cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency. HPF
is used in blocking DC from circuitry sensitive to non-zero average voltages or radio
frequency devices. Active High Pass Filters are used in audio amplifiers, equalizers or speaker
systems to direct the high frequency signals to the smaller tweeter speakers or to reduce any
low frequency noise or “rumble” type distortion. This practical will enable student to simulate
HPF exhibit high gain after certain cut off frequency.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

● Student will be able to mount circuits on breadboard and test output using multimeter.
● Testing of relevant active and passive electronic components required to assemble first
order high pass (HPF) filter.

III Relevant Course Learning Outcome(s)

● Analyze active filters used in various electronic circuits.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

● Observe the output waveform of high pass filter.

V Relevant Affective domain related Outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Follow ethical practices
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.

VI Theoretical Background Relevant:

A high-pass filter is a filter that allows signals with a frequency higher than the cut-off
frequency (the frequency at which the output voltage is 70.7% of the source voltage) to pass
through it. It also attenuates those signals whose frequency is lower than the cut-off
frequency. High-pass filters are used for AC coupling at the inputs of many audio power
amplifiers, for preventing the amplification of DC currents which may harm the amplifier, rob
the amplifier of headroom, and generate waste heat at the loudspeakers voice coil.
Output voltage for First order high pass filter is given by,

VO = [1+(RF /R1)] × [(j2πf RC / (1+j2πf RC)] × Vin.

Where, AF = 1+ (RF / R1)

F = frequency of the input signal (Hz)

1
FC = = Cutoff frequency (Hz)
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

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Fig. 22.1: Frequency response of First order High pass filter

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 22.2: Circuit diagram of First order High pass filter

Actual Experimental set up

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VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument /
Specification Quantity
No. Components
Computer with
1. Latest Processor 1 No.
advanced Configuration.
LT space/ Lab view/ Multisim/
2. Simulation Software Proteus / Octeva or any other relevant 1 No.
open source software.

IX Precautions to be Followed
1. Ensure proper earthing to the computer system.
2. Ensure compatibility of computer system with software.
3. Ensure proper installation of simulation software.

X Procedure
1. Perform step by step Installation process of simulation software.

2. Build the High pass filter circuit in simulation software as per diagram.

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3. Apply Input signal sine wave to the circuit.

4. Simulate/run the circuit.
5. Note down output voltage for input frequency (100Hz to 1MHz)

6. Take printouts of simulated circuit and frequency response on A-4 paper.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Instrument / Components Specification Quantity
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Table No: 10.1 Observation table for Gain of HPF

Input Voltage in Volts (To be kept Constant), Vi = 1 Volt Peak to Peak (Sine Wave)
Sr. Input Output Voltage, Voltage Gain Gain in dB
No. Frequency Vo (Volts) (A= Vo/Vi) = 20 log (Vo /
(Hz) Vi)
1. 100 Hz
2. 200Hz
3. 400 Hz
4. 500 Hz
5. 600 Hz
6. 800 Hz
7. 1KHz
8. 2KHz
9. 4KHz
10. 6KHz
11. 8KHz
12. 10KHz
13. 20KHz
14. 40KHz
15. 60KHz
16. 80KHz
17. 100KHz
18. 500KHz
19. 800KHz
20. 1MHz

Calculations:
1
i. Cutoff frequency FC = = ------------------------------ KHz
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

𝑉𝑂
ii. At FC gain in dB = 20 log10 ( ) = ------------------------- dB.
𝑉𝑖𝑛

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 148

Analog Electronics (313324)

𝐺1 − 𝐺2
iii. Roll of rate = = -----------------------------dB / decade
(𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑓1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑓2 )

iv. Bandwidth =…………………………

XIV Results
1. Cutoff Frequency =………………….

2. Roll of rate =….……………………

XV Interpretation of Results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XVI Conclusions and Recommendation
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XVIIPractical Related Questions (Note: Teacher shall assign batch wise additional one or two
questions related to practical)
1. Design a 4KHz active High pass filter.
2. Design first order HPF at a cutoff frequency of 1 KHz and pass band gain of 1. Assume
C=0.1µF.
[Space for Answers]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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XVIII References / Suggestions for further reading

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall India, 3rd
edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 150

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 151

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 23: Build / test astable multivibrator using IC 555 for the specific duty
cycle.

