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Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

INDEX

Chapter 5: Introduction To Euclid’s Geometry

Concepts Covered:
1. Introduction to Euclid's Geometry
➢ Thales Theorem
➢ Euclid's elements
➢ Geometry in architecture
➢ Geometry in navigation
2. Euclid's Definitions, Axioms and Postulates
3. Equivalent Versions of Euclid's Fifth Postulate
➢ The fifth postulate
➢ Play fair’s Axiom
➢ Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line
4. Mind Map
(Colourful & Interactive/ Complete All Concept Covered)
Practice Questions (All Topics Available)
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY

Introduction
The word ‘geometry’ comes from the Greek word ‘geo’, meaning the ‘earth’ and ‘metron’ meaning
to measure. Thus, the word ‘geometry’ means ‘earth measurement’.

Ancient Egyptians were known to be the first people to study

geometry.

Euclid was a teacher of mathematics at Alexandria in Egypt,

popularly known as “Father of Geometry”.

He introduced the method of proving mathematical results by using deductive

logical reasoning and the previously proved result.

He collected all his work in a book called “Elements”. This book is divided into thirteen chapters
and each chapter is called a book.

Thales Theorem:

Thales' Theorem states that if three points lie on a circle, and one of the points forms a diameter of
the circle.
Page 2
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY
Euclid’s elements:

Exploring real-life examples where Euclidean geometry concepts are used.

Geometry in architecture:
Page 3
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY
Geometry in navigation:
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES

Definitions of Euclid’s:
Euclid thought that the geometry is an abstract model of the world which we can see around us.
Like the notions of line, plane, surface etc.
He had given these notions in the form of definitions:
• Anything which has no component is called Point.
• A length without breadth is called Line.
• The endpoints of any line are called Points which make it line segment.
• If a line lies evenly with the points on itself, then it is called A Straight Line.
• Any object which has length and breadth only is called Surface.
• The edges of a surface are lines.
• A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly with the straight lines on itself.

Axioms And Postulates:

Axioms: Some common notions which are used in mathematics but not directly related to
mathematics are called Axioms.
Some of the Axioms are:
1. If the two things are equal to a common thing, then these are equal to one another.
If p = q and s = q, then p = s.
2. If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
If p = q and we add s to both p and q then the result will also be
equal.
p+s=q+s
3. If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.
Page 2
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES
This is same as above, if p = q and we subtract the same number from both then the result will
be the same.
p-s=q-s
4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another. If two figures fit into each
other completely then these must be equal to one another.
5. The whole is greater than the part.

This circle is divided into four parts and each part is smaller than the whole circle. This shows
that the whole circle will always be greater than any of its parts.
6. Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.

This shows that this is the double of the two semicircles, so the two semicircles are equal to
each other.
7. Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another. This is the vice versa of
the above axiom.
Postulates:

The assumptions which are very specific in geometry are called Postulates.

There are five postulates by Euclid:

Page 3
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES

Postulate 1: A straight line may be drawn from any one point to any other point. This postulate
tells us that at least one straight line passes through two distinct points, but it does not say that
there cannot be more than one such line.

This shows that a line can be drawn from point A to point B, but it doesn’t mean that there could
not be other lines from these points.

Postulate 2: A terminated line can be produced indefinitely.

This shows that a line segment which has two endpoints can be extended indefinitely to form a
line.
Postulate 3: A circle can be drawn with any center and any radius.
Page 4
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES
This shows that we can draw a circle with any line segment by taking one of its points as a centre
and the length of the line segment as the radius. As we have AB line segment, in which we took A
as the centre and the AB as the radius of the circle to form a circle.
Postulate 4: All right angles are equal to one another.

As we know that a right angle is equal to 90° and all the right angles are congruent because if any
angle is not 90° then it is not a right angle.
As in the above figure
∠DCA = ∠DCB = ∠HE = ∠HGF = 90°
Postulate 5: If there is a line segment which passes through two straight lines while forming two
interior angles on the same side whose sum is less than 180°, then these two lines will definitely
meet with each other if extended on the side where the sum of two interior angles is less than two
right angles.

