5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

RESHIN MK

LCCV20MC015

to

The APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree

of

Bachelor of Technology

In

Mechatronics Engineering

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

MGM College of Engineering and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Valanchery, Malappuram,Kerala -676552

OCTOBER 2022
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
MGM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
PHARAMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,
VALANCHERY, MALAPPURAM,KERALA-676552

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this report entitled “5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY” submitted
by RESHIN MK (LCCV20MC015), to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University in
partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechatronics Engineering is a Bonafede record of the work carried out by him under our
guidance and supervision. This report is any form has not been submitted to any other University
or Institution for any purpose.

Mr. Midhun.P Ms. Sabira Jamalaudheen. C Ms. Sabira Jamalaudheen. C

Seminar Guide Seminar Coordinator Head Of the Department
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Dept. Of Mechatronics Dept. Of Mechatronics Dept. Of Mechatronics
Engineering Engineering Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to all
who helped us to complete this seminar successfully. I am extremely thankful to our
principal Dr. Babu John for giving me his consent for the successful completion of
my seminar.
I express thanks to our Head of the Department and seminar coordinator Mrs. Sabira
Jamaludheen C, Department of Mechatronics Engineering for her valuable
suggestions and support.
I am deeply indebted to my seminar guide Mr. Midhun. P, Assistant professor,
Department of Mechatronics Engineering, for his excellent guidance, positive
criticism, and valuable comments.
Finally, I thank my parents and friends, near and dear ones who directly and indirectly
contributed to successful completion of my seminar.

Place: Valanchery RESHIN MK

Date: 30-10-23 LCCV20MC015

i
 ABSTRACT

5G Technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. From generation 1G to

2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of telecommunication has seen a number of improvements
along with improved performance with every passing day. This fast revolution in mobile
computing changes our day to day life that is way I work, interact, learn etc. This report also
focuses on all preceding generations of mobile communication along with fifth generation
technology. Fifth generation network provide affordable broadband wireless connectivity (very
high speed).

The report throws light on network architecture of fifth generation technology.

Currently 5G term is not officially used. In fifth generation researches are being made on
development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks
(DAWN) and Real Wireless World. Fifth generation focus on (Voice Over IP) VOIP-enabled
devices that user will experience a high level of call volume and data transmission. Fifth
generation technology will fulfil all the requirements of customers who always want advanced
features in cellular phones. The main features in 5G mobile network is that user can
simultaneously connect to the multiple wireless technologies and can switch between them.
This forthcoming mobile technology will support IPv6 and flat IP. Fifth generation technology
will offer the services like Documentation, supporting electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-
transactions) etc.

ii
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT ii

LIST OF TABLES v

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi

1 INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY 1

1.1 DEFINITION 2

1.2 PROPERTIES 2

2 EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G 3

2.1 1 ST GENERATION 3

2.2 2 ND GENERATION 4

2.3 3 RD GENERATION 6

2.4 4 TH GENERATION 7

2.5 5 TH GENERATION 8

2.6 COMPARISION OF ALL GENERATION 9

2.6.1 COMPARISON IN TABULAR FORM 9

2.6.2 SYMBOLS 10

2.6.3 SUMMARY IN TABULAR FORM 10

11
3 KEY CONCEPT
11
4 ARCHITECTURE OF 5G
12
4.1 TERMINAL DESIGN
12
4.2 COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL
13
4.3 OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OPA)
13
4.4 NETWORK LAYER
14
4.5 OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)

iii
 14
4.6 APPLICATION LAYER
14
4.7 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
18
5 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G
18
5.1 HARDWARE OF 5G
18
5.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G
19
6 FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
19
6.1 FEATURES
19
6.2 ADVANTAGES
19
6.3 APPLICATIONS
20
7 CONCLUSION
21
REFERENCES

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

No. Title Page No.

2.1 1G Mobile 8
2.2 2G Mobile 10
2.3 3G Mobile 11
2.4 4G Mobile 12
2.5 5G Mobile 13
4.1 Mobile Terminal Design of 17
5G
4.2 Network layer of 5G 18
wireless
4.3 Functional Architecture of 20
5G Wireless

4.4 protocol layout for the 21

elements of the proposed
architecture of 5G

v
 LIST OF TABLES

No. Title Page No.