I Practical Significance
Astable multivibrator is a rectangular wave generating circuit. It has two quasi stable states.
This circuit is used in square wave oscillators, Electrical control panel used for industrial
drives often used Pulse width Modulation (PWM) techniques and astable multivibrator is one
of the active block for PWM. They are also used in decorative lighting systems (running
LEDs) and timing applications. In this practical student will be able to construct astable
multivibrator on bread board and measure % duty cycle of the output waveform.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Select the proper value of R and C for generating waveform of specific duty cycle.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
Maintain tools and equipment.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Astable multivibrator is also called a Free Running Multivibrator. It has no stable states and
continuously switches between the two states without application of any external trigger. The
IC 555 can be made to work as an astable multivibrator with the addition of three external
components: two resistors (RA and RB) and a capacitor (C). The pins 2 and 6 are connected
and hence there is no need for an external trigger pulse. It will self-trigger and act as a free
running multivibrator. Output is available at pin 3.

Duty cycle of the astable multivibrator is determined from the values of RA, RB and C. The
value of TON or the charge time (for high output) TC is given by

Ton = 0.693(RA +RB) * C

The value of TOFF or the discharge time (for low output) TD is given by

TOff = 0.693(RB)C

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Fig 23.1: Waveforms of Astable multivibrator using IC 555

[Courtesy:https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Waveforms-in-Astable-
mode-of-operation.jpg]

Therefore, the time period for one cycle T is given by,

T= Ton+ TOff

T = 0.693(RA +2RB) * C

Duty cycle is the ratio of the time TON during which the output is high to the total time period
T.
The duty cycle % D is given by

%D= (Ton / TOff )*100

(RA + RB)
= *100
((RA +2RB)

Then frequency is given by,

1.45
F= Hz
(RA +2RB )C

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VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 23.2: Circuit Diagram of Astable multivibrator

(https://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Astable-Multivibrator-using-555-Timer-
IC.png)

Actual Experimental set up

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VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
Variable DC power 0- 30V, 2A Dual tracking power
1 1 No.
supply supply
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
2 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
3 Capacitors C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01 µF 1 No.
4 IC-555 8 Pin, DIP 1 No.
5 Resistors RA =15KΩ and 12KΩ, RB=10KΩ 1No.
6 DC VOLTAGE Ranges: 200mV, 1 No.
DMM
2V, 20V, 200V
7 Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs, 1 No.
8 Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
9 Connecting wires
mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure proper connections are made as per the given setup.

2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure the use of proper settings of CRO and DC Power supply

X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC 555 in breadboard and make the connections as shown in
fig. 23.2.
2. Apply DC supply voltage VCC = 5V to pin number 8 of IC555 using DC power
supply.
3. Observe the output waveform (pin no.3) and waveform across capacitor (pin no.
6) on CRO.
4. Measure the TON, TOFF and frequency of output waveform.
5. Calculate theoretical TON, TOFF and frequency.
6. Compare theoretical and practical values of TON, TOFF and frequency.
7. Repeat steps from 4 to 7 for RA=12KΩ
8. Plot output waveform and waveform across capacitor on graph paper (only for RA
= 15KΩ).
9. After the completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connections
and submit wires and equipment.

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XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 23.1 Observation Table for Duty cycle

Sr. Frequency F = 1 / T % Duty Cycle =
No. RA TON TOFF T=TON+TOFF Practical Theoretical TON / T

Calculations:
● Ton = 0.693(RA +RB)C

● TOff = 0.693(RB)C

T= Ton+ TOff

● T = 0.693(RA +2RB)C

● Percentage Duty Cycle %D= (Ton / TOff )*100

1.45
● Output frequency F=
(RA +2RB)C

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XIV Results:
1. Percentage Duty Cycle =……………………
2. Output frequency =……………………

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Design Astable multivibrator using IC555 for 50% duty cycle.
2. Mount the circuit designed in Q-1 on breadboard and draw observed output waveforms.