And if the sum of the two interior angles on the same side is 180° then the two lines will be parallel
to each other.
Page 5
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES

If: a + b = 180°
Then: Line 1 and Line 2 are parallel.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

The fifth postulate
“If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the interior angles on the same side of it taken
together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on
that side on which the sum of angles is less than two right angles.”

This postulate holds a significant place in the history of mathematics.

We can see in the figure that both the interior angles are less than 90°. So, their sum must be less
than 180°. So, when they are extended they intersect at a particular point. This won’t happen if the
internal angles are 90° or greater than 90°.

Playfair’s Axiom
“For every line “l” and for every point “P” lying not on “l”, there exists a unique line “m” passing
through P and parallel to “l”.
Page 2
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line

“Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line.”

Note (Fact): Euclid did not require the fifth postulate to prove his first 28 theorems. Many
mathematicians including Euclid were convinced that the fifth postulate is actually a theorem
that can not be proved. Several attempts were made but no one was able to prove the fifth
postulate.
Example 1: Harsh’s salary equal to Ram’s salary. Due to the Covid-19 recession, Harsh and Ram’s
salaries are made half. The final salary of Ram will still be equal to Harsh. This is as per
a. 1st Axiom.
b. 7th Axiom.
c. 6th Axiom.
d. 2nd Axiom.
Solution: 7th Axiom states that,
“Things which are halves of the same things are equal to one another.”
This axiom can be applied here directly. Thus, the answer is (b).
Example 2: Boundaries of Solids are:
a. Lines
b. Points
c. Surface
d. Curves
Solution: According to Euclid’s definition,
“A solid has shape, size, position, and can be moved from one place to another. Its boundaries are
called surfaces. They separate one part of the space from another and are said to have no
thickness. The boundaries of the surfaces are curves or straight lines. These lines end in points.”
This definition states that boundaries of solids are called surfaces.
 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry

DPP-01

[Topic: Euclid’s Definitions, Axioms and Postulates]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. How many dimensions does a point have?
2. How many dimensions does a solid have?
3. State Euclid's fifth axiom.
4. Define theorem.
5. In which form it is stated that 'Two intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line'?
6. It is known that if 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10, then 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 + 𝑧. Which axiom of Euclid does this
statement illustrate?
7. In which form Euclid stated that all right angles are equal to each other?
8. What can you say about things which are double of same thing?
9. If a point 𝑃 lies in between 𝐴 and 𝐵, then find 𝐴𝑃 + 𝑃𝐵.
10. In the given figure, if AD = BC, then compare AC and BD.

Short Answer Type Questions-I

11. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for your answers.
(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.
(ii) There are infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct points.
(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.
(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
(v) In the given figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.

12. In the given figure, if AC = BD, show that AB = CD. State the Euclid's postulate/axiom used for
the same.

13. If a point C lies between two points A and B such that it is the mid-point of line segment AB,
prove that every line segment has one and only one mid-point.
 14. In the given figure, if point C lies between A and B, then prove that AB > AC. Which Euclid's
axiom is applied by you?

15. Solve the equation 𝑥 + 4 = 10 and state Euclid's axiom used.

16. In the given figure, ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4. Show that ∠ABC = ∠DBC. State the Euclid's axiom
used.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

17. In the given figure, AC = XD, C is the mid-point of AB and D is the mid-point of XY. Using an
Euclid's axiom, show that AB = XY.

18. Prove that an equilateral triangle can be constructed on any given line segment.
19. In the given figure, AB = BC and BP = BQ. Show that AP = CQ.

20. Read the following statement:

"A square is a polygon made up of four line segments, out of which, length of three line
segments are equal to the length of fourth one and all its angles are right angles."
 Define the terms used in this definition which you feel are necessary. Are there any undefined
terms in this? Can you justify that all angles and sides of a square are equal?
21. Consider two 'postulates' given below:
(i) Given any two distinct points A and B, there exits a third point C which is in between A and B.
(ii) There exist at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent? Do they
follow from Euclid's postulates? Explain.
22. A company manufactures circular teethers of good quality for the little kids in three different
sizes. If first is greater than second and second is greater than third, then
(i) How are first and third related?
(ii) There exist two types of machines for manufacturing teethers, one operates on electricity and
other on coal. Which machine would you prefer?

