Chapter 1 Relations and Functions

EXERCISE 1.1
Question 1:
Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
(i) Relation R in the set defined as

(ii) Relation R in the set of N natural numbers defined as

(iii) Relation R in the set defined as

(iv) Relation R in the set of Z integers defined as

(v) Relation R in the set of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

Solution:
(i)
R is not reflexive because .
R is not symmetric because .
R is not transitive because .
Hence, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

(ii)
R is not reflexive because .
R is not symmetric because .
R is not transitive because there isn’t any ordered pair in R such that
.
Hence, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

(iii)
We know that any number other than 0 is divisible by itself.
Thus,
So, R is reflexive.
 [because 4 is divisible by 2]
But [since 2 is not divisible by 4]
So, R is not symmetric.
Let and . So, y is divisible by x and z is divisible by y.
So, z is divisible by x
So, R is transitive.
So, R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

(iv)
For because is an integer.
So, R is reflexive.
For, , if , then is an integer is an integer.
So,
So, R is symmetric.
Let and , where .
and are integers.
is an integer.
So, R is transitive.
So, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

(v)
a)
R is reflexive because
R is symmetric because ,
If , then and work at the same place and and also work at the
same place. .
R is transitive because,
Let
and work at the same place and and work at the same place.
Then, and also works at the same place. .
Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

b)
R is reflexive because
R is symmetric because,
If , then and live in the same locality and and also live in the
same locality .
R is transitive because,
 Let
and live in the same locality and and live in the same locality.
Then and also live in the same locality. .
Hence, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

c)
R is not reflexive because .
R is not symmetric because,
If , then is exactly taller than and is clearly not taller than
. .
R is not transitive because,
Let

is exactly taller than and is exactly taller than .

Then is exactly taller than .
Hence, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

d)
R is not reflexive because .
R is not symmetric because,
Let , is the wife of and is not the wife of . .
R is not transitive because,
Let
is wife of and is wife of , which is not possible.
.
Hence, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

e)
R is not reflexive because .
R is not symmetric because,
Let , is the father of and is not the father of . .
R is not transitive because,
Let
is father of and is father of , is not father of . .
Hence, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
Question 2:
Show that the relation R in the set R of real numbers, defined as is neither
reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

Solution:

because

R is not reflexive.

. But is not less than .

R is not symmetric.

R is not transitive.
R is neither reflective nor symmetric nor transitive.

Question 3:
Check whether the relation R defined in the set as is
reflexive, symmetric or transitive.

Solution:

R is not reflexive.
 R is not symmetric.

R is not transitive.

R is neither reflective nor symmetric nor transitive.

Question 4:
Show that the relation R in R defined as is reflexive and transitive, but not
symmetric.

Solution:

R is reflexive.

R is not symmetric.

R is transitive.
R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

Question 5:
Check whether the relation R in R defined as is reflexive, symmetric or
transitive.

Solution:

R is not reflexive.
 R is not symmetric.

R is not transitive.

R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.

Question 6:
Show that the relation R in the set given by is symmetric but neither
reflexive nor transitive.

Solution:

R is not reflexive.

R is symmetric.

R is not transitive.

R is symmetric, but not reflexive or transitive.

Question 7:
Show that the relation R in the set A of all books in a library of a college, given by
is an equivalence relation.

Solution:

R is reflexive since as and have same number of pages.

 R is reflexive.

and have same number of pages and and have same number of pages
R is symmetric.

and have same number of pages, and have same number of pages.
Then and have same number of pages.

R is transitive.

R is an equivalence relation.

Question 8:

Show that the relation R in the set given by is an

equivalence relation. Show that all the elements of are related to each other and all the
elements of are related to each other. But no element of is related to any element
of .

Solution:

R is reflective.

R is symmetric.

is even and is even

is even and is even
is even
 is even

R is transitive.

R is an equivalence relation.

All elements of are related to each other because they are all odd. So, the modulus of
the difference between any two elements is even.

Similarly, all elements are related to each other because they are all even.

No element of is related to any elements of as all elements of are odd and

all elements of are even. So, the modulus of the difference between the two elements
will not be even.

Question 9:
Show that each of the relation R in the set , given by
i.
ii.
Is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1 in each case.

Solution:

i.

R is reflexive.

R is symmetric.

is a multiple of 4 and is a multiple of 4

is a multiple of 4 and is a multiple of 4
is a multiple of 4
is a multiple of 4
 R is transitive.
R is an equivalence relation.

The set of elements related to 1 is as

is a multiple of 4.
is a multiple of 4.
is a multiple of 4.

ii.

R is reflective.

R is symmetric.

R is transitive.

R is an equivalence relation.
The set of elements related to 1 is .

Question 10:
Give an example of a relation, which is
i. Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
ii. Transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric.
iii. Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
iv. Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
v. Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.

Solution:
i.
 R is not reflexive as
and , is symmetric.

R is not transitive.
Relation is symmetric but not reflexive or transitive.

ii.

R is not reflexive.

R is not symmetric.

R is transitive.
Relation is transitive but not reflexive and symmetric.

iii.

R is reflexive since

R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.

iv.

R is reflexive.
 R is not symmetric.

R is transitive.
R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric
v.
Let Set 𝐴 = {1 , 3 , 5} Define a Relation R
On A.
𝑅∶𝐴 →𝐴
𝑅 = {(1,3) (3,1) (1,1) (3,3)}
Relation 𝑅 is not Reflexive as (5 , 5) ⊄ 𝑅
Relation 𝑅 is Symmetric as
(1,3) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (3,1) ∈ 𝑅
Relation 𝑅 is Transitive
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 , (𝑏, 𝑐 ) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐 ) ∈ 𝑅
(3,1) ∈ 𝑅 , (1,1) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (3,1) ∈ 𝑅
Alternative Answer
𝑅 = (𝑎, 𝑏) ∶ 𝑎 is brother of 𝑏 {suppose 𝑎 and 𝑏 are male}
Ref → 𝑎 is not brother of 𝑎
So, (𝑎, 𝑎) ⊄ 𝑅
Relation 𝑅 is not Reflexive
Symmetric→ 𝑎 is brother of 𝑏 so
𝑏 is brother of 𝑎
𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ R ⇒ (𝑏, 𝑎) ∈ R
Transitive→ 𝑎 is brother of 𝑏 and
𝑏 is brother of 𝑐 so
𝑎 is brother of 𝑐
(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 , (𝑏, 𝑐 ) ∈ 𝑅 ⇒ (𝑎, 𝑐 ) ∈ 𝑅
Question 11:
Show that the relation R in the set A of points in a plane given by

, is an equivalence relation. Further, show that the set of all points related to a point is
the circle passing through P with origin as centre.

Solution:

Clearly,
R is reflexive.

Clearly R is symmetric.

The distance of and from the origin is the same and also, the distance of and from
the origin is the same.
The distance of and from the origin is the same.

R is transitive.
R is an equivalence relation.

The set of points related to will be those points whose distance from origin is same
as distance of from the origin.

Set of points forms a circle with the centre as origin and this circle passes through .

Question 12:
Show that the relation R in the set A of all triangles as , is an
equivalence relation. Consider three right angle triangles with sides with sides
and with sides . Which triangle among are related?

Solution:

R is reflexive since every triangle is similar to itself.

If , then is similar to .
is similar to .

R is symmetric.
Solution:

as same polygon has same number of sides.

R is reflexive.

and have same number of sides.

and have same number of sides.

R is symmetric.

and have same number of sides.

and have same number of sides.
and have same number of sides.

R is transitive.
R is an equivalence relation.

The elements in A related to right-angled triangle (T) with sides are those polygons which
have three sides.
Set of all elements in a related to triangle T is the set of all triangles.

Question 14:
Let L be the set of all lines in XY plane and R be the relation in L defined as
. Show that R is an equivalence relation. Find the set of all lines
related to the line .

Solution:

R is reflexive as any line is parallel to itself i.e.,

If , then
is parallel to .
is parallel to .
 R is symmetric.

is parallel to
is parallel to
is parallel to .

R is transitive.

R is an equivalence relation.

Set of all lines related to the line is the set of all lines that are parallel to the line
.
Slope of the line is .
Line parallel to the given line is in the form , where .
Set of all lines related to the given line is given by , where .
Question 15:
Let R be the relation in the set given by
.
Choose the correct answer.
A. R is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive.
B. R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
C. R is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
D. R is an equivalence relation.

Solution:

for every
R is reflexive.

R is not symmetric.

R is not transitive.

R is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.

The correct answer is B.

Question 16:
Let R be the relation in the set N given by . Choose the correct
answer.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Solution:

Now,

Consider

The correct answer is C.

 EXERCISE 1.2
Question 1:

Show that the function defined by is one –one and onto, where is the set
of all non –zero real numbers. Is the result true, if the domain is replaced by N with co-
domain being same as ?

Solution:

is by
For one-one:
such that

is one-one.

For onto:

For there exists such that

is onto.

Given function is one-one and onto.

 Consider function defined by

We have,
is one-one.

is not onto as for there exist any in such that

Function is one-one but not onto.

Question 2:
Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions:
i. given by
ii. given by
iii. given by
iv. given by
v. given by

Solution:
i. For given by

is injective.
 But, there does not exist any in such that
is not surjective
Function is injective but not surjective.

ii. given by

is not injective.

But, there does not exist any such that

is not surjective.
Function is neither injective nor surjective.

iii. given by

is not injective.

But, there does not exist any such that

is not surjective.
Function is neither injective nor surjective.

iv. given by

is injective.

But, there does not exist any in such that

is not surjective
Function is injective but not surjective.
v. given by

is injective.

. But, there does not exist any in such that

is not surjective.
Function is injective but not surjective.
Question 3:
Prove that the greatest integer function given by is neither one-one nor
onto, where denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to .

Solution:
given by

is not one-one.

Consider
is an integer. There does not exist any element such that
is not onto.
The greatest integer function is neither one-one nor onto.

Question 4:
Show that the modulus function given by is neither one-one nor onto,
where is , if is positive or and is , if is negative.

Solution:

is

is not one-one.

Consider
is non-negative. There exist any element in domain such that
is not onto.
The modulus function is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 5:

Show that the signum function given by is neither one-one nor

onto.

Solution:

is

is not one-one.

takes only 3 values for the element in co-domain

R, there does not exist any in domain R such that .
is not onto.

The signum function is neither one-one nor onto.

Question 6:
Let and let be a function from . Show
that f is one-one.

Solution:
,
is defined as

It is seen that the images of distinct elements of under are distinct.

is one-one.

Question 7:
In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one-one, onto or bijective.
Justify your answer.
i. defined by
ii. defined by
Solution:
i. defined by
such that

is one-one.

For any real number in , there exists in such that

is onto.
Hence, is bijective.

ii. defined by
such that

does not imply that

Consider
is not one-one.

Consider an element in co domain .

It is seen that is positive for all .
is not onto.
Hence, is neither one-one nor onto.

Question 8:
Let and be sets. Show that such that is a bijective function.

Solution:
is defined as .
such that
 is one-one.
there exist such that
is onto.
is bijective.

Question 9:

Let be defined as for all . State whether the

function is bijective. Justify your answer.

Solution:

be defined as for all .

is not one-one.

Consider a natural number in co domain .

Case I: is odd
for some there exists such that

Case II: is even

for some there exists such that

is onto.

is not a bijective function.

Question 10:

Let and defined by . Is one-one and onto?

Justify your answer.

Solution:

and defined by
such that

is one-one.

Let , then
The function is onto if there exists such that .
Now,

Thus, for any , there exists such that

is onto.
Hence, the function is one-one and onto.
Question 11:
Let defined as .Choose the correct answer.
A. is one-one onto
B. is many-one onto
C. is one-one but not onto
D. is neither one-one nor onto

Solution:
defined as
such that

does not imply that .

For example
is not one-one.

Consider an element 2 in co domain there does not exist any in domain such that
.
is not onto.
Function is neither one-one nor onto.
The correct answer is D.

Question 12:
Let defined as .Choose the correct answer.
A. is one-one onto
B. is many-one onto
C. is one-one but not onto
D. is neither one-one nor onto

Solution:
defined as
such that
 is one-one.

For any real number in co domain R, there exist in R such that

is onto.
Hence, function is one-one and onto.
The correct answer is A.
 EXERCISE 1.3
Question 1:
Let and be given by and
. Write down .

Solution:
The functions and are and

Question 2:
Let be functions from .Show that

Solution:

Hence,

Hence,
Question 3:
Find and , if
i. and

ii. and

Solution:
i. and

ii. and

Question 4:

If , show that . What is the reverse of ?

Solution:

Hence, the given function is invertible and the inverse of is itself.

Question 5:
State with reason whether the following functions have inverse.
i. with
ii. with
iii. with

Solution:
i. with
is a many one function as
is not one-one.
Function does not have an inverse.

ii. with
is a many one function as
is not one-one.
Function does not have an inverse.

iii. with
All distinct elements of the set have distinct images under .
is one-one.
is onto since for every element of the set , there exists an
element in the set , such that .
is a one-one and onto function.
Function has an inverse.

Question 6:

Show that , given by is one-one. Find the inverse of the function

.

(Hint: For , for some in , i,e.,

Solution:

, given by
For one-one

is a one-one function.
It is clear that is onto.
is one-one and onto and therefore, the inverse of the function
exists.