[Space for Answers]

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://ae-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/astable-monostable-multivibrator/procedure.html)
2. Ramakanth A. Gayakwad, “OP-amps and Linear Integrated Circuits”, PHI, Fourth
Edition, 2010.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Practical No.24: Build / test monostable multivibrator using IC 555 for the specific duty
cycle.

I Practical Significance
A Monostable multivibrator is a pulse generating circuit. It has only one stable state.
Monostable Multivibrator is used in timer, delay line, synchronization circuits in video
communications equipment. In this practical student will be able to construct monostable
multivibrator on bread board and measure pulse width of the output waveform.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Testing of relevant active and passive electronic components required to assemble
Monostable Multivibrator.
Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure the time period of monostable multivibrator using IC 555.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
● Maintain tools and equipment’s

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

In a Monostable multivibrator a pulse is produced at the output and returns back to the stable
state after a time interval. The duration of time for which the pulse is high will depend on the
timing circuit that comprises of a resistor (RT) and a capacitor (CT).

The pulse width of the output rectangular pulse is TON = 1.1 RT*CT

Fig. 24.1: Waveform of Monostable multivibrator using IC 555

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The 555 Timer is available in 8-pin Metal Can Package, 8-pin Mini Dual in-line Package
(DIP) and 14-pin DIP. The 14-pin DIP is IC 556 which consists of two 555 timers. The 8- pin
DIP is most commonly used. The pin out diagrams of 555 Timer 8-pin package is shown
below.

Fig 24.2 Pin diagram of IC 555

Table No: 24.1 Pin Functions of IC555

Pin No. Name I/ O Description

1 GND O Ground Reference Voltage

2 Trigger I Responsible for transition of SR flip-flop

3 Output O Output driven waveform

A negative pulse on reset will disable or
4 Reset I
reset the timer
Controls the width of the output pulse by
5 Control Voltage I controlling the threshold and trigger
levels
Compares the voltage applied at the
6 Threshold I
terminal with reference voltage of 2/3
Connected to open collector of a
7 Discharge I transistor which discharge a capacitor
between intervals
8 VCC Supply I Supply voltage

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 160

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VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

a) Sample Circuit diagram

Fig 24.3: Circuit Diagram of Monostable multivibrator using IC 555

Actual Experimental set up

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1. Variable DC power supply 0- 30V, 2A with SC protection 1 No.

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
2.
(Analog type)
3. Capacitors CT=0.1µF, C2=0.01 µF 2 No.

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Sr.
No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
4. IC-555 8 Pin, DIP 1 No.
5. Resistors RT =10KΩ and 20KΩ 2No.
6. DMM DC VOLTAGE Ranges: 1 No.
200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V
7. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs, 1 No
8. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating As per
9.
(0.6 mm diameter) requirement

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper connections are made as per the given setup.
2. Ensure the power switch is in ‘off’ condition initially.
3. Ensure the use of proper settings of CRO and DC Power supply

X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC 555 in breadboard
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 24.3.
3. Set trigger pulse from function generator (Use DC Offset and Symmetry controls
on function generator) and observe it CRO.
4. Connect + VCC of 5 volt to pin no.8 and trigger signal to pin no.2 of IC 555.
5. Connect trigger signal to channel 1 and output of IC 555 to channel 2 of CRO.
6. Observe two waveforms on CRO.
7. Measure pulse width TON, for RT = 10 KΩ.
8. Now connect the voltage drop across CT to channel 1 and output of IC 555 to
channel 2 of CRO and compare the two waveforms.
9. Draw labeled waveforms of input trigger, output at pin no.3 and voltage across
capacitor CT on graph paper.
10. Calculate the theoretical value of TON using the formulae and compare with
practical value.
11. Change the value of RT = 20 KΩ and repeat the above procedure.
12. After the completion of practical switch off the supply, remove the connections
and submit wires and equipment.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

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XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 24.2 Observation table for Pulse Width

TON
Sr. RT in Theoretical
No. (KΩ) Practical
TON = 1.1 RT * CT

Sample calculation:

1. Pulse width TON = 1.1 RT * CT

XIV Results
1. Pulse Width =………………….