2.1 Comparison of all 14
generation
2.2 Summary of all generation 15
4.1 Comparison with osi model 17

vi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Definition
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
BDMA Beam Division Multiple Access
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
DAWN Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks
FA Foreign Agent
GSM Global system for mobile communication
HAPS High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station
IP Internet Protocol
LAN Local Area Network
MMS Multi Media Messages
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
OWA Open Wireless Architecture
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
SMS Short Message Services
TACS Total Access Communication System
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UWB Ultra Wide Band
WAP Wireless Application Protocol
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiplexing Access
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WWWW World Wide Wireless Web

vii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY

1.1 introduction

The world has seen a lot of changes in the realm of communication. Today we no more
use landlines. Everyone possesses a mobile phone that functions 24X7. Our handsets not only
keep us connected with the world at large but also serve the purpose of entertainment gadget.
From 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G this world of telecommunications has seen a number of
improvements along with improved performance with every passing day.

The 5th generation is envisaged to be a complete network for wireless mobile

internet, which has the capability to offer services for accommodating the application potential
requirements without suffering the quality. The ultimate goal of 5G is to design a real wireless
world, that is free from obstacles of the earlier generations.

5G technology will change the manner in which cellular plans are offered
worldwide. A new revolution is about to begin. The global cell phone is around the corner. The
global mobile phone will hit the localities who can call and access from one country to
another’s local phone with this new technology. The way in which people are communicating
will altogether upgrade. The utilization of this gadget will surely move a step ahead with
improved and accessible connectivity around the world. Your office will shrink into your
handset with this cell phone that is going to resemble PDA (personal digital assistant) of twenty
first century.

5G technology has a bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer
priceless handset to their customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the
world market. 5G Technologies have an extraordinary capability to support Software and
Consultancy. The Router and switch technology used in 5G network providing high
connectivity. The 5G technology distributes internet access to nodes within the building and
can be deployed with union of wired or wireless network connections. The current trend of 5G
technology has a glowing future.

1
 1.2 DEFINITION

5G Wireless System is a complete wireless communication with almost no limitation;

somehow people called it REAL wireless world. But till present day 5G wireless system
concept is only theory and not real, so it is not applicable for use.
5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems) is a
technology used in research reports and seminar to denote the next major phase of mobile
telecommunication standards beyond 4G. 5G is not officially used for any specification or
official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization
bodies. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but are
at this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella. The
implementation of standards under a 5G umbrella would likely be around the year of 2020.

1.3 PROPERTIES

 Worldwide cellular phone: Phone calls in any country can be done easily like a local
phone call.
 Extraordinary data capabilities: Data capabilities of the 5G system is much more
higher than other generation so you can store more number of data with less
problem in storing them.
 High connectivity: Connectivity speed of 5G is almost 25 Mbps.
 More power & features in hand held phones: You'll have all features of PDA &
laptops in your mobile phone, which makes it more powerful.
 Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity in audio & video

2
 CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G

2.1 INTRODUCTION GENERATION OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G,
and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually
everyone and everything together including machines, objects, and devices.

2.2 FIRST GENERATION

First Generation wireless technology (1G) is the original analog (An analog or analogue
signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity), voice-only cellular telephone standard,
developed in the 1980s. The prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone
system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system
(TACS).

Fig2.1: 1G Mobile

3
 Developed in 1980s & completed in early 1990s

 Based on analog system

 Speed up to 2.4 kbps

 AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched by the US & it was the 1G mobile
system

 Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country

2.3 SECOND GENERATION

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second

generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard
in Finland in 1991. 2G network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G
technologies enabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text
messages, picture messages and MMS (Multi Media Messages). 2G technology is more
efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text
messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in
such a way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.
Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or
code division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time
slots. CDMA allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical
channel. Different TDMA technologies are GSM, PDC, iDEN, IS-136. CDMA technology is
IS-95. GSM (Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all
the mobile technologies.
GSM technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This
enabled the mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different
countries of the world’s is based on digital signals ,unlike 1G technologies which were used
to transfer analogue signals. GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message
services (SMS) to any mobile network at any time. SMS is a cheap and easy way to send a
message to anyone, other than the voice call or conference. This technology is beneficial to
both the network operators and the ultimate users at the same time.
In comparison to 1G's analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on
location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital
signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally
poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog
signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular
curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually
worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely.