Let be the inverse of .

Let be an arbitrary element of range .
Since is onto, we have:

Now, let us define as

Now,
Question 7:
Consider given by . Show that is invertible. Find the inverse of .

Solution:
given by
For one-one

is a one-one function.

For onto

Therefore, for any , there exists such that

is onto.

Thus, f is one-one and onto and therefore, exists.

Let us define by
Now,

Hence, is invertible and the inverse of is given by

Question 8:
Consider given by .Show that is invertible with inverse of
given by , where is the set of all non-negative real numbers.

Solution:
given by
For one-one:
Let

is a one -one function.

For onto:
For

Therefore, for any , there exists such that

is an onto function.

Thus, is one-one and onto and therefore, exists.

Let us define by
Now,

And

Hence, is invertible and the inverse of is given by

.

Question 9:
Consider given by .Show that is invertible with

Solution:
given by
Let be an arbitrary element of .
Let

is onto, thereby range .

Let us define

We have,
And,

Hence, is invertible and the inverse of is given by

Question 10:
Let be an invertible function. Show that has unique inverse.
(Hint: suppose and are two inverses of . Then for all ,
. Use one-one ness of .

Solution:
Let be an invertible function.
Also suppose has two inverses ( and )
Then, for all ,

Hence, has unique inverse.

Question 11:

Consider given by . Find .

Solution:
Function given by
If we define as

And,

where

Thus, the inverse of exists and .

is given by,

We need to find the inverse of i.e., inverse of .

If we define as

And,

where
Thus, the inverse of exists and .
It can be noted that .
Hence,

Question 12:
Let be an invertible function. Show that the inverse of is i.e., .

Solution:

Let be an invertible function.

Then there exists a function such that
Here,
Now,

Hence, is invertible and is i.e., .

Question 13:

If is given by , then is:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Solution:

is given by
The correct answer is C.

Question 14:

If be a function defined as . The inverse of is the map

given by :

A.

B.

C.

D.

Solution:

It is given that is defined as

Let be an arbitrary element of Range .

Then, there exists such that .

Define as
Now,
And

Thus, is the inverse of i.e.,

Hence, the inverse of is the map , which is given by .

The correct answer is B.
 Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 2.1

Question 1:

Find the principal value of .

Solution:

Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of is

Thus, principal value of .

Question 2:

Find the principal value of .

Solution:

Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of is .

Thus, principal value of

Question 3:
Find the principal value of .

Solution:
Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 4:

Find the principal value of

Solution:

Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 5:

Find the principal value of

Solution:

Let,

Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 6:
Find the principal value of

Solution:
Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 7:

Find the principal value of

Solution:

Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 8:

Find the principal value of

Solution:

Let,
Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 9:

Find the principal value of

Solution:

Let,
Hence,
Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 10:

Find the principal value of

Solution:

Let,

Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Thus, principal value of .

Question 11:

Find the value of .

Solution:
Let,
Hence,

Therefore,

Now, let
Hence,

Therefore,

Again, let

Hence,

Therefore,

Thus,
Question 12:

Find the value of

Solution:
Let,
Hence,

Therefore,

Let,
Hence,
Therefore,

Thus

Question 13:
Find the value of , then

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Solution:
It is given that

Range of the principal value of

Thus,
The answer is B.

Question 14:
Find the value of is equal to

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Solution:

Let
Hence,
Range of the principal value of

Therefore,

Let
Hence,

Range of the principal value of

Therefore,

Thus,

The answer is B.
 EXERCISE 2.2
Question 1:

Prove .

Solution:
Let
Hence,
Now,

Question 2:

Prove .

Solution:
Let
Hence,
Now,

Question 3:

Prove .
Solution:

Since we know that

Now,

Question 4:

Prove .

Solution:

Since we know that and

Now,
Question 5:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:
Let
Hence,
Question 6:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:
Let
Hence,

Question 7:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:

Since, and
Hence,

Question 8:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:

Question 9:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:

Let
Hence,

Question 10:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:

Let
Hence,
Question 11:

Write the function in the simplest form:

Solution:

Let
Hence,

Therefore,

Question 12:
Find the value of

Solution:

Since
Hence,
Question 13:

Find the value of and .

Solution:
Let
Hence,

Now, let
Hence,

Therefore,

Question 14:

If , find the value of .

Solution:

It is given that
Since we know that
Therefore,

Now, let

Then,

Therefore,

Now, let
Then,

Therefore,

From and , we have

On squaring both the sides

Question 15:

If , find the value of .

Solution:

It is given that

Since
Therefore,
Question 16:

Find the value of .

Solution:
Since,
Therefore,

Question 17:

Find the value of .

Solution:
Since,
Therefore,

Question 18:

Find the value of .

Solution:

Let
Then,

Therefore,

Now,
Thus, by using and

Question 19:

is equal to

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Thus, the correct option is B.

Question 20:

is equal to

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Let

Hence,

Since, Range of principal value of .

Therefore,

Then,

Thus, the correct option is D.

Question 21:

Find the values of is equal to

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Let

Hence,
 , where

Therefore,

Now, let

Hence,

Since, Range of principal value of

Therefore,

Then,

Thus, the correct option is B.

 Chapter - 9 Linear Programming

EXERCISE 12.1

Question 1:
Maximize
Subject to the constraints:

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and is given by

Since, the corner points of the feasible region are and . The value of Z
at these points are as follows:

Corner point

12

16 Maximum
Question 2:
Minimize
Thus, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point .
Subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, and
, is given by

Since, the corner points of the feasible region are and . The
value of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

Minimum

16

Thus, the minimum value of Z is at the point .

Question 3:
Maximize
Subject to
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints and
, is given by

Since, the corner points of the feasible region are and . The
value of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

10

Maximum

Thus, the maximum value of Z is at the point .

Question 4:
Minimize
Subject to
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, and ,
is given by

Since, the feasible region is unbounded, the corner points of the feasible region are

and . The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

7 Minimum

10

As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 7 may or may not be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, , and check whether the resulting half
plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.

Since, feasible region has no common point with

Thus, the minimum value of Z is 7 at .

Question 5:
Maximize
Subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by

Since the corner points of the feasible region are and .

The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

15

18 Maximum

10

Thus, the maximum value of Z is 18 at the point .

Question 6:
Minimize
Subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by
Since the corner points of the feasible region are and .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

Since the values of Z at points A and B is same. If we take any other point such as on line
, then .
Thus, the minimum value of Z occurs for more than 2 points.
Thus, the value of Z is minimum at every point on the line, .

Question 7:
Minimize and Maximize
subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and
is given by
Since the corner points of the feasible region are and .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

300 Minimum

600 Maximum

600 Maximum

400

The minimum value of Z is 300 at and the maximum value of Z is 600 at all the points
on the line segment joining and .

Question 8:
Minimize and Maximize
Subject to

Solution:

The feasible region determined by the constraints, and

is given by
The corner points of the feasible region are .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

100 Minimum

100 Minimum

250

400 Maximum

The maximum value of Z is 400 at and the minimum value of Z is 100 at all the
points on the line segment joining and .

Question 9:
Maximize
subject to the constraints:

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by
Since, the feasible region is unbounded, the values of Z at corner points and
are as follows:

Corner point

As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, may or may not be the maximum value.
For this, we graph the inequality, , and check whether the resulting half plane has
points in common with the feasible region or not.

The resulting feasible region has points in common with the feasible region.

Thus, is not the maximum value.

Therefore, Z has no maximum value.

Question 10:
Maximize
Subject to
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by

There is no feasible region and thus, Z has no maximum value.

 Chapter 3 Matrices

EXERCISE 3.1
Question 1:

In the matrix , write:

(i) The order of the matrix
(ii) The number of elements
(iii) Write the elements

Solution:
(i) Since, in the given matrix, the number of rows is and the number of columns is , the
order of the matrix is .

(ii) Since the order of the matrix is , there are elements.

(iii) Here,

Question 2:
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 13 elements?

Solution:
We know that if a matrix is of the order , it has elements. Thus, to find all the possible
orders of a matrix having elements, we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers
whose product is .

The ordered pairs are: and .

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having elements are:

and .

and are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is .

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having elements are and .

Question 3:
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 5 elements?

Solution:
We know that if a matrix is of the order , it has elements. Thus, to find all the possible
orders of a matrix having elements, we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers
whose product is .

The ordered pairs are: and .

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements are:

and .

and are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 5.

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 5 elements are and .

Question 4:
Construct a matrix, , whose elements are given by:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Solution:

In general, a matrix is given by

(i)
Therefore,
 Thus, the required matrix is

(ii)
Therefore,

Thus, the required matrix is

(iii)
Therefore,

Thus, the required matrix is

Question 5:
In general, a matrix whose elements are given by

(i)
(ii)

Solution:

In general, a matrix is given by

(i) Given
 Thus, the required matrix is

(ii)

Thus, the required matrix is

Question 6:
Find the value of x, y and z from the following equation:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
Solution:

(i)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
and

(ii)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:

Hence,

We know that

Equating and , we get

Similarly, Equating and , we get

Thus, or

(iii)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
 From and , we have

From , we have

Therefore,

Thus,

Question 7:
Find the value of and from the equation:

Solution:

As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:

From ,

Putting this value in ,

Hence,
Putting in ,

Putting in ,

Thus, and .

Question 8:
is a square matrix, if
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

Solution:
It is known that a given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal to
the number of columns.

Therefore, is a square matrix, if .

Thus, the correct option is C.

Question 9:
Which of the given values of and make the following pair of matrices equal

(A) (B) Not possible to find (C) (D)

Solution:

The given matrices are and

Equating the corresponding elements, we get:
We find that on comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we get two
different values of x, which is not possible.

Hence, it is not possible to find the values of and for which the given matrices are equal.

Thus, the correct option is B.

Question 10:
The number of all possible matrices of order with each entry 0 or 1 is:
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512

Solution:
The given matrix of the order has elements and each of these elements can be either 0
or 1.

Now, each of the elements can be filled in two possible ways.

Hence, by the multiplication principle, the required number of possible matrices is .

Thus, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 3.2
Question 1:

Let . Find each of the following:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

(v)

Question 2:
Compute the following:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
Solution:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Question 3:
Compute the indicated products:

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Solution:

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)
Question 4:

If , then compute and . Also,

verify that .

Solution:

Now,

Hence, .
Question 5:

If and , then compute .

Solution:

Question 6:

Simplify .

Solution:

Question 7:

Find and , if

(i) and
(ii) and

Solution:

(i)

Adding equations and ,

Now,

(ii)

Multiplying equation by 2,
Multiplying equation by 3,

From and ,

Now
Question 8:

Find , if and .
Solution:

Question 9:

Find and , if .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

Therefore, and .
Question 10:

Solve the equation for and if .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

Therefore, and .

Question 11:

If , find values of and .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

By adding these two equations, we get

Now, putting this value in

Therefore, and .

Question 12:

Given , find values of and .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

Therefore, and

Question 13:

If , show that .

Solution:

It is given that

Then,
Now,
Therefore,

Question 14:
Show that

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i)
 Thus,

(ii)

Thus,

Question 15:

Find , if
Solution:

Therefore,

Question 16:

If , prove that .
Solution:

Now,

Therefore,
Hence, .

Question 17:

If and , find so that .

Solution:

Now,

Comparing the corresponding elements, we have:

Therefore, the value of .

Question 18:

If and I is the identity matrix of order , show that

Solution:
Thus, from and , we get

Question 19:
A trust fund has ₹30000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond
pays interest per year, and the second bond pays interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divide ₹30000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund
must obtain an annual total interest of:
(i) ₹ 1800
(ii) ₹ 2000
Solution:
(i) Let ₹ be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond
will be ₹ .
It is given that the first bond pays interest per year and the second bond pays
interest per year.
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹1800, we have:

Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹1800, the trust fund should invest
₹15000 in the first bond and the remaining ₹15000 in the second bond.

(ii) Let ₹ be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money invested in the second
bond will be ₹ .
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹2000, we have:

Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹1800, the trust fund should invest
₹5000 in the first bond and the remaining ₹25000 in the second bond.
Question 20:
The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, 10
dozen economics books. Their selling prices are ₹ , ₹ and ₹ each respectively. Find the
total amount the bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix algebra.

Solution:
The total amount of money that will be received from the sale of all these books can be
represented in the form of a matrix as:

Thus, the bookshop will receive ₹ from the sale of all these books.

Question 21:
Assume and are matrices of order and respectively.
The restriction on and so that will be defined are:
(A) (B) is arbitrary,
(C) is arbitrary, (D)

Solution:
Matrices and are of the orders and respectively.
Therefore, matrix will be defined if .
Consequently, will be of the order .
Matrices and are of the orders and respectively.

Since the number of columns in is equal to the number of rows in , matrix is well-
defined and is of the order .

Matrices and can be added only when their orders are the same.

However, is of the order and is of the order .

Therefore, we must have .

Thus, and are the restrictions on and so that will be defined.

The correct option is A.

Question 22:
Assume and are matrices of order and respectively.
If , then the order of the matrix is:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Solution:
Matrix is of the order .
Therefore, matrix is also of the same order.

Matrix is of the order , i.e., [Since ]

Therefore, matrix is also of the same order.

Now, both the matrices and 5Z are of the order .

Thus, matrix is well-defined and is of the order .

The correct option is B.