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

1. Find the range of supply voltage for IC SE555(refer datasheet).
2. Design a Monostable multivibrator using IC55 for a pulse width of 1ms.
3. State the function of Pin no.4 of IC SE555 (refer Datasheets).
4. Explore internet and find other timer IC name them and give their IC number also.

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[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 164

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. K.R. Botkar, Integrated Circuits, Khanna publication,10th edition,2005, ISBN NO
:81- 7409-208-0
2. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice -Hall
India,3rd edition, 2001, ISBN NO: 81-203-0807-7

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 165

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 166

Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No.25: Simulate the working of monostable multivibrator using IC 555 using
Multisim or relevant software.

I Practical Significance
A Monostable multivibrator is a pulse generating circuit. It has only one stable state.
Monostable Multivibrator is used in timer, delay line, synchronization circuits in video
communications equipment. In this practical students will be able to construct monostable
multivibrator on bread board and measure pulse width of the output waveform.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Observe the output waveform of monostable multivibrator.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Follow ethical practices
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The output of the monostable multivibrator using 555 timer remains in its stable state until it
gets a trigger. In monostable 555 multivibrator, when both the transistor and capacitor are
shorted then this state is called a stable state. When the voltage goes below at the second pin
of the 555 IC, the o/p becomes high. This high state is called quasi stable state. When the
circuit activates then the transition from a stable state to quasi stable state. Then the discharge
transistor is cut off and capacitor starts charging to VCC. Charging of the capacitor is done via
the resistor R1 with a time constant R1C1. Hence, the voltage of the capacitor increases and
finally exceeds 2/3 Vcc, it will change the internal control flip flop, thereby turning off the
555 timer IC. Thus, the o/p goes back to its stable state from an unstable state.

The pulse width of the output rectangular pulse is

TON = 1.1 RT* CT

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Fig. 25.1: Waveform of Monostable multivibrator

VII Circuit diagram / Laboratory layout:

Fig. 25.2: Schematic diagram of Monostable multivibrator

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Instrument
No. / Components Specification Quantity
Computer with
1. advanced Latest Processor 1 No.
Configuration
LT Spice / Lab view / H Spice I P Spice
2. Simulation software /HS Spice I Multisim/ Proteus / Octave or 1 No.
any other relevant open source software

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IX Precautions to be followed

1. Ensure proper earthing to the computer system.

2. Ensure compatibility of computer system with software.
3. Ensure proper installation of simulation software

X Procedure

1. Perform step by step Installation process of simulation software.

2. Select relevant electronic components from software library.

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3. Build the Monostable multivibrator in simulation software as per diagram

4. Simulate /run the circuit.

5. Observe output waveform on PC screen
6. Take printouts of circuit diagram and waveforms on A-4 Paper.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 25.1 Observation table for Pulse Width

TON
Sr. RT in Theoretical
No. (KΩ) Practical
Ton =1.1 RA C
1
2

Calculation:

1. Pulse width Ton = 1.1 RA C

XIV Results

1. Pulse Width =………………….

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Find the range of supply voltage for IC SE555 (refer datasheet).
2. Design a Monostable multivibrator using IC55 for a pulse width of 1ms.
3. State the function of Pin no.4 of IC SE555 (refer Datasheets)
4. Explore internet and find other timer IC names and give their IC number also.

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 171

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 172

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ac.in/psac/newlabs2020/vlabiitkgpAE/exp3/monostable_multivibrator.ht
ml.
2. https://ae-iitr.vlabs.ac.in/exp/astable-monostable-multivibrator/simulation.html.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Practical No.26: Build/ Test Voltage Controlled Oscillator using IC 555.

I Practical Significance
A voltage controlled oscillator is an oscillator whose frequency is controlled by an input
voltage.
Basically, the voltage input into the VCO chip controls how many times a digital signal will
oscillate in a given time period. In this experiment students will learn how we can build a
voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with a 555 timer chip.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits.