4
 Fig.2.2: 2G Mobile

 Developed in late 1980s & completed in late 1990s

 Based on digital system

 Speed up to 64 kbps

 Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity

 Semi global facility

2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G having more capabilities

5
2.4 THIRD GENERATION
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd
Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications
services fulfilling specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. The use of 3G
technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased
bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more advanced services to mobile users. The
spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the
measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known
as IMT-2000.

Fig.2.3: 3G Mobile

 Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s until present day

 In 2005, 3G is ready to live up to its performance in computer networking (WCDMA, WLAN

and Bluetooth) and mobile devices area (cell phone and GPS)

 Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps

 Superior voice quality

 Good clarity in video conference

 Data are sent through technology called packet switching

 Voice calls are interpreted using circuit switching

 Fast Communication, Internet, Mobile T.V, E-mail, PDA, information surfing, on-line
shopping/ banking, Multi Media Messaging Service (MMS), 3D gaming, Multi-Gaming etc.

 Global roaming

6
2.5 FOURTH GENERATION
4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and
2G families of standards. The fourth generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a
discussion point to address future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit
multimedia and data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in
2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up to 1Gbps.
Some of the applications of 4G are:

I. Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone

where it can be watched.
II. Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
III. Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
IV. Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially
isolated subscriber.
V. Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions
to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.
VI. Mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission.
VII. Mobile WiMAX(Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access).

Fig.2.4: 4G Mobile

 Developed in 2010

 Faster & more reliable

 Speed up to 100 Mbps

 Both cellular and broadband multimedia services everywhere

 High performance

 Easy global roaming, Low cost

7
2.6 FIFTH GENERATION 5G

Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G technology has changed
the means to use cell phones within very high bandwidth. User never experienced ever before
such a high value technology. The 5G technologies include all type of advanced features which
makes 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future.
The gigantic array of innovative technology being built into new cell phones is
stunning. 5G technologies which are on hand held phone offering more power and features
than at least 1000 lunar modules. A user can also hook their 5G technology cell phone with
their Laptop to get broadband internet access. 5G technology including camera, MP3 recording,
video player, large phone memory, dialling speed, audio player and much more you never
imagine.

Fig.2.5: 5G Mobile

 Next major phase of mobile telecommunication & wireless system

 10 times more capacity than others

 Expected speed up to 1 Gbps

 More faster & reliable than 4G

 Lower cost than previous generations

8
2.7 COMPARISON OF ALL GENERATION
The future of wireless technology, known as 5G, promises a world without limitations
or access issues. This is made possible through advancements such as wearable devices
equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities. Additionally, the implementation of
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) will assign a mobile IP address based on location and
connected network, ensuring seamless connectivity. The adoption of one unified global
standard will further enhance connectivity across the globe.
To provide efficient and reliable wireless connections, Dynamic Ad hoc Wireless
Networks (DAWN) will be utilized. These networks, combined with smart antennas,
cooperative diversity, and flexible modulation, will revolutionize the wireless experience.
The network concept will shift to being user-centric, driven by cell phone developers rather
than operators or system developers.

The World Wide wireless web (WWWW) will offer comprehensive wireless-based web
applications with multimedia capabilities beyond the speeds of 4G. Pervasive networks will
enable users to seamlessly connect to multiple wireless access technologies such as 2.5G, 3G,
4G, 5G, Wi-Fi, and more. This will allow for ubiquitous computing and the ability to move
between different access technologies seamlessly.

Cognitive radio technology will optimize spectrum sharing among different radio
technologies by dynamically adapting transmission schemes. This will ensure efficient use of
available spectrum and improve overall wireless performance. High altitude stratospheric
platform station (HAPS) systems will play a crucial role in expanding wireless coverage and
reaching areas that are currently underserved.

Lastly, group cooperative relay techniques will ensure high-speed connectivity even in
areas between multiple base stations. This addresses the challenge of providing high bit rates
to users in exposed positions between base stations. These advancements in wireless
technology will revolutionize how we connect and communicate in the future, creating a truly
limitless wireless world.