23. In a society, the number of persons using CNG instead of petrol for their vehicles has increased
by 15 and now the number is 25. Form a linear equation to find the original number of persons
using CNG and solve it using Euclid's axiom. Which value is depicted by the society?
24. A teacher holds two sticks, AB and CD of equal length in her hands and marked their mid-points
M and N respectively. She then asked the students whether AM is equal to ND or not. Shreya
answered, yes. Is Shreya correct? State the axiom of Euclid that supports her answer.

Which values of Shreya are depicted here?

Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY

(Practice Sheet)
1 Who is known as the "Father of Geometry"?
A. Thales B. Pythagoras
C. Euclid D. Aristotle
2 Where did Euclid teach mathematics?
A. Athens B. Rome
C. Alexandria D. Cairo
3 What is the name of Euclid's famous book that collected all his work?
A. Mathematics Essentials B. Geometric Principles
C. Elements D. Theorems and Proofs
4 How many chapters is Euclid's "Elements" divided into?
A. Seven B. Ten
C. Thirteen D. Fifteen
5 Which theorem states that if three points lie on a circle, and one of the points forms a
diameter of the circle?
A. Pythagorean Theorem B. Thales' Theorem
C. Euclidean Theorem D. Circle Theorem
6 Discuss the significance of Euclid's "Elements" in the history of mathematics.
7 How does Euclidean geometry differ from other approaches to geometry?
8 Name three contributions of Euclid to the field of mathematics.
9 Discuss the historical context of Euclid's work in Alexandria.
10 Investigate the impact of Thales' Theorem on modern geometry.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is a Point in Euclidean geometry?
A. A length without breadth B. An object with length and breadth only
C. Anything with no component D. The edges of a surface
2 How does Euclid define a Surface?
A. A length without breadth B. Anything with no component
C. An object with length and breadth only D. The edges of a surface are lines
3 Which axiom states, "If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal"?
A. Axiom of equality B. Axiom of addition
C. Axiom of subtraction D. Axiom of coincidence
4 What does Euclid's Postulate 3 state?
A. A circle can be drawn with any center and B. All right angles are equal to one another.
any radius.
C. A straight line may be drawn from any D. A terminated line can be produced
one point to any other point. indefinitely.
5 According to Euclid, when are two lines parallel?
A. If the sum of the interior angles is 90° B. If the sum of the interior angles is 180°
C. If the sum of the interior angles is less D. If the sum of the interior angles is greater
than 180° than 180°
6 How much lines can pass from one point?
7 How much lines can pass from two distinct points?
8 Define a Straight Line according to Euclid.
9 Bella marked three points A, B, and C on a line such that, B lies between A and C. Help Bella
prove that AB + BC = AC.

10 Prove that an equilateral triangle can be constructed on any given line segment.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

(Practice Sheet)
1 According to Euclid's fifth postulate, two straight lines, when extended indefinitely, meet
on the side where the sum of interior angles is:
A. Less than a right angle B. Equal to a right angle
C. Greater than a right angle D. Equal to two right angles
2 Euclid's first 28 theorems did not require the fifth postulate. This suggests that:
A. The fifth postulate is not important. B. The fifth postulate is redundant.
C. The fifth postulate is actually a theorem. D. The fifth postulate is false.
3 According to Euclid's definition, the boundaries of solids are called:
A. Lines B. Points
C. Surface D. Curves
4 Playfair's Axiom states that for every line "l" and every point "P" not lying on "l," there
exists a unique line "m" passing through P and parallel to "l." This implies that:
A. Two distinct intersecting lines are always B. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be
parallel. parallel.
C. Every line has a unique parallel line. D. Parallel lines never intersect.
5 What is Euclid's Fifth Postulate concerned with?
A. Lines and points B. Angles in a triangle
C. Parallel lines D. Circles and arcs
6 Read the following axioms:
(i) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
(ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
(iii) Things which are double of the same thing are equal to one another.
Check whether the given system of axioms is consistent or inconsistent
7 Explain why Euclid's Fifth Postulate is considered a theorem that cannot be proved.
8 In the figure given below, the line-segment has PS = RQ. Prove that PR = SQ.