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Check the performance of Voltage Controlled Oscillator using IC 555.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

● Follow safe practices.
● Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member
● Maintain tools and equipment

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Voltage Controlled Oscillator is an oscillator which produces oscillating signals
(waveforms) with variable frequency. The frequency of this waveform varies by varying the
magnitude of the Input voltage.

Often a circuit requires a voltage-controlled oscillator, that is, an oscillator whose frequency
depends on an input voltage. The frequency of the astable multivibrator above depends only
on the values of RA, RB and C. By using a voltage-controlled current source to charge C, one
can adjust the charging rate and hence the frequency. If a current source charges the capacitor
with a constant current I, as in the circuit below, the time for the capacitor to charge from V Th
to VTr is,
tch = C (VTh - VTr) /I = C*Vcc / (3I).

The circuit below will discharge virtually instantaneously, so the frequency of oscillation will
be
Fosc = 1 /(tch + tdis) =1/ tch = 3I/ (C*Vcc).

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VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

a) Sample Circuit diagram

Fig. 26.1: Circuit Diagram of voltage-controlled oscillator using IC 555

(https://www.scribd.com/document/252728982/Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator)

c) Actual Experimental set up

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VIII Resources Required

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
1. Variable DC power supply 0- 30V, 2A with SC protection 1 No.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
2. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
3. Capacitors C=0.01µF, 2 No.
4. IC-555 8 Pin, DIP 1 No.
5. Resistors R1 =10KΩ R2=100KΩ , R3=10k pot 2No.
DC VOLTAGE Ranges :
6. DMM 1 No.
200mV, 2V, 20V, 200V
7. Analog IC tester Suitable to test analog ICs, 1 No
8. Breadboard 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6 As per
9. Connecting wires
mm diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. Test and mount the IC 555 in breadboard
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig 26.1.
3. Return VCC to 5 V for the 555 timer.
4. Select R such that the frequency of oscillation will vary from 5 kHz to 10 kHz as Vc (Pin
no. 5) is varied from 1V to 10V. Test the current source with a resistive load of 1 k.
5. Analyze the relationship between the control voltage and the frequency output to
understand the VCO behavior of the circuit.
6. Vary the input voltage between 1V and 10V with step size of 0.5V. Record and plot
Fosc vs. VCC.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

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XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Table No: 26.1 Observation table for voltage controlled oscillator

Sr. Varying input control Time period of Frequency output

No. voltage (Vc) output (Tout) Fout= 1/Tout

1. 1

2. 2

3. 2.5

10.

Calculations:
Theoretical Frequency:
tch = C (VTh - VTr) / I = C VCC / (3 I).

Fosc = 1/ tch

XIV Results
1. Frequency of oscillations =………………….

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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

1. What is the purpose of using a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)?

2. Design a Voltage controlled oscillator using IC55 for a frequency of 10KHz
3. How does the frequency of a VCO vary with changes in the control voltage?
4. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using the IC 555 timer for VCO applications.

[Space for Answers]

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 179

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 180

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Practical No. 27: Build/ test the circuit of frequency multiplier using PLL IC 565.

I Practical Significance
The phase locked loop (PLL) is a very useful RF building block. The PLL uses the concept of
minimizing the difference in phase between two signals: a reference signal and a local
oscillator to replicate the reference signal frequency. Using this concept, it is possible to use
PLLs for many applications from frequency synthesizers to FM demodulators, and signal
reconstitution. In this experiment students are able to design PLL as FM multiplier using IC
565.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Measure the output frequency of multiplier circuit consist of IC565.

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Frequency multiplier using the 565 PLL- The frequency divider is inserted between the
VCO and the phase comparator. Since the output of the divider is locked to the input
frequency fin, the VCO is actually running at a multiple of the input frequency. The
desired amount of multiplication can be obtained by selecting a proper divide by N
network, where N is an integer. For example, to obtain the output frequency FOUT = 5
fin, a divide by N = 5 network is needed. The 4 bit binary counter (7490) is configured
as a divide by 5 circuits. The transistor Q is used as a driver stage to increase the driving
capability of the NE 565. C3 is used to eliminate possible oscillation. C2 should be large
enough to stabilize the VCO frequency.

