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Chomsky Hierarchy

Wrcz

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62 views3 pages

Chomsky Hierarchy

Wrcz

Uploaded by

SHIVANI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHOMSKY HIERARCHY

Chomsky Hierarchy represents the class of languages that are accepted by the different
machine. The category of language in Chomsky's Hierarchy is as given below:
1. Type 0 known as Unrestricted Grammar.
2. Type 1 known as Context Sensitive Grammar.
3. Type 2 known as Context Free Grammar.
4. Type 3 Regular Grammar.

This is a hierarchy. Therefore every language of type 3 is also of type 2, 1 and 0. Similarly,
every language of type 2 is also of type 1 and type 0, etc.
Type 0: Unrestricted Grammar:
Type-0 grammars include all formal grammar. Type 0 grammar languages are
recognized by turing machine. These languages are also known as the Recursively
Enumerable languages.
Grammar Production in the form of where

is ( V + T)* V ( V + T)*
V : Variables
T : Terminals.

is ( V + T )*.

In type 0 there must be at least one variable on the Left side of production.

For example:

Sab --> ba
A --> S

Here, Variables are S, A, and Terminals a, b.


Type 1: Context-Sensitive Grammar
Type-1 grammars generate context-sensitive languages. The language generated by
the grammar is recognized by the Linear Bound Automata
In Type 1
First of all Type 1 grammar should be Type 0.
Grammar Production in the form of

That is the count of symbol in is less than or equal to


Also ? ? (V + T)+
i.e. ? can not be ?

For Example:

S --> AB
AB --> abc
B --> b

Type 2: Context-Free Grammar: Type-2 grammars generate context-free languages.


The language generated by the grammar is recognized by a Pushdown automata. In
Type 2:
First of all, it should be Type 1.
The left-hand side of production can have only one variable and there is no
restriction on

.
For example:

S --> AB
A --> a
B --> b

Type 3: Regular Grammar: Type-3 grammars generate regular languages. These


languages are exactly all languages that can be accepted by a finite-state
automaton. Type 3 is the most restricted form of grammar.
Type 3 should be in the given form only :

V --> VT / T (left-regular grammar)


(or)
V --> TV /T (right-regular grammar)

For example:

S --> a

The above form is called strictly regular grammar.


There is another form of regular grammar called extended regular grammar. In this
form:

V --> VT* / T*. (extended left-regular grammar)


(or)
V --> T*V /T* (extended right-regular grammar)

For example :

S --> ab

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