9
 Table 2.1: comparison of all generation

Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
Features

Years 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

Data 2 kbps 64 kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps 1 Gbps

Bandwidth

Standards AMPS TDMA, WCDMA Single Single

CDMA, unified unified
GSM, GPRS standard standard

Technology Analog Digital Broadband Unified IP & Unified IP &

cellular cellular with CDMA, seamless seamless
IP combination combination
technology of of
broadband, broadband,
LAN, WAN LAN, WAN,
& WLAN WLAN &
WWWW

Services Mobile Digital Integrated Dynamic Dynamic

technology voice, SMS, high quality information information
(Voice) Higher audio, video access, ccess,
Capacity & data wearable wearable
packetized Devices Devices with
AI
capabilities

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA CDMA

CDMA

Switching Circuit Circuit & Packet All packet All packet

Packet

Core PSTN PSTN Packet Internet Internet

Network network

Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal & Horizontal &

Vertical Vertical

10
2.7.1 DEFINITIONS OF SYMBOLS USED IN TABLE 2.1

 WWWW: A World Wide Wireless Web is capable of supporting a comprehensive

wireless-based Web application that includes full graphics and multimedia capability
at beyond 4G speeds.
 WDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing allows many independent signals to be
transmitted simultaneously on one fiber with each signal located at a different
wavelength. Routing and detection of these signals require devices that are wavelength
selective, allowing for the transmission, recovery, or routing of specific wavelengths in
photonic networks.
 WCDMA: Wideband CDMA is a technology for wideband digital radio
communications of multimedia and other capacity demanding applications.
 PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network is a regular voice telephone network.
 Spread Spectrum: It is a form of wireless communication in which the frequency of the
transmitted signal is deliberately varied over a wide range. This results in a higher
bandwidth of the signal than the one without varied frequency.
 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access is a technology for sharing a medium by
several users by dividing into different time slots transmitting at the same frequency.
 UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is the third generation mobile
telephone standard in Europe.
 WAP: Wireless Application Protocol defines the use of TCP/IP and Web browsing for
mobile systems.
 DAWN: Advanced technologies including smart antenna and flexible modulation are
keys to optimize this wireless version of reconfigurable ad hoc networks.

11
2.7.2 SUMMARY IN TABULAR FORM

5G Technology stands for Fifth Generation, which is the next generation of wireless network
technology, designed to broaden the reach of mobile technology beyond LTE's capabilities. It
is the most recent version of cellular technology. 5G is distinguished by three key characteris-
tics: faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect many devices at the same time.
Because of higher accessible bandwidth and new antenna technology, 5G enables a signifi-
cant increase in data quantities sent through wireless systems. mmWave (millimeter-wave)
technology powers these 5G networks.
5G technology will change the way cell phones are used in areas with very high bandwidth,
such as 1Gbps or more. People will encounter unprecedented levels of call volume and data
transmission when 5G is pushed over a VoIP-enabled device. 5G technology will provide ser-
vices such as ubiquitous networks, radio resource management, high altitude stratospheric
platform station (HAPS) systems, and so on.
5G wireless technology is a significant advancement over previous generations. It solves all
prior disadvantages, such as a lack of coverage, lack of performance at cell edges, and
dropped calls. 5G promises better coverage and connectivity.

Table 2.2: Summary of all generation

Generation 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Years 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s

Keywords Analog Digital Global world High data High data

personal standards rates High rates High
mobility IP mobility IP
Based Based

Systems Analog Digital 3G cellular 4G cellular 5G cellular

cellular cellular Max data Broadband Min data
Analog Digital rate: 2 Mbps access Min rate: 20-100
cordless cordless data rate: 2- Mbps
Mobile 20 Mbps
Satellite

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 CHAPTER 3
ARCHITECTURE OF 5G
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE OF 5G

Architecture of 5G is highly advanced, its network elements and various terminals are charac-
teristically upgraded to afford a new situation. Likewise, service providers can implement the
advance technology to adopt the value-added services easily.

However, upgradeability is based upon cognitive radio technology that includes various sig-
nificant features such as ability of devices to identify their geographical location as well as
weather, temperature, etc. Cognitive radio technology acts as a transceiver (beam) that per-
ceptively can catch and respond radio signals in its operating environment. Further, it
promptly distinguishes the changes in its environment and hence respond accordingly to pro-
vide uninterrupted quality service.