Fig. 27.1: Block diagram of PLL as FM multiplier

(https://stannescet.ac.in/cms/staff/qbank/ECE/Lab_Manual/EC8462-LINEAR%20INTEGRATED%20CIRCUITS%20LAB-
1430566332- EC%208462%20LIC%20LAB%20MANUAL.pdf)

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The output frequency of the VCO can be rewritten as

Fo = 0.25 / (RT * CT) Hz.
Where RT and CT are the external resistor and capacitor connected to pin 8 and pin 9. A
value between 2K and 20K is recommended for RT. The VCO free running frequency is
adjusted with RT and CT to be at the center for the input frequency range.

Fig. 27.2: Pin diagram of IC 565

(https://www.electronics-tutorial.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/PLL1.png)

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig 27.3: Circuit Diagram of FM multiplier

(https://grt.edu.in/ECEinnovate/LAB%20MANUAL/LIC%20LAB%20MANUAL.pdf)

Actual Circuit diagram

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VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
1. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
2. Regulated DC Power Supply 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection Vcc=5 volt 1 No.
0-2 MHz with Sine, square and triangular
3.
Function Generator output with variable frequency and 1No.
amplitude
4. IC LM 565/NE SE565 and IC 7490. 1 No.
R1=20 KΩ + 2.2KΩ,
5. Resistors 3No.
R2=4.7KΩ(3N), R3=10KΩ
6. Capacitors C1=0.01uF, C2=10uF, C3=0.001uf (3N) 3No.
7. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1 No.
Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8. Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

X Procedure
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The circuit uses a 4- bit binary counter 7490 used as a divide-by-5 circuit.
3. Measure the free running frequency of VCO at pin 4, with the input signal Vi set equal to
zero. Compare it with the calculated value = 0.25 / (RT CT).
4. Now apply the input signal of 1 VPP square wave at 500 Hz to pin 2.
5. Vary the VCO frequency by adjusting the 20kΩ potentiometer till the PLL is locked.
Measure the output frequency. It should be 5 times the input frequency.
F1 is the lower ends of the capture range.
F2 is gives the upper end of the lock range.
F3 is the upper end of the capture range.
F4 is gives the lower end of the lock range.
6. Repeat steps 4,5 for input frequency of 1 kHz and 1.5 kHz.

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XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
1
2
3
4

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation:
Table 27.1 Observation table for FM multiplier
(Vm = 1Vpp square wave at 1KHz)
FL (Hz) Fc (Hz)
Sr. Fo F1 F2 F3 F4
No. (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz) (Hz)
TH PR TH PR

1 0 Hz
2 500Hz
3 1 KHz
4 1.5 KHz

Calculations:
i) The output frequency of the VCO can be rewritten as (for input voltage Vm =0V)

Fo = 0.25 / (RT CT) Hz. =..............................

Practical Theoretical
ii) Lock range frequency FL = (F2 – F4) FL= 7.8*Fo /12

=...................................... .= ............................................

iii) Capture range frequency Fc = (F3 – F1) Fc = [FL / (2)(3.6)(𝟏𝟎𝟑 )C]𝟏/𝟐

= ……………………… =………………………………

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XIV Result(s)
Fo =...........................................................
FL =..........................................................
FC =..........................................................

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are a few sample questions for reference. Teachers must
design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifying CO.
1. Define capture range, lock range, sensitivity of PLL.
2. What is the significance of the bandwidth of the LPF in the phase locked loop?
3. Draw diagram of FM modulator using PLL.

[Space for Answers]

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16IK7K6_4wI
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1_D704Mh3s

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Practical No. 28: Check the performance of PLL as FM demodulator (IC 565).

I Practical Significance
The phase locked loop (PLL) is a very useful RF building block. The PLL uses the concept of
minimizing the difference in phase between two signals: a reference signal and a local
oscillator to replicate the reference signal frequency. Using this concept, it is possible to use
PLLs for many applications from frequency synthesizers to FM demodulators, and signal
reconstitution. In this experiment students can be able to design PLL as FM demodulator
using IC 565.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Maintain analog electronic circuits

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use specific analog IC to develop various applications.