 EXERCISE 3.3
Question 1:
Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Solution:

(i) Let

Then

(ii) Let

Then

(iii) Let

Then
Question 2:

If and , then verify that

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

It is given that and

Hence, we have and

(i)
Hence,

Now,

Thus, .
(ii)
Hence,

Now,

Thus, .

Question 3:

If and , then verify that

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

It is known that
Hence,

and

(i)
 Therefore,

Now,

Hence, .

(ii)

Therefore,

Now,

Hence, .

Question 4:

If and , then find .

Solution:
It is known that .
Therefore,

Now,
Question 5:

For the matrices and , verify that where

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i) It is given that and

Hence,

Therefore,

Now,

and
Hence,
 Thus,

(ii) It is given that and

Hence,

Therefore,

Now,

and
Therefore,
 Thus, .

Question 6:
If

(i) , then verify

(ii) , then verify

Solution:

(i) It is given that

Therefore,

Now,

Thus,

(ii) It is given that

Therefore,

Now,
 Thus,

Question 7:

(i) Show that the matrix is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) Show that the matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.

Solution:

(i)
Now,

Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.

(ii)
 Hence, A is a skew symmetric matrix.

Question 8:

For the matrix , verify that

(i) is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) is a skew symmetric matrix.

Solution:

It is given that

Hence,

(i)

Therefore,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

(ii)
Therefore,
 Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.
Question 9:

Find and , when .

Solution:

It is given that
Hence,

Now,

Therefore,

Now,

Thus,
Question 10:
Express the following as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Solution:

(i) Let
Hence,

Now,

Let
Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

(ii) Let
Hence,

Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,
 Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

(iii) Let
Hence,
Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,
Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

(iv) Let
Hence,

Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,
Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

Question 11:
If are symmetric matrices of the same order, then is a
(A) Skew symmetric matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix (D) Identity matrix

Solution:
If and are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
and
Now consider,

Therefore,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

The Correct option is A.

Question 12:

If , then , if the value of is:

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Solution:

It is given that
Hence,

Now,

Therefore,

Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:

Thus, the correct option is B.

 Chapter 4 Determinants

EXERCISE 4.1
Question 1:

Evaluate the determinant

Solution:

Let
Hence,

Question 2:
Evaluate the determinants:

(i)

(ii)

Solution:
(i)

(ii)
Question 3:

If , then show that

Solution:

The given matrix is

Therefore,

Hence,

Now,

Therefore,

Thus, proved.
Question 4:

If , then show that

Solution:

The given matrix is

It can be observed that in the first column, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the
first column for easier calculation.

Therefore,

Now,

Therefore,

From equations and ,

Thus, proved.
Question 5:
Evaluate the determinants

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Solution:

(i) Let
It can be observed that in the second row, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along
the second row for easier calculation.

Hence,

(ii) Let

Hence,
(iii) Let

Hence,

(iv) Let
Hence,

Question 6:

If , find

Solution:

Let

Hence,
Question 7:
Find the values of , if

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i)

Therefore,

(ii)

Therefore,

Question 8:

If , the is equal to
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Therefore,

Thus, the correct option is B.

 EXERCISE 4.3
Question 1:
Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Solution:
(i) The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the relation,

Hence, area of the triangle is square units.

(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the relation,
 Hence, area of the triangle is square units.

(iii) The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the relation,

Hence, area of the triangle is square units.

Question 2:
Show that the points are collinear.

Solution:
The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the absolute
value of the relation:
Thus, the area of the triangle formed by points is zero.

Hence, the points are collinear.

Question 3:
Find values of if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertices are:
(i)
(ii)

Solution:
We know that the area of a triangle whose vertices are and is the
absolute value of the determinant , where

It is given that the area of triangle is 4 square units.

Hence,

(i) The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the relation,
 Therefore,

When
Then

When
Then

Hence,

(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the relation,

Therefore,

When
Then

When
Then

Hence,

Question 4:
(i) Find equation of line joining and using determinants.
(ii) Find equation of line joining and using determinants.
Solution:
(i) Let be any point on the line joining points and .
Then, the points and are collinear.
Hence, the area of triangle will be zero.
Therefore,

Thus, the equation of the line joining the given points is .

(ii) Let be any point on the line joining points and .

Then, the points and are collinear.
Hence, the area of triangle will be zero.
Therefore,

Thus, the equation of the line joining the given points is .

Question 5:
If area of the triangle is square units with vertices . Then is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
The area of the triangle with vertices is given by the relation,
It is given that the area of the triangle is square units
Hence, .

Therefore,

When,
Then,

When,
Then,

Hence,

Thus, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 4.4
Question 1:
Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i) The given determinant is

Minor of element is .
minor of element
minor of element
minor of element
minor of element

Cofactor of is

(ii) The given determinant is

Minor of element is .
minor of element
minor of element
minor of element
minor of element

Cofactor of is
Question 2:

Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i) The given determinant is

Minor of element is .

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element
 minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

Cofactor of is

(ii) The given determinant is

Minor of element is .

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element
 minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

minor of element

Cofactor of is

Question 3:

Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate

Solution:

The given determinant is

minor of element
 minor of element

minor of element

We know that is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the second row with
their corresponding cofactors.

Therefore,

Question 4:

Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate

Solution:

The given determinant is

Therefore,
We know that is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the third column with
their corresponding cofactors.

Therefore,

Hence,

Question 5:

If and is the cofactor of , then the value of is given by:

A.
B.
C.
D.

Solution:
We know that is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of a column or row with
their corresponding cofactors.

Thus, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 4.5
Question 1:

Find the adjoint of the matrix

Solution:

Let
Then,

Therefore,

Question 2:

Find the adjoint of the matrix

Solution:

Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 3:
Verify for

Solution:

Let

Then,

Also,

Now,

Hence,

Now,
Also,

Hence, .

Question 4:
Verify for

Solution:

Let

Then,

Also,

Now,
Hence,

Now,

Hence, .

Question 5:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists).

Solution:

Let

Then,
Now,

Therefore,

Hence,

Question 6:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists)

Solution:

Let

Then,

Now,

Therefore,

Hence,
Question 7:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists)

Solution:

Let

Then,

Now,

Therefore,

Hence,
Question 8:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists)

Solution:

Let

Then,

Now,

Therefore,

Hence,

Question 9:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists)

Solution:

Let

Then,

Now,

Therefore,

Hence,

Question 10:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists)

Solution:

Let

Then, expanding along ,

Now,

Therefore,

Hence,

Question 11:

Find the inverse of each of the matrix (if it exists)

Solution:

Let

Then,

Now,
Therefore,

Hence,

Question 12:

Let and . Verify that .

Solution:

Let

Then,

Now,

Then,
Therefore,

Now,

Let

Then,

Now,

Then,

Therefore,

Now,
Also,

Then, we have

Therefore,

Thus,

From and ,
Hence, proved.

Question 13:

If , show that . Hence find .

Solution:

Let

Therefore,

Now,

Hence, .

Now,
Thus,

Question 14:

For the matrix , find the numbers and such that .

Solution:

Let

Therefore,

Now, .

Hence,
Now,

From and , we have,

Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:

Also,

Thus, and .

Question 15:

For the matrix , show that . Hence, find .

Solution:

Let

Therefore,

And,
Hence,

Thus,

Now,

Now,
From equation and

Question 16:

If , verify that . Hence, find .

Solution:

Let

Therefore,
And

Now,
Thus,

Now,

Now,

From equations and ,

Question 17:
Let be a non-singular square matrix of order . Then is equal to:
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
Since be a non-singular square matrix of order
Therefore,

Thus, the correct option is B.

Question 18:
If is an invertible matrix of order , the is equal to:

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Since is an invertible matrix, exists and .

As matrix is of order , let

Then,

And

Now,

Hence,

Hence,

Thus, the correct option is B.

 EXERCISE 4.6
Question 1:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations:

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Thus, the given system of equations is consistent.

Question 2:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations:

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and
Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Hence, the given system of equations is consistent.

Question 3:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations:

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is a singular matrix.

Now,

Therefore,
Thus, the solution of the given system of equations does not exist.

Hence, the system of equations is inconsistent.

Question 4:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations:

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Thus, the given system of equations is consistent.

Question 5:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations:

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is a singular matrix.

Now,

Therefore,
Thus, the solution of the given system of equations does not exist.

Hence, the system of equations is inconsistent.

Question 6:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations:

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

Hence,

So, is nonsingular.
Therefore, exists.

Hence, the given system of equations is consistent.

Question 7:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,
Then,

Hence, and

Question 8:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,
Therefore,

Hence, and

Question 9:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Hence,

So, is nonsingular.
Therefore, exists.

Now,

Therefore,

Hence, and

Question 10:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

 and

Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,

Therefore,

Hence, and

Question 11:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.
Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and
Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,

Hence,

Therefore,
Hence, and

Question 12:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and
Hence,

So, is nonsingular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,

Hence,
Therefore,

Hence, and

Question 13:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and
Hence,
So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,

Hence,

Therefore,
Hence, and

Question 14:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.

Solution:

The given system of equations is:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

Hence,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,

Hence,
Therefore,

Hence, and

Question 15:

If , find . Using solve the system of equations

Solution:

It is given that

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

The solution of the system of equations is given by .

Therefore,
Hence, and

Question 16:

The cost of 4 kg onion, 3 kg wheat and 2 kg rice is ₹ . The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat
and 6 kg rice is ₹ . The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is ₹ . Find cost of each
item per kg by matrix method.

Solution:
Let the cost of onions, wheat, and rice per kg in ₹ be and respectively.

Then, the given situation can be represented by a system of equations as:

The given system of equations can be written in the form of , where

and

Therefore,

So, is non-singular.

Therefore, exists.

Now,

Therefore,

Hence,
Thus, and

Hence, the cost of onions is ₹ 5 per kg the cost of wheat is ₹ 8 per kg, and the cost of rice is ₹
8 per kg.
 Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability

EXERCISE 5.1

Question 1:
Prove that the function is continuous at , and at .

Solution:
The given function is

Therefore, is continous at .

Therefore, is continous at .

Therefore, is continous at .

Question 2:
Examine the continuity of the function at .

Solution:
The given function is

Therefore, is continous at .

Question 3:
Examine the following functions for continuity.
(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

Solution:
(i) The given function is
It is evident that is defined at every real number and its value at is .
It is also observed that

Hence, is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.

(ii) The given function is

For any real number , we obtain

Also,

Hence, is continuous at every point in the domain of and therefore, it is a continuous

function.

(iii) The given function is

For any real number , we obtain

Also,
 Hence, is continuous at every point in the domain of and therefore, it is a
continuous function.

(iv) The given function is

This function is defined at all points of the real line. Let c be a point on a real line.
Then, , or

Case I:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all real numbers less than 5.

Case II:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at

Case III:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all real numbers greater than 5.

Hence, is continuous at every real number and therefore, it is a continuous function.

Question 4:
Prove that the function is continuous at , where is a positive integer.
Solution:
The given function is
It is observed that is defined at all positive integers, n, and its value at n is .
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at n, where n is a positive integer.

Question 5:

Is the function defined by continuous at ? At ? At ?

Solution:

The given function is

At ,
It is evident that is defined at and its value at is .
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at .
At ,
It is evident that is defined at and its value at is .
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is not continuous at .

At ,
It is evident that is defined at and its value at is .

Therefore, is continuous at .
Question 6:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by .

Solution:

The given function is

It is evident that the given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line. Then, three cases arise.

Case I:

Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
Then,

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that

Case III:
Then, the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .
Hence, is the only point of discontinuity of .
Question 7:

Find all points of discontinuity of , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous in .

Case IV:
If , then the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case V:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, is the only point of discontinuity of .

Question 8:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

It is known that, and

Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points .

Case II:

If , then the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.

Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, is the only point of discontinuity of .

Question 9:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by .

Solution:

The given function is

It is known that
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

Let c be any real number.

Therefore, the given function is a continuous function.

Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.

Question 10:

Find all points of discontinuity of where f is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at .
Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, the given function has no point of discontinuity.

Question 11:

Find all points of discontinuity of , where f is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.
Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at .
Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Thus, the given function is continuous at every point on the real line.
Hence, has no point of discontinuity.

Question 12:

Find all points of discontinuity of , where f is defined by .

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then the left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Thus from the above observation, it can be concluded that is the only point of
discontinuity of .

Question 13:

Is the function defined by a continous function?

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points x, such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

From the above observation it can be concluded that, is the only point of discontinuity of
.

Question 14:

Discuss the continuity of the function , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the interval .

Let c be a point in the interval .

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous in the interval .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at in the interval .

Case IV:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is discontinuous at .

Case V:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points of the interval .
Hence, is discontinuous at and .

Question 15:

Discuss the continuity of the function , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at

Case III:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous in the interval .

Case IV:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .

Case V:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Hence, is not continuous only at .

Question 16:

Discuss the continuity of the function , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous in the interval .

Case IV:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at .

Case V:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .
Thus, from the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points of the
real line.

Question 17:

Find the relationship between and so that the function defined by

is continous at .
Solution:

The given function is

For to be continuous at , then

Also,

Therefore, from (1), we obtain

Therefore, the required relationship is given by, .

Question 18:

For what value of is the function defined by is continous at

? What about continuity at ?
Solution:

The given function is

If is continuous at , then

Therefore, there is no value of for which is continuous at .