9 It is known that a + b = 18, and a = c. Prove that c + b = 18.

Page 2
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

10 It is known a + b = 11, then a + b + c = 11 + c. The Euclid axioms that illustrate this statement
is,
• 1st axiom.
• 3rd axiom
• 4th axiom
• 2nd axiom
 Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry

DPP-01

[Topic: Euclid’s Definitions, Axioms and Postulates]

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. How many dimensions does a point have?
2. How many dimensions does a solid have?
3. State Euclid's fifth axiom.
4. Define theorem.
5. In which form it is stated that 'Two intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line'?
6. It is known that if 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10, then 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 10 + 𝑧. Which axiom of Euclid does this
statement illustrate?
7. In which form Euclid stated that all right angles are equal to each other?
8. What can you say about things which are double of same thing?
9. If a point 𝑃 lies in between 𝐴 and 𝐵, then find 𝐴𝑃 + 𝑃𝐵.
10. In the given figure, if AD = BC, then compare AC and BD.

Short Answer Type Questions-I

11. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for your answers.
(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.
(ii) There are infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct points.
(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.
(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.
(v) In the given figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.

12. In the given figure, if AC = BD, show that AB = CD. State the Euclid's postulate/axiom used for
the same.

13. If a point C lies between two points A and B such that it is the mid-point of line segment AB,
prove that every line segment has one and only one mid-point.
 14. In the given figure, if point C lies between A and B, then prove that AB > AC. Which Euclid's
axiom is applied by you?

15. Solve the equation 𝑥 + 4 = 10 and state Euclid's axiom used.

16. In the given figure, ∠1 = ∠2 and ∠3 = ∠4. Show that ∠ABC = ∠DBC. State the Euclid's axiom
used.

Short Answer Type Questions-II

17. In the given figure, AC = XD, C is the mid-point of AB and D is the mid-point of XY. Using an
Euclid's axiom, show that AB = XY.

18. Prove that an equilateral triangle can be constructed on any given line segment.
19. In the given figure, AB = BC and BP = BQ. Show that AP = CQ.

20. Read the following statement:

"A square is a polygon made up of four line segments, out of which, length of three line
segments are equal to the length of fourth one and all its angles are right angles."
 Define the terms used in this definition which you feel are necessary. Are there any undefined
terms in this? Can you justify that all angles and sides of a square are equal?
21. Consider two 'postulates' given below:
(i) Given any two distinct points A and B, there exits a third point C which is in between A and B.
(ii) There exist at least three points that are not on the same line.
Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent? Do they
follow from Euclid's postulates? Explain.
22. A company manufactures circular teethers of good quality for the little kids in three different
sizes. If first is greater than second and second is greater than third, then
(i) How are first and third related?
(ii) There exist two types of machines for manufacturing teethers, one operates on electricity and
other on coal. Which machine would you prefer?

23. In a society, the number of persons using CNG instead of petrol for their vehicles has increased
by 15 and now the number is 25. Form a linear equation to find the original number of persons
using CNG and solve it using Euclid's axiom. Which value is depicted by the society?
24. A teacher holds two sticks, AB and CD of equal length in her hands and marked their mid-points
M and N respectively. She then asked the students whether AM is equal to ND or not. Shreya
answered, yes. Is Shreya correct? State the axiom of Euclid that supports her answer.

Which values of Shreya are depicted here?

Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY

(Practice Sheet)
1 Who is known as the "Father of Geometry"?
A. Thales B. Pythagoras
C. Euclid D. Aristotle
2 Where did Euclid teach mathematics?
A. Athens B. Rome
C. Alexandria D. Cairo
3 What is the name of Euclid's famous book that collected all his work?
A. Mathematics Essentials B. Geometric Principles
C. Elements D. Theorems and Proofs
4 How many chapters is Euclid's "Elements" divided into?
A. Seven B. Ten
C. Thirteen D. Fifteen
5 Which theorem states that if three points lie on a circle, and one of the points forms a
diameter of the circle?
A. Pythagorean Theorem B. Thales' Theorem
C. Euclidean Theorem D. Circle Theorem
6 Discuss the significance of Euclid's "Elements" in the history of mathematics.
7 How does Euclidean geometry differ from other approaches to geometry?
8 Name three contributions of Euclid to the field of mathematics.
9 Discuss the historical context of Euclid's work in Alexandria.
10 Investigate the impact of Thales' Theorem on modern geometry.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