3.2 TERMINAL DESIGN

The 5G terminals will have software defined radios and modulation schemes as well as new
error-control schemes that can be downloaded from the Internet. The development is seen
towards the user terminals as a focus of the 5G mobile networks.

Fig.4.1: Mobile Terminal Design of 5G

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3.3 COMPARISION WITH OSI MODEL

Let us compare the protocol stack of 5G wireless with the OSI Model using the fig. below.

Table 4.1: comparison with osi model

Application layer Application(service)

Presentation layer

Session layer Open transport protocol

Transport layer

Upper network layer

Network layer Lower network layer

Data link layer Open wireless architecture

Physical layer

3.4 OPEN WIRELESS ARCHITECTURE (OWA)

Physical layer + Data link layer = OWA

 OSI layer 1 i.e. Physical layer & OSI layer 2 i.e. Data link layer define the wireless
technology.

 For these two layers the 5G mobile network is likely to be based on Open Wireless
Architecture (OWA)

3.5 NETWORK LAYER

 All mobile networks will use mobile IP.

 Each mobile terminal will be FA (Foreign Agent).

 A mobile can be attached to several mobiles or wireless networks at the same time.

 The fixed IPv6 will be implemented in the mobile phones.

 Separation of network layer into two sub-layers: (i) Lower network layer (for each
interface) (ii) Upper network layer (for the mobile terminal)

14
 Fig.4.2: Network layer of 5G wireless

3.6 OPEN TRANSPORT PROTOCOL (OTP)

Transport layer + Session layer = OTP

 Wireless network differs from wired network regarding the transport layer.

 In all TCP versions the assumption is that lost segments are due to network congestion.

 In wireless, the loss is due to higher bit error ratio in the radio interface.

 5G mobile terminals have transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed
which is based on Open Transport Protocol.

3.7 APPLICATION LAYER

Presentation layer + Application layer = Application layer (5G)

 Provides intelligent QoS (Quality of Service) management over variety of networks.

 Provides possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information in
information database in the mobile terminal.

 Select the best wireless connection for given services.

 QoS parameters, such as, delay, losses, BW, reliability, will be stored in DB (Database)
of 5G mobile.

15
 3.8 FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE

Below figure shows the system model that proposes design of network architecture
for 5G mobile systems, which is all-IP based model for wireless and mobile networks
interoperability. The system consists of a user terminal (which has a crucial role in the new
architecture) and a number of independent, autonomous radio access technologies. Within
each of the terminals, each of the radio access technologies is seen as the IP link to the
outside Internet world.
However, there should be different radio interface for each Radio Access
Technology (RAT) in the mobile terminal. For an example, if I want to have access to four
different RATs, I need to have four different access - specific interfaces in the mobile
terminal, and to have all of them active at the same time, with aim to have this architecture
to be functional applications and servers somewhere on the Internet. Routing of packets
should be carried out in accordance with established policies of the user

Fig.4.3: Functional Architecture of 5G Wireless

Application connections are realized between clients and servers in the Internet via
sockets. Internet sockets are endpoints for data communication flows. Each socket of the web
is a unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport
communications port, target IP address and target appropriate communication port, and type of
transport protocol. Considering that, the establishment of communication from end-to-end
between the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate
Internet socket uniquely determined by the application of the client and the server.
This means that in case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the
vertical handover between the respective radio technologies, the local IP address and
destination IP address should be fixed and unchanged. Fixing of these two parameters should
ensure handover transparency to the Internet connection end-to-end, when there is a mobile
16
user at least on one end of such connection. In order to preserve the proper layout of the packets
and to reduce or prevent packets losses, routing to the target destination and vice versa should
be uniquely and using the same path. Each radio access technology that is available to the user
in achieving connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with appropriate IP
interface. Each IP interface in the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask

Fig.4.4: protocol layout for the elements of the proposed architecture of 5G

and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. In regular inter-
system handover the change of access technology (i.e., vertical handover) would mean
changing the local IP address. Then, change of any of the parameters of the socket means and
change of the socket, that is, closing the socket and opening a new one. This means, ending the
connection and starting a new one.
This approach is not-flexible, and it is based on today’s Internet communication. In
order to solve this deficiency I propose a new level that will take care of the abstraction levels
of network access technologies to higher layers of the protocol stack. This layer is crucial in
the new architecture. To enable the functions of the applied transparency and control or direct
routing of packets through the most appropriate radio access technology, in the proposed
architecture I introduce a control system in the functional architecture of the networks, which
works in complete coordination with the user terminal and provides a network abstraction
functions and routing of packets based on defined policies. At the same time this control system

17
is an essential element through which it can determine the quality of service for each
transmission technology.