At

Therefore, for any values of , is continuous at .

Question 19:
Show that the function defined by is discontinuous at all integral point. Here
denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to .

Solution:
The given function is
It is evident that is defined at all integral points.
Let be an integer.
Then,

The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

It is observed that the left and right hand limit of at do not coincide.
Therefore, is not continuous at .
Hence, is discontinuous at all integral points.

Question 20:
Is the function defined by continuous at ?

Solution:
The given function is
It is evident that is defined at .
At ,

Consider

Put , it is evident that if then

Therefore, the given function is continuous at .

Question 21:
Discuss the continuity of the following functions.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Solution:
It is known that if and are two continuous functions, then and are also
continuous.
Let and are continuous functions.
It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put

If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let c be a real number. Put

If , then
Therefore, is a continuous function.
Therefore, it can be concluded that,
(i) is a continuous function.
(ii) is a continuous function.
(iii) is a continuous function.
Question 22:
Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant, and cotangent functions.

Solution:
It is known that if and are two continuous functions, then

(i) is continuous.

(ii) is continuous.

(iii) is continuous.

Let and are continuous functions.

It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put
If , then
Therefore, is a continuous function.
Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put
If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Therefore, it can be concluded that,

is continuous.
is continuous.
Therefore, cosecant is continuous except at

is continuous.

is continuous.
Therefore, secant is continuous except at

is continuous.
is continuous.
Therefore, cotangent is continuous except at .

Question 23:

Find the points of discontinuity of , where

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then
The left hand limit of at is,

The right hand limit of at is,

Therefore, is continuous at
From the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points of the real
line.
Thus, has no point of discontinuity.

Question 24:

Determine if defined by is a continuous function?

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:

If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:

If , then
It is known that,

Similarly,

Therefore, is continuous at .
From the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at every point of the
real line.
Thus, is a continuous function.

Question 25:

Examine the continuity of , where is defined by

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at .
From the above observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at every point of the
real line.
Thus, is a continuous function.

Question 26:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point

at

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of

the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Put

Then
Therefore, the value of .

Question 27:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point.

at

Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of
the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Therefore, the value of .

Question 28:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point

at
Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of
the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Therefore, the value of .

Question 29:
Find the values of so that the function is continuous at the indicated point

at .
Solution:

The given function is

The given function is continuous at , if is defined at and if the value of
the at equals the limit of at .

It is evident that is defined at and

Therefore, the value of .

Question 30:

Find the values of such that the function defined by , is a

continuous function.

Solution:

The given function is

It is evident that is defined at all points of the real line.
If is a continuous function, then is continuous at all real numbers.
In particular, is continuous at and

Since is continuous at , we obtain

Since is continuous at , we obtain

On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain

By putting in equation (1), we obtain

Therefore, the values of a and b for which is a continuous function are and respectively.

Question 31:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.

Solution:
The given function is .
This function is defined for every real number and can be written as the composition of
two functions as,
, where and

It has to be proved first that and are continuous functions.

It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.
Let . Put
If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Let

It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let be a real number, then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions and , such that is defined at , if is
continuous at and if is continuous at , then is continuous at .
Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 32:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.

Solution:
The given function is .
This function is defined for every real number and can be written as the composition of
two functions as,
, where and

It has to be proved first that and are continuous functions.

can be written as

It is evident that is defined for every real number.

Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.
Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number. Put
If , then

Therefore, is a continuous function.

It is known that for real valued functions and , such that is defined at , if is
continuous at and if is continuous at , then is continuous at .
Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 33:
Show that the function defined by is a continuous function.
Solution:
The given function is .
This function is defined for every real number and can be written as the composition of
two functions as,
, where and

It has to be proved first that and are continuous functions.

can be written as
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.
Let
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number. Put
If , then
Therefore, is a continuous function.
It is known that for real valued functions and , such that is defined at , if is
continuous at and if is continuous at , then is continuous at .

Therefore, is a continuous function.

Question 34:
Find all the points of discontinuity of defined by .

Solution:
The given function is .
The two functions, and are defined as and .
Then,
The continuity of and are examined first.

can be written as
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.

can be written as
It is evident that is defined for every real number.
Let be a real number.

Case I:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case II:
If , then

Therefore, is continuous at all points , such that .

Case III:
If , then
Therefore, is continuous at .

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that is continuous at all points.
It concludes that and are continuous functions. Therefore, is also a continuous
function.

Therefore, has no point of discontinuity.

 EXERCISE 5.2
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to x.

Solution:
Let and
Then,
Thus, is a composite of two functions.
Put
Then, we get

By chain rule of derivative,

Alternate method:

Question 2:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:
Let and
Then,
Here, is a composite function of two functions.
Put
By chain rule,

Alternate method:

Question 3:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:
Let and
Then,
Here, is a composite function of two functions and .
Put,
Thus,

Hence, by chain rule, we get

Alternate method:
Question 4:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Let and

Then,
Here, is a composite function of three functions u, v and w.
Put, and
Then,

Now,

Hence, by chain rule, we get

Alternate method:

Question 5:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Given, , where and

Consider
Let
Then

is a composite function of two functions, u and v.

Put,
Thus, by chain rule, we get

Consider
Let
Then,

is a composite function of two functions, p and q.

Put,

Using chain rule, we get

Therefore,

Question 6:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:
Given,
Question 7:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Question 8:
Differentiate the function with respect to x

Solution:

Let
Also, let and,
Then,

Since, is a composite function of u and v.

Then,

And,

Using chain rule, we get

Alternate method:
Question 9:
Prove that the function given by
is not differentiable at .

Solution:
Given,
It is known that a function is differentiable at a point in its domain if both

and are finite and equal.

To check the differentiability of the given function at ,

Consider LHD at

Consider RHD at

Since LHD and RHD at are not equal,

Therefore, is not differentiable at .

Question 10:
Prove that the greatest integer function defined by is not differentiable at
and .
Solution:
Given,
It is known that a function is differentiable at a point x = c in its domain if both

and are finite and equal.

At ,

Consider the LHD at

Consider RHD at

Since LHD and RHD at are not equal,

Hence, is not differentiable at .

To check the differentiability of the given function at ,

Consider LHD at

Now, consider RHD at

Since, LHD and RHD at are not equal.

Hence, is not differentiable at .

 EXERCISE 5.3
Question 1:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 2:

Find :

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 3:

Find :
Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

From (1) and (2), we obtain

Question 4:

Find :

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Question 5:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 6:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Question 7:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Using chain rule, we obtain

From (1), (2) and (3), we obtain

Question 8:

Find

Solution:
Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
Question 9:

Find

Solution:
Given,

Differentiating with respect to , we get

The function , is of the form of

By quotient rule, we get

Also,

From (1), (2) and (3), we get

Question 10:

Find
Solution:

Given,

Since, we know that

Comparing (1) and (2) we get,

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 11:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Comparing LHS and RHS, we get

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 12:

Find

Solution:

Given,

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Using chain rule, we get

Therefore,

From equation (1), (2) and (3), we get

Question 13:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 14:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get

Question 15:

Find

Solution:

Given,
Differentiating with respect to , we get
 EXERCISE 5.4
Question 1:

Differentiating the following wrt x:

Solution:

Let
By using the quotient rule, we get

Question 2:
Differentiating the following

Solution:
Let
By using the quotient rule, we get

Question 3:
Differentiating the following wrt
Solution:
Let
By using the quotient rule, we get

Question 4:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get

Question 5:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get
Question 6:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:

Differentiating wrt x, we get

Question 7:
Differentiating the following wrt

Solution:
Let
Then,
Differentiating wrt x, we get
Question 8:
Differentiating the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get

Question 9:

Differentiating the following wrt

Solution:

Let
By using the quotient rule, we get
Question 10:
Differentiate the following wrt

Solution:
Let
By using the chain rule, we get
 EXERCISE 5.5
Question 1:
Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 2:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 3:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 4:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 5:
Differentiate the function with respect to
Solution:
Let

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 6:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 7:
Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 8:
Differentiate the function with respect to
Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 9:
Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:
Let
Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 10:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 11:

Differentiate the function with respect to

Solution:

Let

Also, let and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 12:

Find of the function

Solution:
The given function is
Let, and

Then,

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Now,
Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Therefore, from (1), (2) and (3);

Question 13:

Find of the function

Solution:
The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 14:

Find of the function

Solution:

The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 15:

Find of the function

Solution:
The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Question 16:

Find the derivative of the function given by and hence find

.

Solution:

The given function is

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

Hence,

Question 17:

Differentiate in three ways mentioned below.

(i) By using product rule

(ii) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.
(iii) By logarithmic differentiation.

Do they all give the same answer?

Solution:
Let

(i) By using product rule

 Let and

(ii) By expanding the product to obtain a single polynomial.

Therefore,

(iii) By logarithmic differentiation.

Taking logarithm on both the sides, we obtain

 Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

From the above three observations, it can be concluded that all the results of are same.

Question 18:
If u, v and w are functions of x, then show that

in two ways - first by repeated application of product rule, second by logarithmic

differentiation.

Solution:
Let
By applying product rule, we get
Taking logarithm on both the sides of the equation , we obtain

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we obtain

 EXERCISE 5.6
Question 1:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without eliminating

the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Question 2:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,
Question 3:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Question 4:

If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without eliminating

the parameter, find

Solution:

Given,

Question 5:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations ,

without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Question 6:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations ,

without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Question 7:

If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:

Given,
Then,
Question 8:

If and are connected parametrically by the equations ,

without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:

Given,
Then,

Therefore,

Question 9:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations , without

eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,
Therefore,

Question 10:
If and are connected parametrically by the equations

, without eliminating the parameter, find

Solution:
Given,
Then,
Therefore,

Question 11:

If , show that

Solution:
Given, and

Hence,

and

Consider

Taking log on both sides, we get

Therefore,

Now,

Taking log on both sides, we get

Therefore,

Hence,
 EXERCISE 5.7
Question 1:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,
Then,

Therefore,

Question 2:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,
Then,

Therefore,
Question 3:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,

Then,

Therefore,

Question 4:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 5:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let

Then,

Therefore,

Question 6:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,
Therefore,

Question 7:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 8:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,

Question 9:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Consider,
Then,
Therefore,

Question 10:
Find the second order derivative of the function

Solution:
Let
Then,

Therefore,
Question 11:

If , prove that

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Therefore,

Thus,

Hence proved.
Question 12:

If , find in terms of alone.

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Therefore,

But we need to calculate in terms of

Putting in equation (1), we get

Question 13:
If , show that

Solution:
Given,

Then,

Therefore,
Thus,

Hence proved.

Question 14:

If , show that .

Solution:
Given,

Then,
Therefore,

Thus,

Hence proved.

Question 15:

If , show that

Solution:
Given,
Then,

Therefore,

Hence proved.
Question 16:

If , show that

Solution:
Given,

Taking log on both sides, we get

Differentiating with respect to , we get

Therefore,

Hence proved.

Question 17:

If , show that

Solution:

Given,
Then,

Again, differentiating with respect to , we get

Hence proved.
 Chapter 6 Applications of Derivatives

EXERCISE 6.1

Question 1:

Find the rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius when
(a)
(b)

Solution:

We know that the area of a circle,

Therefore, the rate of change of the area with respect to its radius is given by

(a) When
Then,

Thus, the area is changing at the rate of .

(b) When
Then,

Thus, the area is changing at the rate of .

Question 2:

The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of . How fast is the surface area
increasing when the length of its edge is ?

Solution:

Let the side length, volume and surface area respectively be equal to , and .
Hence, and
We have,

Therefore,

Now,

So, when

Then,

Question 3:
The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of . Find the rate at which the
area of the circle is increasing when the radius is .

Solution:
We know that
Now,

We have,

Hence,

So, when

Then,

Question 4:
An edge of a variable cube is increasing at the rate of . How fast is the volume of the
cube increasing when the edge is long?

Solution:
Let the length and the volume of the cube respectively be and .
Hence,

Now,

We have,
Hence,

So, when

Then,

Question 5:
A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at the speed of . At the
instant when the radius of the circular wave is , how fast is the encoding area is increasing?

Solution:
We know that

Now,

We have,

Hence,

So, when

Then,
Question 6:
The radius of a circle is increasing at the rate of . What is the rate of increase of its
circumference?

Solution:
We know that

Now,

We have,

Hence,

Question 7:
The length of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of and the width is
increasing at the rate of . When and , find the rate of change of (a)
the perimeter and (b) the area of the rectangle.

Solution:

It is given that , , and

(a) The perimeter of a rectangle is given by
Therefore,
(b) The area of a rectangle is given by
Therefore,

When and
Then,

Question 8:
A balloon, which always remains spherical on inflation, is being inflated by pumping in 900
cubic centimeters of gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon increases
when the radius is .

Solution:

We know that
Hence,

We have,

Therefore,
When radius,

Then,

Question 9:
A balloon, which always remains spherical has a variable radius. Find the rate at which its
volume is increasing with the radius when the latter is .

Solution:

We know that
Therefore,

When radius,

Then,

Thus, the volume of the balloon is increasing at the rate of .

Question 10:
A ladder is long is leaning against the wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the
ground, away from the wall, at the rate of . How fast is its height on the wall decreasing
when the foot of the ladder is away from the wall?

Solution:
Let the height of the wall at which the ladder is touching it be and the distance of its foot
from the wall on the ground be .

