10 Science Lesson 10 PPT EM PDF

STANDARD-10
UNIT-10
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTION
Introduction
• A chemical reaction involves breaking of old
chemical bonds and formation of new chemical
bonds.
• This change may happen spontaneously or it
may be facilitated by external forces or energy.
• Chemistry mainly focuses on chemical
reactions.
What happens during a
chemical reaction
• The atoms of the reacting molecules or
elements are rearranged to form new
molecules.
• Old chemical bonds between atoms are
broken and new chemical bonds are
formed.
• Bond breaking absorbs energy whereas
bond formation releases energy.
Chemical reaction
• A balanced chemical equation is the
simplified representation of a chemical
reaction which describes the chemical
composition, physical state of the
reactants and the products, and the
reaction conditions.
• CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Symbol Phase or physical
state
• The phases or the physical state of the
substances in a chemical reaction are
denoted in short form within a bracket, as
the subscript of the formula, of the
respective substances.
• s-Solid
• l-Liquid
• g-Gas
• aq-Aqueous Solution
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
• 1.Combination reactions:
A combination reaction is a reaction in
which two or more reactants combine to form
a compound. It is otherwise called 'synthesis
reaction' or 'composition reaction'.
A + B → A B
H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)

There are three classes of combination reactions:
❑ Element + Element → Compound
+ →
S (s) + O2 (g) → SO2 (g)
❑Compound + Element → Compound
PCl3 (I)+ Cl2 (g)→ PCl5 (s)
❑Compound + Compound → Compound
SiO2 (s)+ CaO (s) → CaSiO3 (s)
• 2.Decomposition reactions:
In a decomposition reaction, a single
compound splits into two or more simpler
substances under suitable conditions. It is the
opposite of the combination reaction.
A B A B
• There are three main classes of decomposition

reactions. They are
(i) Thermal Decomposition Reactions
(ii) Electrolytic Decomposition Reactions
(iii) Photo Decomposition Reactions
• (i) Thermal Decomposition Reactions
2HgO (s) → 2Hg (l) + O2 (g)
• (ii) Electrolytic Decomposition Reactions
2NaCl (aq) → 2Na (s) + Cl2 (g)
• (iii) Photo Decomposition Reactions
2AgBr (s) → 2Ag (s) + Br2 (g)
• 3. Single Displacement Reactions:
When they react, one of the elements of the
compound-reactant is replaced by the element-
reactant to form a new compound and an element.
A B C A B C
1. Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
2. Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
3. 2NaCl (aq) + F2 (g) → 2NaF (aq) + Cl2 (g)
4. 2NaF (aq) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl (aq) + F2 (g)
The fourth reaction will not occur. Because,
fluorine is more active than chlorine and
occupies the upper position in the periodic
table.
The activity series of some
elements
• Potassium (K)
• Sodium (Na) Most reactive
• Lithium (Li)
• Calcium (Ca)
• Magnesuim (Mg)
• Aluminium (Al)
• Zinc (Zn)
• Iron (Fe)
• Lead (Pb)
• Hydrogen (H) non-metal
• Copper (Cu)
• Silver (Ag)
• Gold (Au) Least reactive
• Platinum (Pt)
• 4. Double Displacement Reactions:
When two compounds react, if their ions
are interchanged, then the reaction is called
double displacement reaction.
A B C D A D C B
There are two types:

(i) Precipitation Reactions
(ii) Neutralization Reactions
• (i) Precipitation Reactions:
When aqueous solutions of two compounds are
mixed, if they react to form an insoluble
compound and a soluble compound, then it is
called precipitation reaction.
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → PbI2 (s)↓ + 2KNO3 (aq)
• (ii) Neutralization Reactions:
The acid reacts with the base to form a salt and
water. It is called 'neutralization reaction' .
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
• 5. Combustion Reactions:
A combustion reaction is one in which the
reactant rapidly combines with oxygen to form
one or more oxides and energy (heat).
Eg.
a. C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g) + Heat
b. Digestion of Food
c. Rusting of iron.
Classification based the
direction of the reaction
1.Reversible Reactions
A reversible reaction is a reaction that can be
reversed, i.e., the products can be converted
back to the reactants.
A + B A B
PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)