EUCLID'S DEFINITIONS, AXIOMS AND POSTULATES

(Practice Sheet)
1 What is a Point in Euclidean geometry?
A. A length without breadth B. An object with length and breadth only
C. Anything with no component D. The edges of a surface
2 How does Euclid define a Surface?
A. A length without breadth B. Anything with no component
C. An object with length and breadth only D. The edges of a surface are lines
3 Which axiom states, "If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal"?
A. Axiom of equality B. Axiom of addition
C. Axiom of subtraction D. Axiom of coincidence
4 What does Euclid's Postulate 3 state?
A. A circle can be drawn with any center and B. All right angles are equal to one another.
any radius.
C. A straight line may be drawn from any D. A terminated line can be produced
one point to any other point. indefinitely.
5 According to Euclid, when are two lines parallel?
A. If the sum of the interior angles is 90° B. If the sum of the interior angles is 180°
C. If the sum of the interior angles is less D. If the sum of the interior angles is greater
than 180° than 180°
6 How much lines can pass from one point?
7 How much lines can pass from two distinct points?
8 Define a Straight Line according to Euclid.
9 Bella marked three points A, B, and C on a line such that, B lies between A and C. Help Bella
prove that AB + BC = AC.

10 Prove that an equilateral triangle can be constructed on any given line segment.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

(Practice Sheet)
1 According to Euclid's fifth postulate, two straight lines, when extended indefinitely, meet
on the side where the sum of interior angles is:
A. Less than a right angle B. Equal to a right angle
C. Greater than a right angle D. Equal to two right angles
2 Euclid's first 28 theorems did not require the fifth postulate. This suggests that:
A. The fifth postulate is not important. B. The fifth postulate is redundant.
C. The fifth postulate is actually a theorem. D. The fifth postulate is false.
3 According to Euclid's definition, the boundaries of solids are called:
A. Lines B. Points
C. Surface D. Curves
4 Playfair's Axiom states that for every line "l" and every point "P" not lying on "l," there
exists a unique line "m" passing through P and parallel to "l." This implies that:
A. Two distinct intersecting lines are always B. Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be
parallel. parallel.
C. Every line has a unique parallel line. D. Parallel lines never intersect.
5 What is Euclid's Fifth Postulate concerned with?
A. Lines and points B. Angles in a triangle
C. Parallel lines D. Circles and arcs
6 Read the following axioms:
(i) Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
(ii) If equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal.
(iii) Things which are double of the same thing are equal to one another.
Check whether the given system of axioms is consistent or inconsistent
7 Explain why Euclid's Fifth Postulate is considered a theorem that cannot be proved.
8 In the figure given below, the line-segment has PS = RQ. Prove that PR = SQ.

9 It is known that a + b = 18, and a = c. Prove that c + b = 18.

Page 2
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETARY

EQUIVALENT VERSIONS OF EUCLID'S FIFTH POSTULATE

10 It is known a + b = 11, then a + b + c = 11 + c. The Euclid axioms that illustrate this statement
is,
• 1st axiom.
• 3rd axiom
• 4th axiom
• 2nd axiom
 Chapter 5-
EXAMPLER SOLUTIONS
Introduction To Euclid’s
Geometry
Exercise 5.1
Write the correct answer in each of the following:
1. The three steps from solids to points are:
(A) Solids - surfaces - lines - points
(B) Solids - lines - surfaces - points
(C) Lines - points - surfaces - solids
(D) Lines - surfaces - points - solids
Solution:
(A) Solids - surfaces - lines - points
Explanation:
The three steps from solids to point are solids-surfaces-lines-points.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

2. The number of dimensions, a solid has:

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 0
Solution:
(C) 3
Explanation:
The number of dimensions, a solid has is 3.
Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.