Hence,

Therefore,

We have,

Thus,

When

Then,

Question 11:
A particle is moving along the curve . Find the points on the curve at which the y-
coordinate is changing 8 times as fast as the x-coordinate.
Solution:
The equation of the curve is

Differentiating with respect to time, we have

According to the question,

Hence,

When
Then,

When
Then,

Thus, the points on the curve are and .

Question 12:

The radius of an air bubble is increasing at the rate of . At which rate is the volume of
the bubble increasing when the radius is ?

Solution:

Assuming that the air bubble is a sphere,

Therefore,

We have,

When

Then,

Question 13:

A balloon, which always remains spherical, has a variable diameter . Find the rate of
change of its volume with respect to .

Solution:

We know that

It is given that diameter,

Hence,

Therefore,
Thus,

Question 14:
Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of . The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one-sixth of the radius of the base. How fast
is the height of the sand cone increasing when height is ?

Solution:

We know that

It is given that,
Hence,

Therefore,

Thus,

We have,
When

Then,

Question 15:
The total cost in Rupees associated with the production of units of an item is given by
. Find the marginal cost when 17 units are produced.

Solution:
Marginal cost (MC) is the rate of change of the total cost with respect to the output.
Therefore,

When
Then,

So, when 17 units are produced, the marginal cost is ₹ 20.967.

Question 16:
The total revenue in Rupees received from the sale of units of a product given by
. Find the marginal revenue when .

Solution:
Marginal revenue (MR) is the rate of change of the total revenue with respect to the number
of units sold.
Therefore,
When,
Then,

Thus, the marginal revenue is ₹ 208.

Question 17:
The rate of change of the area of a circle with respect to its radius at is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
We know that

Therefore,

When

Then,

Thus, the rate of change of the area of the circle is .

Hence, the correct option is B.

Question 18:
The total revenue is Rupees received from the sale of units of a product is given by
. The marginal revenue, when is
(A) 116 (B) 96 (C) 90 (D) 126
Solution:
Marginal revenue (MR) is the rate of change of the total revenue with respect to the number
of units sold.

Therefore,

When,

Then,

Thus, the marginal revenue is ₹ 126.

Hence, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 6.2

Question 1:
Show that the function given by is strictly increasing on R.

Solution:
Let and be any two numbers in R.
Then,

Thus, is strictly increasing on R.

Question 2:
Show that the function given by is strictly increasing on R.

Solution:
Let and be any two numbers in R.
Then,

Thus, is strictly increasing on R.

Question 3:
Show that the function given by is

(a) Strictly increasing in

(b) Strictly decreasing in

(c) Neither increasing nor decreasing in

Solution:
It is given that
Hence,

(a) Here,
Thus, is strictly increasing in .

(b) Here,

Thus, is strictly decreasing in .

(c) Here,
The results obtained in (a) and (b) are sufficient to state that is neither increasing nor
decreasing in .

Question 4:
Find the intervals in which the function given by is
(a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing

Solution:
The given function is
Hence,

Therefore,

In ,

Hence, is strictly decreasing in .

In ,

Hence, is strictly increasing in .

Question 5:
Find the intervals in which the function given is
(a) Strictly increasing (b) Strictly decreasing

Solution:
The given function is

Hence,

Therefore,

In and
In

Hence, is strictly increasing in , and strictly decreasing in .

Question 6:
Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)

Solution:
(a)
 Hence,

Therefore,

divides the number line into intervals and

In
Thus, is strictly decreasing in

In
Thus, is strictly increasing in

(b)

Hence,

Therefore,

, divides the number line into two intervals and

In

Hence, is strictly increasing for

In

Hence, is strictly increasing for

(c)
 Hence,

Therefore,

and divide the number line into intervals , and .

In and ,
Hence, is strictly decreasing for and

In
Hence, is strictly increasing in

(d)

Hence,

Therefore,

In

Hence, is strictly decreasing for

In

Hence, is strictly decreasing in

(e)
 Hence,

Therefore,

divides the number line into four intervals and

In and ,
Hence, is strictly decreasing in and

In and ,
Hence, is strictly increasing in and

Question 7:

Show that , is an increasing function of throughout its domain.

Solution:

It is given that

Therefore,

Now,
Hence,

Since, divides domain in two intervals and

When,
Then,

Hence,

When,
Then,

Hence,

Thus, is increasing throughout the domain.

Question 8:

Find the values of for which is an increasing function.

Solution:
We have,

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,

, and divide the number line intervals and

In and ,
Hence, is strictly decreasing in intervals and

In and ,
Hence, is strictly increasing in intervals and

Question 9:

Prove that is an increment function of in .

Solution:

We have,

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,

Since,

Therefore,

Now,
In interval , we have
Also,

Hence, and also

Therefore,

Hence,

So, is strictly increasing in and the given function is continuous at and

Thus, is increasing in interval .

Question 10:
Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on .

Solution:
The given function is

Therefore,

For,

Thus, the logarithmic function is strictly increasing in interval .

Question 11:
Prove that the function given by is neither strictly increasing nor strictly
decreasing on .
Solution:
The given function is

Therefore,

Now,

divides the interval into and

In interval

Hence, is strictly decreasing in

In interval

Hence, is strictly increasing in

Thus, is strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing in interval

Question 12:

Which of the following principles are strictly decreasing on ?

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
(A) Let

Therefore,
 In interval

Thus, is strictly decreasing in .

(B) Let

Therefore,

Now,

Hence, in

Thus, is strictly decreasing in

(C) Let

Therefore,

Now,

The point , divides into and

In interval
 Hence, is strictly decreasing in

In interval

Hence, is strictly increasing in

Thus, is neither increasing nor decreasing in interval

(D) Let

Therefore,

In interval

Thus, is strictly increasing in

Thus, the correct options are A and B.

Question 13:
On which of the following intervals is the function is given by is strictly
decreasing?

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

Solution:
We have,

Therefore,

In interval and
Hence,
Thus, is strictly increasing in
In interval and
Hence,

Thus, is strictly increasing in interval

Now, in interval and

Hence,

Thus, is strictly increasing in interval

Hence, is strictly decreasing in none of the intervals.

Thus, the correct option is D.

Question 14:
For what values of the function given is increasing on ?

Solution:
We have

Therefore,

Now, the function is strictly increasing on

Therefore,

Here, we have

Thus,
Question 15:

Let I be any interval disjoint from . Prove that the function given by is
increasing on I.

Solution:
We have

Therefore,

Now,

The points and divide the real line intervals and

In interval ,

Therefore, on
Hence, is strictly decreasing on

Now, in interval and , or

Therefore, on and
Hence, is strictly increasing on and

Thus, is strictly increasing in I in

Question 16:

Prove that the function given by is increasing on and decreasing on

Solution:
We have

Therefore,

In interval

Hence, is strictly increasing in .

In interval

Hence, is strictly decreasing in .

Question 17:

Prove that the function given by is decreasing on and increasing on

Solution:
We have
Therefore,

In interval

Hence,

Thus, is strictly decreasing on .

In interval
Hence,

Thus, is strictly increasing on .

Question 18:
Prove that the function given by is increasing in R.

Solution:
We have

Therefore,
For ,

So, is always positive in R.

Thus, the function is increasing in R.

Question 19:
The interval in which is increasing is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
We have

Therefore,

Now,

Hence, and

The points and divide the real line into three disjoint intervals i.e., ,
and .

In intervals and , as is always positive.

Hence, is decreasing on and

In interval ,
Hence, is strictly increasing in

Thus, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 6.5

Question 1:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following functions given by
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Solution:
(i) The given function is
It can be observed that for every .
Therefore, for every .
The minimum value of is attained when

Hence, minimum value of

Thus, the function does not have a maximum value.

(ii) The given function is

It can be observed that for every .
Therefore, for every .
The minimum value of is attained when

Therefore, Minimum value of

 Hence, the function does not have a maximum value.

(iii) The given function is

It can be observed that for every .
Therefore, for every .
The maximum value of f is attained when

Therefore, Maximum value of

Hence, the function does not have a minimum value.

(iv) The given function is

Hence, function neither has a maximum value nor a minimum value.

Question 2:
Find the maximum and minimum values, if any, of the following functions given by:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Solution:
(i) The given function is
 It can be observed that for every .
Therefore, for every .
The minimum value of f is attained when

Therefore, Minimum value of

Hence, the function does not have a maximum value.

(ii) The given function is

It can be observed that for every .
Therefore, for every .
The maximum value of g is attained when

Therefore, maximum value of

Hence, the function does not have a minimum value.

(iii) The given function is

We know that
Therefore,

Hence, the maximum and minimum values of are 6 and 4, respectively.

(iv) The given function is

We know that
Therefore,
 Hence, the maximum and minimum values of are 4 and 2, respectively.

(v) The given function is

Here, if a point is closest to , then we find for all .

Also, if is closest to 1, then find for all .

Hence, function has neither maximum nor minimum value in .

Question 3:
Find the local maxima and minima, if any, of the following functions. Find also the local
maximum and the local minimum values, as the case may be:
(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)

(vii)
(viii)

Solution:
(i)

Therefore,

Now,

Thus, is the only critical point which could possibly be the point of local maxima
or local minima of .
 We have , which is positive.

Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local minima and local minimum
value of at is .

(ii)

Therefore,

Now,

Also,

By second derivative test, is a point of local minima and local minimum value of
at is

However, is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of at is

(iii)

Therefore,

Now,
 Also,

Hence,

Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local maxima and the local

maximum value of at is

(iv)

Therefore,

Now,
 Also,

Hence,

Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local maxima and the local

maximum value of at is

However, is a point of local minima and the local minimum value of

at is

(v)

Therefore,
 Now,

Also,

Hence,

Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local maxima and the local
maximum value of at is

However, is a point of local minima and the local minimum value of at is

(vi)

Therefore,

Now,
 Since, , we take

Hence,

Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local minima and the local
minimum value of at is

(vii)

Therefore,

Now,

Now, for values close to and to the left of 0, .

Also, for values close to and to the right of 0, .

Therefore, by first derivative test, is a point of local maxima and the local maximum
value of

(viii)

Therefore,
Now,

Also,

Hence,
 Therefore, by second derivative test, is a point of local maxima and the local

maximum value of at is

Question 4:
Prove that the following functions do not have maxima or minima:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

Solution:
(i)

Therefore,

Now,
 But the exponential function can never assume 0 for any value of .

Therefore, there does not exist such that

Hence, function does not have maxima or minima.

(ii)

Therefore,

Since is defined for a positive number for any .

Therefore, there does not exist such that .

Hence, function does not have maxima or minima.

(iii)

Therefore,

Now,

Therefore, there does not exist such that .

Hence, function does not have maxima or minima.

Question 5:
Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of the following functions
in the given intervals:
(i)
(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

Solution:
(i) The given function is

Therefore,

Now,

Then, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at end points of the interval
.
Therefore,

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of on is 8 occurring

at .

Also, the absolute minimum value of on is occurring at .

(ii) The given function is

Therefore,
 Now,

Then, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at the end points of the
interval .
Therefore,

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of on is

occurring at .

Also, the absolute minimum value of on is occurring at .

(iii) The given function is

Therefore,

Now,
 Then, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at end points of the interval

Therefore,

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of on is 8 occurring

at .

Also, the absolute minimum value of on is occurring at .

(iv) The given function is

Therefore,

Now,
 Then, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at end points of the interval
.

Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of on is 19 occurring

at .

Also, the absolute minimum value of on is 3 occurring at .

Question 6:
Find the absolute maximum profit that a company can make, if the profit function is given by:

Solution:
The profit function is given as
Therefore,

Now,

Also,

By second derivative test, is the point of local maxima of .

Therefore, maximum profit

Hence, the maximum profit that the company can make is 49 units.

Question 7:
Find both the maximum value and the minimum value of on the
interval .

Solution:
Let

Therefore,

Now,

Now, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at the end points of the interval
.
Therefore,
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of on is 25 occurring
at and the absolute minimum value of at is occurring at .

Question 8:
At what points in the interval does the function attain its maximum value?

Solution:
Let

Therefore,

Now,

Now, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at the end points of
the interval .
Therefore,
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of on is occurring at

and .

Question 9:
What is the maximum value of the function ?

Solution:
Let
Therefore,

Now,
Hence,

Now, will be negative when is positive i.e., when and are both
positive.

Also, we know that and both are positive in the first quadrant.

Then, will be negative when .

Thus, we consider

By second derivative test, will be the maximum at and the maximum value of is

Question 10:

Find the maximum value of in the interval . Find the maximum value of
the same function in .

Solution:

Let
Therefore,

Now,

We first consider the interval .

Then, we evaluate the value of at the critical point and at the end points of the
interval .

Hence,

Thus, the absolute maximum value of in the interval is 89 occurring at .

Next, we first consider the interval .

Then, we evaluate the value of at the critical point and at the end points of
the interval .

Hence,
Hence, the absolute maximum value of in the interval is 139 occurring at
.

Question 11:
It is given that at , the function attains its maximum value, on the
interval . Find the value of .

Solution:
Let

Therefore,

It is given that function attains its maximum value on the interval at .

Hence,

Thus, the value of .

Question 12:
Find the maximum and minimum values of on .
Solution:
Let

Therefore,

Now,

Then, we evaluate the value of at critical points and at the end points of
the interval .
Hence,
Hence, we can conclude that the absolute maximum value of in the interval is
occurring at and the absolute minimum value of in the interval is 0
occurring at .