• 2.Irreversible Reactions
The reaction that cannot be reversed is called
irreversible reaction. The irreversible reactions are
unidirectional, i.e., they take place only in the
forward direction.
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + Heat
In this reaction, solid coal burns with oxygen
and gets converted into carbon dioxide gas and
water.
REVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE
REACTION REACTION
It can be reversed under cannot be reversed.

suitable conditions.
Both forward and backward It is unidirectional. It
reactions take place proceeds only in
simultaneously. forward direction.
It attains equilibrium. Equilibrium is not attained.
The reactants cannot be The reactants can be
converted completely converted
completely into products. into products.
It is relatively slow. It is fast.
RATE OF A CHEMICAL
REACTION
• “Rate of a reaction is the change in the amount or
concentration of any one of the reactants or
products per unit time”.
• A→B
• Rate = –d[A]/dt= +d[B]/dt
• [A] – Concentration of A
• [B] – Concentration of B
Factors influencing the
rate of a reaction
• (i) Nature of the reactants
• (ii) Concentration of the reactants
• (iii) Temperature
• (iv) Catalyst
• (v) Pressure
• (vi) Surface area of the reactants
• (i) Nature of the reactants
The nature of the reactants influence the
reaction rate.
• (ii) Concentration of the reactants
Changing the amount of the reactants also
increases the reaction rate.
• (iii) Temperature
Most of the reactions go faster at higher
temperature.
• (iv) Pressure
If the reactants are gases, increasing their
pressure increases the reaction rate.
• (v) Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which increases the
reaction rate without being consumed in the
reaction.
• (vi) Surface area of the reactants
When solid reactants are involve in a
reaction, their powdered form reacts more
readily.
STATE OF EQUILIBRIUM
• It is state of a reversible chemical reaction in
which no change in the amount of the reactants
and products takes place.
• At equilibrium,
Rate of forward reaction = Rate of backward
reaction
Characteristics of
equilibrium
• The rates of the forward and backward
reactions are equal.
• The observable properties such as pressure,
concentration, colour, density, viscosity etc., of
the system remain unchanged with time.
• The chemical equilibrium is a dynamic
equilibrium.
• In physical equilibrium, the volume of all the
phases remain constant.
IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER
• In the process of ionisation of water, a proton
from one water molecule is transferred to
another water molecule leaving behind an OH-
ion.
• H2O(l) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
• Kw =[H3O+] [OH-]
• Kw = [H+] [OH-]
• Its value is= 1.00X 10-14
pH SCALE;
• pH scale is a scale for measuring the hydrogen
ion concentration in a solution.
• pH = –log10[H+]
• Acids have pH less than 7
Bases have pH greater than 7
A neutral solution has pH equal to 7
• Acid neutral basic
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ROLE OF pH IN EVERYDAY LIFE
▪ Our body works within the pH range of 7.0 to 7.8.
pH of blood is ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.
▪ During indigestion the stomach produces too much
acid and this causes pain and irritation. pH of the
stomach fluid is approximately 2.0.
▪ pH of the saliva normally ranges between 6.5 to 7.5.
When the pH of the mouth saliva falls below 5.5, the
enamel gets weathered.
▪ Citrus fruits require slightly alkaline soil, while rice
requires acidic soil and sugarcane requires neutral
soil.
▪ The pH of rain water is approximately7. If the pH of
rain water is less than 7, then it is called acid rain.
THANK YOU
• Prepared by
Mrs.G.M.Geolin.,M.Sc.,B.Ed.,M.Phil.,
B.T.Assistant,
G.H.S. Kanjiracode.
K.K.Dist.

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STANDARD-10

H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)

• There are three main classes of decomposition

There are two types:

PCl5 (g) PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g)

It can be reversed under cannot be reversed.

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