Scribd
Upload
13 views10 pages

Pre Lab Spectrum Analyzer Assim

Uploaded by

alharithmilad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views10 pages

Pre Lab Spectrum Analyzer Assim

Uploaded by

alharithmilad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

University of Tripoli

Department of Electric & Electronic Engineering

EE421 pre lab


Prelab Exercises – Spectrum Analyser

‫عاصم شعبان الربع‬


Assim Shaban Alrouba
ID: 2190203944
Q1)

I. Odd square wave :

Clearly f(t) is an odd function of t, so that its Fourier series expansion consists of sine terms only.
Taking T= 2π, that is ω = 1, the Fourier series expansion is given by :-
II. Even square wave :-

Also:-
(b) A triangular wave :-

I. Odd triangular wave :-

the average value (dc) of x(t) is zero, so that a0 = 0.


Also
II. Even triangular wave :
Q2)
Total harmonic distortion (THD) is a measurement that tells you how much of the distortion of a voltage
or current is due to harmonics in the signal. THD is an important aspect in audio, communications, and
power systems and should typically, but not always, be as low as possible.

Harmonics or harmonic frequencies of a periodic voltage or current are frequency components in the
signal that are at integer multiples of the frequency of the main signal. This is the basic outcome
that Fourier analysis of a periodic signal shows. Harmonic distortion is the distortion of the signal due
to these harmonics.
A voltage or current that is purely sinusoidal has no harmonic distortion because it is a signal consisting
of a single frequency. A voltage or current that is periodic but not purely sinusoidal will have higher
frequency components in it contributing to the harmonic distortion of the signal. In general, the less
that a periodic signal looks like a sine wave, the stronger the harmonic components are and the more
harmonic distortion it will have.
So, a purely sinusoidal signal has no distortion while a square wave, which is periodic but does not look
sinusoidal at all, will have lots of harmonic distortion. In the real world, of course, sinusoidal voltages
and currents are not perfectly sinusoidal; some amount of harmonic distortion will be present. Figures
1 and 2 provide visual comparisons, in the time domain and the frequency domain, of a sinusoidal
voltage and a square wave voltage.

Figure ( 6 )

THD is defined as the ratio of the equivalent root mean square (RMS) voltage of all the harmonic
frequencies (from the 2nd harmonic on) over the RMS voltage of the fundamental frequency (the
fundamental frequency is the main frequency of the signal, i.e., the frequency that you would identify if
examining the signal with an oscilloscope). Equation 1 shows the mathematical definition of THD (note
that voltage is used in this equation, but current could be used instead):

 Vn_rms : is the RMS voltage of the nth harmonic

Vfund_rms : is the RMS voltage of the fundamental frequency


Q3)
In signal processing, harmonic distortion occurs when a sine wave signal is sent through a memory
less nonlinear system, that is, a system whose output at time t only depends on the input at time and does
not depend on the input at any previous times.
The type of harmonics produced depend on the response function ƒ:
 When the response function is even, the resulting signal will consist of only even harmonics of the
input sine wave; 2ƒ,4ƒ,6ƒ,....
 The fundamental is also an odd harmonic, so will not be present.
 A simple example is a full-wave rectifier.
 The 0ƒcomponent represents the DC offset, due to the one-sided nature of even-symmetric
transfer functions.
 When it is odd, the resulting signal will consist of only odd harmonics of the input sine
wave; 1ƒ,3ƒ,5ƒ,....
 The output signal will be half-wave symmetric.
 A simple example is clipping in a symmetric push-pull amplifier.
 When it is asymmetric, the resulting signal may contain either even or odd harmonics; 1ƒ,2ƒ,3ƒ,....
 Simple examples are a half-wave rectifier, and clipping in an asymmetrical class-A amplifier.

Note that this does not hold true for more complex waveforms. A saw tooth wave contains both even and
odd harmonics, for instance. After even-symmetric full-wave rectification, it becomes a triangle wave,
which, other than the DC offset, contains only odd harmonics.

Q4)
a- The first three harmonics for the square wave.
b- The first ten harmonics for the square wave.
Q5)
a- C=0.02E-6F

b- C=220E-12F

You might also like