Question 13:
Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as possible.

Solution:
Let one number be .
Then, the other number be .

Let denote the product of the two numbers.

Thus, we have:
Therefore,

Now,

Also,

By second derivative test, is the point of local maxima of .

Thus, the numbers are 12 and .

Hence, the product of the numbers is the maximum when the numbers are 12 each.

Question 14:
Find two positive numbers and such that and is maximum.

Solution:
The two numbers are and such that
Therefore,

Let,

Therefore,
Now,

When,
Then,

When,
Then,

By second derivative test, is a point of local maxima of .

Thus, function is maximum when and .

Hence, the required numbers are 15 and 45.

Question 15:
Find two positive numbers and such that their sum is 35 and the product is a
maximum.

Solution:
Let one number be .
Then, the other number is .
Let
Then we have,

Therefore,
Now,

When,
Then,

This will make the product equal to 0.

When,
Then,

This will make the product equal to 0.

Hence, and cannot be the possible values of .

When,
Then,

By second derivative test, will be the maximum when and .

Hence, the required numbers are 10 and 25.

Question 16:
Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes is minimum.

Solution:

Let one number be .

Then, the other number be .

Let the sum of the cubes of these numbers be denoted by .

Then,

Therefore,

Now,

Also,

By second derivative test, is the point of local minima of .

Thus, the numbers are 8 and .

Hence, the sum of the cubes of the numbers is the minimum when the numbers are 8 each.

Question 17:

A square piece of tin of side is to be made into a box without top, by cutting a square
from each corner and folding up the flaps to form the box. What should be the side of the
square to be cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible?

Solution:

Let the side of the square to be cut off be .

Then, the length and the breadth of the box will be each and the height of the box
be .

Therefore, the volume of the box is given by,

Hence,

Now,

If, then the length and the breadth will become 0.

Hence,
When,
Then,

By second derivative test, is the point of local maxima of .

Hence, if we remove a square of side from each corner of the square tin and make a box
from the remaining sheet, then the volume of the box obtained is the largest possible.

Question 18:
A rectangular sheet of tin by is to be made into a box without top, by cutting off
square from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be
cut off so that the volume of the box is the maximum possible?

Solution:
Let the side of the square to be cut off be .
Then, the height of the box is , the length is and the breadth is .

Therefore, the volume of the box is given by,

Hence,

Now,

It is not possible to cut off a square of side from each corner of the rectangular sheet.
Thus, cannot be equal to 18.
When,

Then,

By second derivative test, is the point of local maxima.

Hence, the side of the square to be cut off to make the volume of the box maximum possible
is .

Question 19:

Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum
area.

Solution:

Let a rectangle of length and breadth be inscribed in the given circle of radius .

Then, the diagonal passes through the centre and is of length .

Now, by applying the Pythagoras theorem, we have:

Area of triangle,

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,

Thus,
When,
Then,

By the second derivative test, when , then the area of the rectangle is the maximum.

Since, the rectangle is a square.

Hence, it has been proved that of all the rectangles inscribed in the given fixed circle, the
square has the maximum area.

Question 20:
Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that is
heights is equal to the diameter of the base.

Solution:
Let and be the radius and height of the cylinder respectively.

Then, the surface area of the cylinder is given by,

Therefore,

Let be the volume of the cylinder.

Then,
Now,

When,
Then,

By second derivative test, the volume is the maximum when .

Now, when ,
Then,

Hence, the volume is the maximum when the height is twice the radius i.e., when the height is
equal to the diameter.
Question 21:
Of all the closed cylindrical cans (right circular), of a given volume of 100 cubic centimeters,
find the dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area?

Solution:
Let and be the radius and height of the cylinder respectively.

Then, volume of the cylinder is given by,

Surface area is given by:

Hence,

Now,

When,
Then,
By second derivative test, the surface area is the minimum when the radius of the cylinder is

When,
Then,

Hence, the required dimensions of the can which has the minimum surface area is given by

radius and height .

Question 22:
A wire of length is to be cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is to be made into a square
and the other into a circle. What should be the length of the two pieces so that the combined
area of the square and the circle is minimum?

Solution:
Let a piece of length be cut from the given wire to make a square.
Then, the other piece of wire to be made into a circle is of length .

Now, side of square is

Let be the radius of the circle.

Then,

The combined areas of the square and the circle, is given by,
Hence,

Now,

When,
Then,

By second derivative test, the area is the minimum when .

Hence, the combined area is the minimum when the length of the wire in making the square is

while the length of the wire in making the circle is .

Question 23:

Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is of
the volume of the sphere.

Solution:
Let and be the radius and height of the cone respectively inscribed in a sphere of radius R.

Let be the volume of the cone.

Then,

Height of the cone is given by,

Hence,

Therefore,
Now,

When,

Then,

By second derivative test, the volume of the cone is the maximum when .

When,
Then,
Therefore,

Hence, the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in the sphere is the volume of
the sphere.

Question 24:
Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal
to time the radius of the base.

Solution:
Let and be the radius and height of the cone, respectively.
Then, the volume of the cone is given by,

The surface area of the cone is given by,

, where is the slant height

Hence,
Therefore,

Now,

Thus, it can be easily verified that when ,

By second derivative test, the surface area of the cone is the least when .

When,
Then,
Hence, for a given volume, the right circular cone of the least curved surface has an altitude
equal to times the radius of the base.

Question 25:
Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slant height
is .

Solution:
Let θ be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.

It is clear that .

Let and be the radius, height, and the slant height of the cone respectively.

The slant height of the cone is given as constant.

Now, and

The volume of the cone is given by,

Therefore,
Now,

When,
Then, or .

Hence, we have:

By second derivative test, the volume is the maximum when .

Hence, for a given slant height, the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume
is .

Question 26:
Show that semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of given surface area and maximum

volume is .

Solution:
Let be the radius, be the slant height and be the height of the cone of given surface area
.

Also, let be the semi-vertical angle of the cone.

Then,

Let be the volume of the cone.

Then

Differentiating (2) with respect to , we get

For maximum or minimum, put

Differentiating again with respect to , we get

Thus, is maximum when .

Therefore,

Now, in ,

Question 27:
The point on the curve which is nearest to the point is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
The given curve is .

For each value of , the position of the point will be .

Let and are the given points.

Now distance between the points P and A is given by,

Let us denote by

Then,

Differentiating both sides with respect to , we get

For maxima or minima, we have

Also,

Now,
So, is minimum at or .

Or, is minimum at or .

Or, is minimum at or .

So, distance between the points and is minimum at or .

Thus, the correct option is A.

Question 28:

For all real values of , the minimum value of is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Let

Therefore,
Now,

Also,

Hence,

Also,
By second derivative test, is the minimum at and the minimum value is given by,

Thus, the correct option is D.

Question 29:

The maximum value of is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Let

Therefore,

Now,

Then, we evaluate the value of at critical point and at the end points of the interval
i.e., at and .
Hence, we can conclude that the maximum value of in the interval is 1.

Thus, the correct option is C.

The rate of change of the area with respect to time is given by,

It is given that the two equal sides of the triangle are decreasing at the rate of per second.
Therefore,

Hence,

When, we have:

Hence, if the two equal sides are equal to the base, then the area of the triangle is decreasing
at the rate of .

Question 4:
Find the equation of the normal to curve at the point .

Solution:
The equation of the given curve is

Differentiating with respect to , we have:

Now, the slope of the normal at point is

Equation of the normal at is

Question 5:
Show that the normal at any point θ to the curve , is at
a constant distance from the origin.

Solution:
We have
Therefore,

Also,
Hence,

Thus,
Slope of the normal at any point θ is .

The equation of the normal at a given point is given by,

Now, the perpendicular distance of the normal from the origin is

, which is independent of θ

Hence, the perpendicular distance of the normal from the origin is constant.

Question 6:

Find the intervals in which the function given by is

(i) Increasing
(ii) Decreasing

Solution:

We have
Hence,
Now,

But

Hence,

Now, and divide into three disjoint intervals i.e., , and

In intervals, and ,

Thus, is increasing for and .

In the interval ,

Thus, is decreasing for .

Question 7:

Find the intervals in which the function given by is

(i) Increasing
(ii) Decreasing

Solution:

We have
Therefore,
Now,

Now, the points and divide the real line into three disjoint intervals i.e., ,
and .

In intervals and i.e., when and , .

Thus, when and , is increasing.

In interval i.e., when , .

Thus, when , is decreasing.

Question 8:

Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the ellipse with its
vertex at one end of the major axis.

Solution:
The given ellipse is
Let the major axis be along the x-axis.

Let ABC be the triangle inscribed in the ellipse where vertex C is at .

Since the ellipse is symmetrical with respect to the x-axis and y-axis, we can assume the
coordinates of A to be and the coordinates of B to be

Now, we have

Coordinates of A are and

the coordinates of B are

As the point lies on the ellipse, the area of triangle ABC is given by,

Therefore,

Now,

Hence,
But
Therefore,

Now,

Also, when,
Then,
Thus, the area is the maximum when .
Hence, Maximum area of the triangle is given by,

Question 9:
A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so that
its depth is and volume is . If building of tank costs ₹ 70 per sq. meters for the base
and ₹ 45 per square metres for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank?

Solution:
Let , and represent the length, breadth, and height of the tank respectively.

Then, we have height, and volume of the tank,

Volume of the tank

Now, area of the base,

Area of the 4 walls,

Hence,

Now,

However, the length cannot be negative.

Therefore, we have

Hence,

Now,

When,

Then,
Thus, by second derivative test, the area is the minimum when

We have

Therefore,

Cost of building the base in ₹ is

Cost of building the walls in ₹ is

Required total cost is ₹ is

Thus, the total cost of the tank will be ₹ 1000.

Question 10:
The sum of the perimeter of a circle and square is , where is some constant. Prove that the
sum of their areas is least when the side of square is double the radius of the circle.

Solution:
Let be the radius of the circle and be the side of the square.

Then, we have:

The sum of the areas of the circle and the square is given by,

Hence,
Now,

When, ,

The sum of the areas is least when,

When,
Then,
Hence, it has been proved that the sum of their areas is least when the side of the square is
double the radius of the circle.

Question 11:
A window is in the form of rectangle surmounted by a semicircular opening. The total
perimeter of the window is . Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light
through the whole opening.

Solution:
Let and be the length and breadth of the rectangular window.

Radius of the semicircular opening be

It is given that the perimeter of the window is .

Therefore,

Area of the window is given by,

Therefore,
Now,

When,

Then,

Therefore, by second derivative test, the area is the maximum when length is

Now,
Hence, the required dimensions of the window to admit maximum light is given by length

and breadth .

Question 12:
A point on the hypotenuse of a triangle is at distance a and b from the sides of the triangle.

Show that the minimum length of the hypotenuse is .

Solution:
Let be right-angled at B, , and .

Also, let P be a point on the hypotenuse of the triangle such that P is at a distance of and
from the sides AB and BC respectively.

We have,

Now,

Hence,

Therefore,

Now,
Thus,

and

It can be clearly shown that , when .

By second derivative test the length of the hypotenuse is the maximum when

When, , we have:

Thus, the maximum length of the hypotenuses is proved.

Question 13:
Find the points at which the function given by has
(i) local maxima
(ii) local minima
(iii) point of inflexion

Solution:
The given function is
Thereofore,

Now,

For values of close to and to the left of

Also, for values of close to and to the right of .

Thus, is the point of local maxima.

Now, for values of close to 2 and to the left of

Also, for values of close to 2 and to the right of .

Thus, is the point of local minima.

Now, as the value of varies through , does not change its sign.

Thus, is the point of inflexion.

Question 14:

Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function given by
.
Solution:

We have

Therefore,

Now,

Now, evaluating the value of at critical points and at the end points of the interval
i.e., at and , we have:
Hence, the absolute maximum value of is occurring at and the absolute minimum

value of is 1 occurring at .

Question 15:
Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in

a sphere of radius is .

Solution:
A sphere of fixed radius is given.
Let and be the radius and the height of the cone respectively.

The volume of the cone is given by

Now, from the right , we have:

Hence,

Therefore,
Now,

Also,

When, , .

Thus, the volume is the maximum when .

When,
Then, height of the cone

Hence, it can be seen that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can

be inscribed in a sphere of radius .

Question 16:
Let be a function defined on such that , for all . Then prove that
is an increasing function on .

Solution:
Let such that

Consider the sub-interval

Since is differentiable on and .

Therefore, is continuous on and differentiable on .

By the Lagrange's mean value theorem, there exists such that

Since, for all , so in particular,

Since, are arbitrary points in .

Therefore, for all .

Hence, is increasing on .

Question 17:
Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of

radius R is . Also find the maximum volume.

Solution:

A sphere of fixed radius is given.

Let and be the radius and the height of the cylinder respectively.

From the given figure, we have

The volume of the cylinder is given by,

Therefore,

Now,

Also,

Now, it can be observed that at ,

Thus, the volume is the maximum when .

When,

Then, the height of the cylinder is

Hence, the volume of the cylinder is the maximum when the height of the cylinder is .

Question 18:
Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular
cone of height and semi vertical angle is one-third that of the cone and the greatest volume

of cylinder is .

Solution:
The given right circular cone of fixed height and semi-vertical angle can be drawn as:

Here, a cylinder of radius and height is inscribed in the cone.