3. The number of dimensions, a surface has:

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 0
Solution:
(B) 2
Explanation:
The number of dimensions, a surface has is 2.
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

4. The number of dimension, a point has:

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
Solution:
(A) 0
Explanation:
 The number of dimension, a point has is 0.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

5. Euclid divided his famous treatise “The Elements” into:

(A) 13 chapters
(B) 12 chapters
(C) 11 chapters
(D) 9 chapters
Solution:
(A) 13 chapters
Explanation:
Euclid divided his famous treatise “The Elements” into 13 chapters.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

6. The total number of propositions in the Elements are:

(A) 465
(B) 460
(C) 13
(D) 55
Solution:
(A) 465
Explanation:
Proportions or theorems are the statements that can be proved. Euclid deduced 465 proportions
in a logical chain using his axioms, postulates, definitions and theorems.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

7. Boundaries of solids are:

(A) Surfaces
(B) Curves
(C) Lines
(D) Points
Solution:
(A) Surfaces
Explanation:
The boundaries of solids are surfaces.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

8. Boundaries of surfaces are:

(A) Surfaces
(B) Curves
(C) Lines
(D) Points
Solution:
(B) Curves
Explanation:
The boundaries of surfaces are curves.
 Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

9. In Indus Valley Civilisation (about 3000 B.C.), the bricks used for construction work were
having dimensions in the ratio
(A) 1 : 3 : 4
(B) 4 : 2 : 1
(C) 4 : 4 : 1
(D) 4 : 3 : 2
Solution:
(B) 4 : 2 : 1
Explanation:
In Indus Valley Civilisation (about 3000 B.C.), the bricks used for construction work were
having dimensions in the ratio,
Length: breadth: thickness = 4:2:1
Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.

10. A pyramid is a solid figure, the base of which is

(A) Only a triangle
(B) Only a square
(C) Only a rectangle
(D) Any polygon
Solution:
(D) Any polygon
Explanation:
A pyramid is solid figure, the base of which can be a triangle, a square or some other polygon.
Hence, option (D) is the correct answer.

11. The side faces of a pyramid are:

(A) Triangles
(B) Squares
(C) Polygons
(D) Trapeziums
Solution:
(A) Triangles
Explanation:
The side faces of a pyramid are triangles.
Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.
Exercise 5.2

Write whether the following statements are True or False? Justify your answer:
1. Euclidean geometry is valid only for curved surfaces.
Solution:
False
Justification:
The statement “Euclidean geometry is valid only for curved surfaces” is false because Euclidean
geometry is valid only for the figures in the plane but on the curved surfaces it fails.

2. The boundaries of the solids are curves.

Solution:
False
Justification:
The statement “the boundaries of the solids are curves” is false because the boundaries of the
solids are surfaces.

3. The edges of a surface are curves.

Solution:
False
Justification:
The statement “the edges of a surface are curves” is false because the edges of surfaces are lines.

4. The things which are double of the same thing are equal to one another.
Solution:
True
Justification:
The statement “the things which are double of the same thing are equal to one another” is true
since, it is one of the Euclid’s axiom.
Exercise 5.3
Solve each of the following question using appropriate Euclid’s axiom :
1. Two salesmen make equal sales during the month of August. In September, each salesman
doubles his sale of the month of August. Compare their sales in September.
Solution:
Let the sale of both the salesmen in August = x.
According to the question, we have,
In September, each salesman doubles his sales of August.
Hence, we have,
In September,
Sales of first salesmen = 2x
And, sales of second salesman = 2x.
According to Euclid’s axioms, things which are double of the same things are equal to one
another.
Therefore, in September their sales are again equal.

2. It is known that x + y = 10 and that x = z. Show that z + y = 10?

Solution:
According to the question,
We have,
x+y=10 …(i)
And, x=z …(ii)
Applying the Euclid’s axiom,
“if equals are added to equals, the wholes are equal”
We get,
From Eqs. (i) and (ii)
x+y=z+y ….(iii)
From Eqs. (i) and (iii)
z+y=10

3. Look at the Fig. 5.3. Show that length AH > sum of lengths of AB + BC + CD.

Solution:
According to the given figure, we have,
AB+BC+CD =AD
Here, AD is a part of AH.
According to Euclid’s axiom,
“The whole is greater than the part”
i.e., AH > AD
Therefore, length AH > sum of the lengths of AB+BC+CD.
4. In the Fig.5.4, we have AB = BC, BX = BY. Show that AX = CY.