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):

Interpret input and output waveform of FM demodulator circuit contains PLL (IC 565).

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow safe practices.
Maintain tools and equipment.
Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

When the input signal frequency increases, then the output signal voltage decreases. However,
when the input signal frequency decreases, the output signal voltage will increase, therefore,
we can utilize the relationship between the voltage of PLL and frequency to design the FM
demodulator.
In an FM signal, the instantaneous frequency varies in accordance with the modulating signal.
For a sinusoidal modulating signal, the frequency deviation in an FM signal is sinusoidal, and
it is proportional to the modulating, amplitude.
Suppose the center frequency of the FM signal is fc, and it lies within the hold-in range of
PLL the VCO is locked to fc, by applying an demodulated carrier at the input of the phase
detector. When VCO is locked to fc, the error signal is zero, and therefore, the control signal
that changes the VCO frequency is also equal to zero. If an FM signal is applied to the phase
detector, there will be a difference in the phases of the VCO output and the input FM signal.
The control signal is produced in proportion to the phase difference at an instance of time.
This control voltage will modify the VCO frequency, which is again compared with the
incoming frequency. In this way, the current incoming frequency is compared with the
previously attained value of the VCO frequency, which is the previously attained frequency of
the FM Signal.
The VCO, therefore, tries to track the instantaneous frequency of the applied FM signal. The

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control signal is produced in proportion to the difference between the VCO frequency and the
instantaneous frequency of FM signal. In other words, the control signal so produced is
proportional to the frequency deviation in the FM signal. Since the frequency deviation is
proportional to the modulating signal, the control signal appearing at the output of LPF is the
modulating signal. Therefore, the FM signal is demodulated by PLL.

Fig. 28.1: Block diagram of PLL as FM demodulator

(https://www.eeeguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/PLL-FM-Detector-Circuit-or-Demodulator-
001.jpg)

VII Circuit diagram/Laboratory layout:

Fig. 28.2: Circuit Diagram of FM demodulator

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Analog Electronics (313324)

Actual Circuit diagram

VIII Resources Required

Sr.
No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
1. 20/30/100 MHz Frequency 1 No.
(Analog type)
Regulated DC Power 0-30V, 2Amp SC protection
2. 1 No.
Supply Vcc=5volt
0-2 MHz with Sine, square and
3.
Function Generator triangular output with variable frequency 1No.
and amplitude
4. IC LM 565/NE SE565, LM 311 1 No.
R1=5KΩ, Ro =10KΩ(3N),
Resistors 1No.
5. Rin=600Ω(2N)
C1=0.05uF, C2=0.2uF, C0 = 1.5 nF
6. Capacitors 1No.
(2N)

7. Breadboard 5.5 CM X 17CM 1 No.

Single strand Teflon coating (0.6mm As per
8. Connecting wires
diameter) requirement

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 189

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X Procedure
1. Implement the circuit of figure 28.2 and disconnect pins 4 and 5 of the PLL (short-
circuited with a wire). Observe the free-running frequency of the VCO in pin 4. Modify
the potentiometer resistance (R0) to make this frequency about 1 kHz or slightly superior.
2. Connect pins 4 and 5 again. Observe the phase comparator output (after amplifier) in pins
6 and compare each of these signals with the demodulated signal in the output pin of the
comparator (pin 7 of integrated circuit LM311).
3. Compare the output signals of the VCO with the FSK signal at the PLL input. Finally,
compare the retrieved modulation signal (at the comparator output) with the original
modulation signal of the signal generator.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

XIII Observation:

Observation Table 27.1

(Vm = 500 mV, Fo = 20 KHz)

Audio signal frequencies FM input Audio output

1 KHz

2 KHz

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Calculations
i) Free-running frequency (Fo):
FO = 0.3 / Ro * Co =

ii) Hold-in range:

FH = ± 8 * Fo / Vc =

XVI Conclusion and recommendation

XVII Practical related questions

[Space for Answers]

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 191

Analog Electronics (313324)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 192

Analog Electronics (313324)

XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16IK7K6_4wI
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1_D704Mh3s

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 193

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