Then, , , , and .

We have,

Now, since is similar to , we have:

Now, the volume of the cylinder is given by,

Therefore,
Now,

Also

For , we have:

By second derivative test, the volume of the cylinder is the greatest when .

When,
Then,

Thus, the height of the cylinder is one-third the height of the cone when the volume of the
cylinder is the greatest.

Thus, the maximum volume of the cylinder can be obtained as:

Hence, the given result is proved.

Question 19:
A cylindrical tank of radius 10 m is being filled with wheat at the rate of 314 cubic metre per
hour. Then the depth of the wheat is increasing at the rate of
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
Let be the radius of the cylinder.

Then, volume of the cylinder is given by,

Differentiating with respect to time , we have:

The tank is being filled with wheat at the rate of

Thus, we have:

Hence, the depth of wheat is increasing at the rate of .

Thus, the correct option is A.

Question 20:
The slope of the tangent to the curve , at the point is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
The given curve is and .
Therefore,

Hence,

The given point is

At , we have:

At ,we have:

The common value is

Hence, the slope of the tangent to the given curve at point is

Thus, the correct option is B.

Question 21:
The line is a tangent to the curve if the value of is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
The equation of the tangent to the given curve is

Now, substituting in , we get:

Since a tangent touches the curve at one point, the roots of equation (1) must be equal.

Therefore, we have:
Discriminant

Hence, the required value of is 1.

Thus, the correct option is A.

Question 22:
The normal at the point on the curve is
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
The equation of the given curve is

Differentiating with respect to , we have:

The slope of the normal to the given curve at point is

Hence, the equation of the normal to the given curve at is given as:

Thus, the correct option is B.

Question 23:

The normal to the curve passing is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:
The equation of the given curve is

Differentiating with respect to , we have:

The slope of the normal to the given curve at point is

Hence, the equation of the normal to the given curve at is given as:

Now, it is given that the normal passes through the point

Therefore, we have:

Since lies on the curve , we have

From equation (1), we have:

Therefore,

Hence, the equation of the normal is given as:

Thus, the correct option is A.

Question 24:

The points on the curve , where the normal to the curve makes equal intercepts with
the axes are

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

The equation of the given curve is

Differentiating with respect to , we have:

The slope of the normal to the given curve at point is

The equation of the normal to the curve at is

It is given that the normal makes equal intercepts with the axes.

Therefore, we have:

Also, the point lies on the curve, so we have

From (1) and (2), we have:

From (2), we have:

Hence, the required points are

Thus, the correct option is A.

 Chapter - 7 Integrals

EXERCISE 7.1

Question 1:
Find an anti-derivative (or integral) of the following functions by the method of inspection,
.

Solution:

Thus, the anti-derivative of sin 2x is

Question 2:
Find an anti-derivative (or integral) of the following functions by the method of inspection,
.

Solution:

Thus, the anti-derivative of is

Question 3:
Find an anti-derivative (or integral) of the following functions by the method of inspection,
.
Solution:

Thus, the anti-derivative of is .

Question 4:
Find an anti-derivative (or integral) of the following functions by the method of inspection,
.

Solution:

Thus, the anti-derivative of is

Question 5:
Find an anti-derivative (or integral) of the following functions by the method of inspection,

Solution:

Thus, the anti-derivative of is

Find the following integrals in Exercises 6 to 20:

Question 6:
Solution:

Question 7:

Solution:

Question 8:

Solution:

Question 9:
Solution:

Question 10:

Solution:

Question 11:

Solution:

Question 12:
Solution:

Question 13:

Solution:

Question 14:

Solution:
Question 15:

Solution:

Question 16:

Solution:

Question 17:

Solution:
Question 18:

Solution:

Question 19:

Solution:
Question 20:

Solution:

Choose the correct answer in Exercises 21 and 22

Question 21:

The anti-derivative of equals

Solution:

Thus, the correct option is C.

Question 22:

If such that , then is

Solution:

Given,

Anti-derivative of
Therefore,

Also,

Thus, the correct option is A.

 EXERCISE 7.2

Integrate the functions in Exercises 1 to 37:

Question 1:

Solution:
Put
Therefore,

Question 2:

Solution:
Put

Therefore,

Question 3:

Solution:

Put
Therefore,

Question 4:

Solution:
Put
Therefore,

Question 5:

Solution:

Put
Therefore,

Question 6:

Solution:
Put
Therefore,
Question 7:

Solution:

Question 8:
Solution:

Question 9:

Solution:

Question 10:
Solution:

Question 11:

Solution:
Question 12:

Solution:

Question 13:

Solution:
Question 14:

Solution:

Question 15:

Solution:
Put,

Question 16:

Solution:
Put,
Question 17:

Solution:
Put,

Question 18:

Solution:
Put,

Question 19:

Solution:

Dividing Nr and Dr by , we get

Let

Question 20:

Solution:
Put,

Question 21:

Solution:

Put,
Question 22:

Solution:

Put,

Question 23:

Solution:

Put,
Question 24:

Solution:

Question 25:

Solution:
Question 26:

Solution:
Let

Question 27:

Solution:
Put,
So,

Question 28:

Solution:
Put,
Question 29:

Solution:
Let

Question 30:

Solution:
Put,
Question 31:

Solution:
Put,

Question 32:

Solution:

Let I
Question 33:

Solution:

Put, I

Question 34:

Solution:

Question 35:
Solution:
Put,

Question 36:

Solution:

Question 37:

Solution:
Put,

Let
From (1), we get

Choose the correct answer in Exercises 38 and 39.

Question 38:

equals

Solution:
Put,

Thus, the correct option is D.

Question 39:

equals

Solution:

Put,
Thus, the correct option is B.
 EXERCISE 7.3

Find the integrals of the functions in Exercises 1 to 22:

Question 1:

Solution:

Question 2:

Solution:

Using,

Question 3:
Solution:

Using,

Question 4:

Solution:
Put, I
Question 5:

Solution:
Let I

Let

Question 6:

Solution:

Using,
Question 7:

Solution:

Using,

Question 8:

Solution:
Question 9:

Solution:

Question 10:
Solution:

Question 11:
Solution:

Question 12:

Solution:
Question 13:

Solution:

Question 14:

Solution:

Let
Question 15:

Solution:
Question 16:

Solution:

Consider
Let

From equation (1), we get

Question 17:

Solution:
Question 18:

Solution:

Question 19:

Solution:

Let
Question 20:

Solution:

Let

Question 21:

Solution:

Let
Then,
Let

We know that,

Substituting in equation (1), we get

Question 22:

Solution:

Choose the correct answer in Exercises 23 and 24.

Question 23:

is equal to

Solution:

Thus, the correct option is A.

Question 24:

equals

Solution:

Put,

Thus, the correct answer is B.

 Chapter 10 Vector Algebra

EXERCISE 10.1

Question 1:
Represent graphically a displacement of 40km, east of north.

Solution:

represents the displacement of 40km, north-east.

Question 2:
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
(i) 10 kg (ii) 2 meters north-east (iii)
(iv) 40 watt (v) coulomb (vi)

Solution:
(i) 10kg is a scalar.
(ii) 2 meters north-west is a vector.
(iii) is a scalar.
(iv) 40 watts is a scalar.
(v) Coulomb is a scalar.
(vi) is a vector

Question 3:
Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.
(i) time period (ii) distance (iii) force
(iv) velocity (v) work done.

Solution:
(i) Time period is a scalar.
(ii) Distance is a scalar.
(iii) Force is a vector.
(iv) Velocity is a vector.
(v) Work done is a scalar.

Question 4:
In figure, identify the following vectors.

(i) Coinitial (ii) Equal (iii) Collinear but not equal.

Solution:
(i) Vectors and are coinitial.
(ii) Vectors and are equal.
(iii) Vectors and are collinear but not equal.

Question 5:
Answer the following as true or false.
(i) and are collinear.
(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.
(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.

Solution:
(i) True.
(ii) False.
(iii) False.
(iv) False
 EXERCISE 10.2

Question 1:
Compute the magnitude of the following vectors:

Solution:

Question 2:
Write two different vectors having same magnitude.

Solution:

Let and

But

Question 3:
Write two different vectors having same direction.

Solution:

Let and

The DCs of are

The DCs of are

But

Question 4:
Find the values of x and y so that the vectors and are equal.

Solution:
It is given that the vectors and are equal.

Therefore,

On comparing the components of both sides

Question 5:
Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point and terminal point
.

Solution:
Let the points be and
So, the scalar components are and , and
the vector components are and .

Question 6:
Find the sum of the vectors and

Solution:
The given vectors are and .

Therefore,

Question 7:
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector .

Solution:
We have

Hence,

Therefore,
Question 8:
Find the unit vector in the direction of vector , where P and Q are the points and
respectively.

Solution:
We have the given points and

Hence,

So, unit vector is

Question 9:
For given vectors, and , find the unit vector in the direction of the
vector .

Solution:
The given vectors are and

Therefore,

Thus, unit vector is

Question 10:
Find a vector in the direction of vector which has magnitude 8 units.

Solution:
Let

Hence,

Therefore,

Thus, a vector parallel to with magnitude 8 units is

Question 11:
Show that the vectors and are collinear.

Solution:
We have and
Now,
Since,

Therefore,

So, the vectors are collinear.

Question 12:
Find the direction cosines of the vector

Solution:
Let

Therefore,

Thus, the DCs of are

Question 13:
Find the direction of the cosines of the vectors joining the points and
directions from A to B.

Solution:
The given points are and .

Therefore,
Thus, the DCs of are

Question 14:
Show that the vector is equally inclined to the axis OX, OY and OZ.

Solution:
Let

Therefore,

Thus, the DCs of are

Now, let and be the angles formed by with the positive directions of and axes
respectively

Then,

Hence, the vector is equally inclined to OX, OY and OZ.

Question 15:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose
position vectors are and respectively, in the ratio .
(i) Internally
(ii) Externally

Solution:
Position vectors of P and Q are given as:

and

(i) The position vector of R which divides the line joining two points P and Q internally in
the ratio is
(ii) The position vector of R which divides the line joining two points P and Q externally in the
ratio is

Question 16:
Find the position vector of the mid-point of the vector joining the points and
.

Solution:
The position vector of the mid-point R is

Question 17:
Show that the points A,B and C with position vectors, and
, respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Solution:
Position vectors of points A, B, and C are respectively given as:

and

Therefore,

Now,

Also,

Thus, ABC is a right-angled triangle.

Question 18:
In triangle ABC which of the following is not true.

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Solution:

On applying the triangle law of addition in the given triangle, we have:

Hence, the equation given in option A is true.

Now, from equation

Hence, the equation given in option B is true.

Also,

Hence, the equation given in option D is true

Now, consider the equation given in option C,

From equations and

Which is not true. So, the equation given in option C is incorrect.

Thus, the correct option is C.

Question 19:
If and are two collinear vectors, then which of the following are incorrect?
(A) , for some scalar
(B)
(C) the respective components of and are proportional.
(D) both the vectors and have same direction, but different magnitudes

Solution:
If and are collinear vectors, they are parallel.

Therefore, for some scalar

If , then

If and

Then,

Comparing the components of both the sides

Therefore,

Thus, the respective components of and are proportional.

However, and may have different directions.

Hence, that statement given in D is incorrect.

Thus, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 10.3

Question 1:
Find the angle between two vectors and with magnitude and 2, respectively have

Solution:
It is given that

Therefore,

Question 2:
Find the angle between the vectors and .

Solution:
Let and .

Hence,

Therefore,
Question 3:
Find the projection of the vector on the vector

Solution:
Let and

Projection of on is

Question 4:
Find the projection of vector on the vector

Solution:
Let and

Projection of on is

Question 5:
Show that each of the given three vectors is a unit vector which are manually perpendicular to
each other.
Solution:
Let

Now,

So, each of the vector is a unit vector.

Hence,

So, the vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.

Question 6:

Find and , if and

Solution:

It is given that and

Therefore,
Now,

Question 7:

Evaluate the product

Solution:

Question 8:
Find the magnitude of two vectors and , having the same magnitude and such that angle

between them is and their scalar product is

Solution:
Let be the angle between and

It is given that , and

Therefore,

Question 9:

Find , if for a unit vector ,

Solution:

Question 10:
If and are such that is perpendicular to , then
find the value of .

Solution:
We have and are such that is perpendicular to

Then,
Now,

Question 11:

Show that is perpendicular to , for any non-zero vectors and .

Solution:

Question 12:
If and , then what can be concluded above the vector ?

Solution:
We have and

Hence,

Therefore, is the zero vector

Thus, any vector can satisfy

Question 13:
If are unit vectors such that , find the value of .
Solution:
We have are unit vectors such that

Therefore,

Question 14:
If either vector or , then . But the converse need not be true. Justify the
answer with an example.

Solution:
Let and

Therefore,

Now,

So, the converse of the statement need not to be true.

Question 15:
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are respectively, then find
.[ is the angle between the vectors and ]

Solution:
Vertices of the triangle are and .
Hence,

Therefore,

Question 16:
Show that the points and are collinear.

Solution:
The given points are and .

Hence,
Therefore,

Hence, the points are collinear.

Question 17:
Show that the vectors , and form the vertices of a right angled
triangle.

Solution:
Let and

Hence,

Therefore,
Thus, is a right-angled triangle.