Solution:
According to the question,
We have,
AB =BC …(i)
and BX=BY …(ii)
According to Euclid’s axiom,
“If equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.”
Subtracting Eq.(ii) from (i),
We get,
AB-BX = BC-BY
⇒ AX = CY [from the given figure]

5. In the Fig.5.5, we have X and Y are the mid-points of AC and BC and AX = CY. Show that AC
= BC.
Solution:
Given, X is the mid-point of AC
AX = CX= ½ AC
⇒ 2AX =2CX = AC …(i)
Y is the mid-point of BC.
BY = CY = ½ BC
⇒ 2BY = 2CY= BC …(ii)
According to the question,
We also have,
AX=CY …(iii)
Applying the Euclid’s axiom,
“Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another”.
We get,
From Eq. (iii),
2AX = 2CY
Using Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get,
AC=BC
Hence Proved.

6. In the Fig.5.6, we have BX = ½ AB, BY = ½ BC and AB = BC. Show that BX = BY.

Solution:
According to the question,
We have,
BX = ½ AB and BY = ½ BC
⇒ 2BX = AB ….(i)
⇒ 2BY = BC ….(ii)
It is also given that,
AB = BC …(iii)
Substituting the values from Eqs. (i) and (ii) in eq. (iii), we get,
2BX = 2BY
Applying the Euclid’s axiom, “things which are double of same things are equal to one another”.
BX =BY
Exercise 5.4

1. Read the following statement:

An equilateral triangle is a polygon made up of three line segments out of which two line segments
are equal to the third one and all its angles are 60° each. Define the terms used in this definition
which you feel necessary. Are there any undefined terms in this? Can you justify that all sides and
all angles are equal in an equilateral triangle.
Solution:
The terms need to be defined are.
i: Polygon: Polygon is a closed figure bounded by three or more-line segments.
ii: Line segment: A line segment is a part of line having two end points.
Undefined terms are:
i: Line: undefined term
ii: Point: undefined term
Let us see why line and point are undefined terms.
Angle: Angle in a figure is formed by two rays with one common initial point.
Acute angle: Acute angle is an angle whose measure is between 0° to 90°.
Hence, the undefined terms are line and point.
According to the question,
All the angles of equilateral triangle are 60° each (given)
Two-line segments are equal to third one (given)
Applying to Euclid’s axiom, things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
Therefore, all three sides of an equilateral triangle are equal.

2. Study the following statement:

“Two intersecting lines cannot be perpendicular to the same line”.
Check whether it is an equivalent version to the Euclid’s fifth postulate.
[Hint: Identify the two intersecting lines l and m and the line n in the above statement.]
Solution:
Two equivalent version of Euclid’s fifth postulate are:
• For every line l and for every point p not lying on l, there exists a unique line m passing
through p and parallel to l.
• Two distinct intersecting lines cannot be parallel to the same line.
From these two statements, it is clear that the statement “two intersecting lines cannot be
perpendicular to the same line” is not an equivalent version to the Euclid’s fifth postulate.
 NCERT TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

Chapter 5
Introduction To Euclid’s Geometry

Exercise 5.1

Question 1:

Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Give reasons for
your Answers.

(i) Only one line can pass through a single point.

(ii) There are an infinite number of lines which pass through two distinct points.

(iii) A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.

(iv) If two circles are equal, then their radii are equal.

v) In the following figure, if AB = PQ and PQ = XY, then AB = XY.

Answer:

(i) False. Since through a single point, infinite number of lines can pass. In the following
figure, it can be seen that there are infinite numbers of lines passing through a single
point P.

(ii) False. Since through two distinct points, only one line can pass. In the following
figure, it can be seen that there is only one single line that can pass through two distinct
points P and Q.
(iii) True. A terminated line can be produced indefinitely on both the sides.