He is on the Internet side of the proposed architecture, and as such represents an ideal
system to test the qualitative characteristics of the access technologies, as well as to obtain a
realistic picture regarding the quality that can be expected from applications of the user towards
a given server in Internet (or peer).
Protocol setup of the new levels within the existing protocol stack, which form the
proposed architecture, is presented in Figure (Protocol Layout for the Elements of the Proposed
Architecture). The network abstraction level would be provided by creating IP tunnels over IP
interfaces obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available to the
terminal (i.e., mobile user).
In fact, the tunnels would be established between the user terminal and control system
named here as Policy Router, which performs routing based on given policies. In this way the
client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels connected to the number of radio access
technologies, and the client will only set a local IP address which will be formed with sockets
Internet communication of client applications with Internet servers. The way IP packets are
routed through tunnels, or choosing the right tunnel, would be served by policies whose rules
will be exchanged via the virtual network layer protocol.
This way I achieve the required abstraction of the network to the client applications at the
mobile terminal. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router, for routing based
on the policies, are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across
the radio access technology, and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level
Protocol. Establishing tunnel connections as well as maintaining them represents basic
functionality of the virtual network level (or network level of abstraction).

18
 CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OF 5G

4.1 HARDWARE OF 5G
The technology being used in this system is UWB (Ultra Wide Band) networks, which
operate at higher bandwidths while consuming low levels of energy. The bandwidth of
4000 Mbps is 400 times faster than current wireless networks, allowing for faster and more
efficient data transmission. Additionally, smart antenna technology, such as Switched
Beam Antennas or Adaptive Array Antennas, is utilized to improve signal strength and
quality. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is also employed to further enhance the
efficiency and security of the system. Overall, these technologies work together to create a
high-speed, energy-efficient, and reliable wireless network.

4.2 SOFTWARE OF 5G

5G will be single unified standard of different wireless networks, including LAN

technologies, LAN/WAN, WWWW- World Wide Wireless Web, unified IP & seamless
combination of broadband.
Software defined radio, Packet layer, Implementation of Packets, Encryption, Flexibility,
Anti-Virus.

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 CHAPTER 5
FEATURES, ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

5.1 FEATURES
 5G technology offer high resolution for crazy cell phone user and bi-directional large
bandwidth shaping.
 The advanced billing interfaces of 5G technology makes it more attractive and
effective.
 5G technology also providing subscriber supervision tools for fast action.
 The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.
 5G technology is providing large broadcasting of data in Gigabit which supporting
almost 65,000 connections.
 5G technology offer transporter class gateway with unparalleled consistency.
 The traffic statistics by 5G technology makes it more accurate.
 Through remote management offered by 5G technology a user can get better and fast
solution.
 The remote diagnostics also a great feature of 5G technology.
 The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps connectivity speed.
 The 5G technology also support virtual private network.
 The new 5G technology will take all delivery service out of business prospect.
 The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak.
 The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about
the world.
5.2 ADVANTAGES

 5G provides data bandwidth of 1 Gbps or higher.

 5G is globally accessible.
 5G provides dynamic information access beneficial to domestic user.
 5G is available at low cost.

5.3 APPLICATIONS
 Wearable device with AI capabilities.
 Pervasive (Global) networks.
 Media independent handover.
 Radio resource management.
 High Altitude Stratospheric Platform Station (HAPS) systems.
 VoIP (Voice over IP) enabled device.
 With 6th sense technology.

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS

We have proposed 5G wireless concept designed as an open platform on different layers.

A new revolution of 5G technology is going to give tough completion to normal computer and
laptops whose marketplace value will be effected.

The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in affordable rates, high peak future
and much reliability than its preceding technologies.

This technology helps to promotes stronger links between people working in different fields
creating future concepts of mobile communication, internet services, cloud computing, all pie
network, and nanotechnology.

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