Question 18:
If is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and a nonzero scalar, then is a unit vector if

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

Hence the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 10.4

Question 1:

Find , if and

Solution:
We have, and
Hence,

Therefore,

Question 2:
Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector and , where
and .

Solution:
We have and .
Hence,

Therefore,
So, the unit vector is

Question 3:

If a unit vector makes an angle with , with and an acute angle with , then find
and hence, the components of .

Solution:
Let the unit vector

Then,

Now,
Therefore,

Hence,

So, and components of are

Question 4:

Show that
Solution:

Question 5:

Find and if

Solution:

We have
Therefore,

On comparing the corresponding components, we have:

Now,

Question 6:
Given that and . What can you conclude about and ?

Solution:
When
Either or

Or (if and )

When

Either or

Or (if and )

Since, and cannot be perpendicular and parallel simultaneously.

So, or .

Question 7:
Let the vectors given as , , . Then show that

Solution:
We have

Then,

Now,

Also,
Therefore,

Thus,

Hence proved.

Question 8:
If either or , then . Is the converse true? Justify your answer with an
example.

Solution:
Let and

Therefore,

Now,
Thus,

Also,

Thus,

Hence, converse of the statement need not to be true.

Question 9:
Find the area of triangle with vertices and .

Solution:
Vertices of the triangle are and

Hence,

Therefore,

Area of the triangle

Now,

Therefore,
Question 10:
Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vector
and .

Solution:
We have and

Hence,

Thus, the area of parallelogram is square units.

Question 11:

Let the vectors and be such that and , then is a unit vector, if the angle
between and is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

We have , and
Therefore,
Question 12:

Area of the rectangle having vertices A, B, C and D with position vectors ,

, and , respectively is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution:

We have vertices , , and .

Therefore,

Now,

So, area of the rectangle is 2 square units.

 Chapter - 9 Linear Programming

EXERCISE 12.1

Question 1:
Maximize
Subject to the constraints:

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and is given by

Since, the corner points of the feasible region are and . The value of Z
at these points are as follows:

Corner point

12

16 Maximum
Question 2:
Minimize
Thus, the maximum value of Z is 16 at the point .
Subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, and
, is given by

Since, the corner points of the feasible region are and . The
value of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

Minimum

16

Thus, the minimum value of Z is at the point .

Question 3:
Maximize
Subject to
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints and
, is given by

Since, the corner points of the feasible region are and . The
value of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

10

Maximum

Thus, the maximum value of Z is at the point .

Question 4:
Minimize
Subject to
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the system of constraints, and ,
is given by

Since, the feasible region is unbounded, the corner points of the feasible region are

and . The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

7 Minimum

10

As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, 7 may or may not be the minimum value of Z.
For this, we draw the graph of the inequality, , and check whether the resulting half
plane has points in common with the feasible region or not.

Since, feasible region has no common point with

Thus, the minimum value of Z is 7 at .

Question 5:
Maximize
Subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by

Since the corner points of the feasible region are and .

The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

15

18 Maximum

10

Thus, the maximum value of Z is 18 at the point .

Question 6:
Minimize
Subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by
Since the corner points of the feasible region are and .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

Since the values of Z at points A and B is same. If we take any other point such as on line
, then .
Thus, the minimum value of Z occurs for more than 2 points.
Thus, the value of Z is minimum at every point on the line, .

Question 7:
Minimize and Maximize
subject to

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and
is given by
Since the corner points of the feasible region are and .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

300 Minimum

600 Maximum

600 Maximum

400

The minimum value of Z is 300 at and the maximum value of Z is 600 at all the points
on the line segment joining and .

Question 8:
Minimize and Maximize
Subject to

Solution:

The feasible region determined by the constraints, and

is given by
The corner points of the feasible region are .
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows:

Corner point

100 Minimum

100 Minimum

250

400 Maximum

The maximum value of Z is 400 at and the minimum value of Z is 100 at all the
points on the line segment joining and .

Question 9:
Maximize
subject to the constraints:

Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by
Since, the feasible region is unbounded, the values of Z at corner points and
are as follows:

Corner point

As the feasible region is unbounded, therefore, may or may not be the maximum value.
For this, we graph the inequality, , and check whether the resulting half plane has
points in common with the feasible region or not.

The resulting feasible region has points in common with the feasible region.

Thus, is not the maximum value.

Therefore, Z has no maximum value.

Question 10:
Maximize
Subject to
Solution:
The feasible region determined by the constraints, and , is given
by

There is no feasible region and thus, Z has no maximum value.

 Chapter 3 Matrices

EXERCISE 3.1
Question 1:

In the matrix , write:

(i) The order of the matrix
(ii) The number of elements
(iii) Write the elements

Solution:
(i) Since, in the given matrix, the number of rows is and the number of columns is , the
order of the matrix is .

(ii) Since the order of the matrix is , there are elements.

(iii) Here,

Question 2:
If a matrix has 24 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 13 elements?

Solution:
We know that if a matrix is of the order , it has elements. Thus, to find all the possible
orders of a matrix having elements, we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers
whose product is .

The ordered pairs are: and .

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having elements are:

and .

and are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is .

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having elements are and .

Question 3:
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible order it can have? What, if it has 5 elements?

Solution:
We know that if a matrix is of the order , it has elements. Thus, to find all the possible
orders of a matrix having elements, we have to find all the ordered pairs of natural numbers
whose product is .

The ordered pairs are: and .

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 18 elements are:

and .

and are the ordered pairs of natural numbers whose product is 5.

Hence, the possible orders of a matrix having 5 elements are and .

Question 4:
Construct a matrix, , whose elements are given by:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Solution:

In general, a matrix is given by

(i)
Therefore,
 Thus, the required matrix is

(ii)
Therefore,

Thus, the required matrix is

(iii)
Therefore,

Thus, the required matrix is

Question 5:
In general, a matrix whose elements are given by

(i)
(ii)

Solution:

In general, a matrix is given by

(i) Given
 Thus, the required matrix is

(ii)

Thus, the required matrix is

Question 6:
Find the value of x, y and z from the following equation:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
Solution:

(i)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
and

(ii)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:

Hence,

We know that

Equating and , we get

Similarly, Equating and , we get

Thus, or

(iii)
As the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:
 From and , we have

From , we have

Therefore,

Thus,

Question 7:
Find the value of and from the equation:

Solution:

As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding elements are also equal.
Comparing the corresponding elements, we get:

From ,

Putting this value in ,

Hence,
Putting in ,

Putting in ,

Thus, and .

Question 8:
is a square matrix, if
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

Solution:
It is known that a given matrix is said to be a square matrix if the number of rows is equal to
the number of columns.

Therefore, is a square matrix, if .

Thus, the correct option is C.

Question 9:
Which of the given values of and make the following pair of matrices equal

(A) (B) Not possible to find (C) (D)

Solution:

The given matrices are and

Equating the corresponding elements, we get:
We find that on comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we get two
different values of x, which is not possible.

Hence, it is not possible to find the values of and for which the given matrices are equal.

Thus, the correct option is B.

Question 10:
The number of all possible matrices of order with each entry 0 or 1 is:
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512

Solution:
The given matrix of the order has elements and each of these elements can be either 0
or 1.

Now, each of the elements can be filled in two possible ways.

Hence, by the multiplication principle, the required number of possible matrices is .

Thus, the correct option is D.

 EXERCISE 3.2
Question 1:

Let . Find each of the following:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Solution:
(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

(v)

Question 2:
Compute the following:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)
Solution:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Question 3:
Compute the indicated products:

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

Solution:

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)
Question 4:

If , then compute and . Also,

verify that .

Solution:

Now,

Hence, .
Question 5:

If and , then compute .

Solution:

Question 6:

Simplify .

Solution:

Question 7:

Find and , if

(i) and
(ii) and

Solution:

(i)

Adding equations and ,

Now,

(ii)

Multiplying equation by 2,
Multiplying equation by 3,

From and ,

Now
Question 8:

Find , if and .
Solution:

Question 9:

Find and , if .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

Therefore, and .
Question 10:

Solve the equation for and if .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

Therefore, and .

Question 11:

If , find values of and .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

By adding these two equations, we get

Now, putting this value in

Therefore, and .

Question 12:

Given , find values of and .

Solution:

Comparing the corresponding elements of these two matrices,

Therefore, and

Question 13:

If , show that .

Solution:

It is given that

Then,
Now,
Therefore,

Question 14:
Show that

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i)
 Thus,

(ii)

Thus,

Question 15:

Find , if
Solution:

Therefore,

Question 16:

If , prove that .
Solution:

Now,

Therefore,
Hence, .

Question 17:

If and , find so that .

Solution:

Now,

Comparing the corresponding elements, we have:

Therefore, the value of .

Question 18:

If and I is the identity matrix of order , show that

Solution:
Thus, from and , we get

Question 19:
A trust fund has ₹30000 that must be invested in two different types of bonds. The first bond
pays interest per year, and the second bond pays interest per year. Using matrix
multiplication, determine how to divide ₹30000 among the two types of bonds. If the trust fund
must obtain an annual total interest of:
(i) ₹ 1800
(ii) ₹ 2000
Solution:
(i) Let ₹ be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money invested in the second bond
will be ₹ .
It is given that the first bond pays interest per year and the second bond pays
interest per year.
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹1800, we have:

Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹1800, the trust fund should invest
₹15000 in the first bond and the remaining ₹15000 in the second bond.

(ii) Let ₹ be invested in the first bond. Then, the sum of money invested in the second
bond will be ₹ .
Therefore, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹2000, we have:

Thus, in order to obtain an annual total interest of ₹1800, the trust fund should invest
₹5000 in the first bond and the remaining ₹25000 in the second bond.
Question 20:
The bookshop of a particular school has 10 dozen chemistry books, 8 dozen physics books, 10
dozen economics books. Their selling prices are ₹ , ₹ and ₹ each respectively. Find the
total amount the bookshop will receive from selling all the books using matrix algebra.

Solution:
The total amount of money that will be received from the sale of all these books can be
represented in the form of a matrix as:

Thus, the bookshop will receive ₹ from the sale of all these books.

Question 21:
Assume and are matrices of order and respectively.
The restriction on and so that will be defined are:
(A) (B) is arbitrary,
(C) is arbitrary, (D)

Solution:
Matrices and are of the orders and respectively.
Therefore, matrix will be defined if .
Consequently, will be of the order .
Matrices and are of the orders and respectively.

Since the number of columns in is equal to the number of rows in , matrix is well-
defined and is of the order .

Matrices and can be added only when their orders are the same.

However, is of the order and is of the order .

Therefore, we must have .

Thus, and are the restrictions on and so that will be defined.

The correct option is A.

Question 22:
Assume and are matrices of order and respectively.
If , then the order of the matrix is:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)

Solution:
Matrix is of the order .
Therefore, matrix is also of the same order.

Matrix is of the order , i.e., [Since ]

Therefore, matrix is also of the same order.

Now, both the matrices and 5Z are of the order .

Thus, matrix is well-defined and is of the order .

The correct option is B.

 EXERCISE 3.3
Question 1:
Find the transpose of each of the following matrices:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Solution:

(i) Let

Then

(ii) Let

Then

(iii) Let

Then
Question 2:

If and , then verify that

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

It is given that and

Hence, we have and

(i)
Hence,

Now,

Thus, .
(ii)
Hence,

Now,

Thus, .

Question 3:

If and , then verify that

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

It is known that
Hence,

and

(i)
 Therefore,

Now,

Hence, .

(ii)

Therefore,

Now,

Hence, .

Question 4:

If and , then find .

Solution:
It is known that .
Therefore,

Now,
Question 5:

For the matrices and , verify that where

(i)

(ii)

Solution:

(i) It is given that and

Hence,

Therefore,

Now,

and
Hence,
 Thus,

(ii) It is given that and

Hence,

Therefore,

Now,

and
Therefore,
 Thus, .

Question 6:
If

(i) , then verify

(ii) , then verify

Solution:

(i) It is given that

Therefore,

Now,

Thus,

(ii) It is given that

Therefore,

Now,
 Thus,

Question 7:

(i) Show that the matrix is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) Show that the matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.

Solution:

(i)
Now,

Hence, A is a symmetric matrix.

(ii)
 Hence, A is a skew symmetric matrix.

Question 8:

For the matrix , verify that

(i) is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) is a skew symmetric matrix.

Solution:

It is given that

Hence,

(i)

Therefore,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

(ii)
Therefore,
 Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.
Question 9:

Find and , when .

Solution:

It is given that
Hence,

Now,

Therefore,

Now,

Thus,
Question 10:
Express the following as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Solution:

(i) Let
Hence,

Now,

Let
Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

(ii) Let
Hence,

Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,
 Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

(iii) Let
Hence,
Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,
Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

(iv) Let
Hence,

Now,

Let

Now,

Thus, is a symmetric matrix.

Now,
Let

Now,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

Representing as the sum of and :

Question 11:
If are symmetric matrices of the same order, then is a
(A) Skew symmetric matrix (B) Symmetric matrix
(C) Zero matrix (D) Identity matrix

Solution:
If and are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
and
Now consider,

Therefore,

Thus, is a skew symmetric matrix.

The Correct option is A.

Question 12:

If , then , if the value of is:

(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Solution:

It is given that
Hence,

Now,

Therefore,

Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:

Thus, the correct option is B.