Let AB be a terminated line. It can be seen that it can be produced indefinitely on both
the sides.

(iv)True. If two circles are equal, then their centre and circumference will coincide and
hence, the radii will also be equal.

(v) True. It is given that AB and XY are two terminated lines, and both are equal to a third
line PQ. Euclid’s first axiom states that things which are equal to the same thing are
equal to one another. Therefore, the lines AB and XY will be equal to each other.

Question 2:

Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be
defined first? What are they, and how might you define them?

(i) parallel lines (ii) perpendicular lines (iii) line segment

(iv) radius of a circle (v) square

Answer:

(i) Parallel Lines

If the perpendicular distance between two lines is always constant, then these are called
parallel lines. In other words, the lines which never intersect each other are called
parallel lines.

To define parallel lines, we must know about point, lines, and distance between the lines
and the point of intersection.

(ii) Perpendicular lines

If two lines intersect each other at , then these are called perpendicular lines. We are
required to define line and the angle before defining perpendicular lines.
(iii) Line segment

A straight line drawn from any point to any other point is called as line segment. To
define a line segment, we must know about point and line segment.

(iv) Radius of a circle

It is the distance between the centres of a circle to any point lying on the circle. To
define the radius of a circle, we must know about point and circle.

(v) Square

A square is a quadrilateral having all sides of equal length and all angles of same
measure, i.e., To define square, we must know about quadrilateral, side, and angle.

Question 3:

Consider the two ‘postulates’ given below:

(i) Given any two distinct points A and B, there exists a third point C, which is between A
and B.

(ii) There exists at least three points that are not on the same line.

Do these postulates contain any undefined terms? Are these postulates consistent?

Do they follow from Euclid’s postulates? Explain.

Answer:

There are various undefined terms in the given postulates.

The given postulates are consistent because they refer to two different situations. Also,
it is impossible to deduce any statement that contradicts any well known axiom and
postulate.

These postulates do not follow from Euclid’s postulates. They follow from the axiom,
“Given two distinct points, there is a unique line that passes through them”.

Question 4:

If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC, then prove that

. Explain by drawing the figure.

Answer:

It is given that,

AC = BC

(Equals are added on both sides) … (1)

Here, (BC + AC) coincides with AB. It is known that things which coincide with one
another are equal to one another.

∴ BC + AC = AB … (2)

It is also known that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
Therefore, from equations (1) and (2), we obtain

AC + AC = AB

2AC = AB
Question 5:

In the above Question, point C is called a mid-point of line segment AB, prove that every
line segment has one and only one mid-point.

Answer:

Let there be two mid-points, C and D.

C is the mid-point of AB.

AC = CB

(Equals are added on both sides) … (1)

Here, (BC + AC) coincides with AB. It is known that things which coincide with one
another are equal to one another.

∴ BC + AC = AB … (2)

It is also known that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.
Therefore, from equations (1) and (2), we obtain

AC + AC = AB

⇒ 2AC = AB … (3)

Similarly, by taking D as the mid-point of AB, it can be proved that

2AD = AB … (4)

From equation (3) and (4), we obtain

2AC = 2AD (Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.)

⇒ AC = AD (Things which are double of the same things are equal to one another.)

This is possible only when point C and D are representing a single point.

Hence, our assumption is wrong and there can be only one mid-point of a given line
segment.
Question 6:

In the following figure, if AC = BD, then prove that AB = CD.

Answer:

From the figure, it can be observed that

AC = AB + BC

BD = BC + CD

It is given that AC = BD

AB + BC = BC + CD (1)

According to Euclid’s axiom, when equals are subtracted from equals, the remainders
are also equal.

Subtracting BC from equation (1), we obtain

AB + BC − BC = BC + CD − BC

AB = CD

Question 7:

Why is Axiom 5, in the list of Euclid’s axioms, considered a ‘universal truth’? (Note that
the Question is not about the fifth postulate.)

Answer:

Axiom 5 states that the whole is greater than the part. This axiom is known as a
universal truth because it holds true in any field, and not just in the field of mathematics.
Let us take two cases − one in the field of mathematics, and one other than that.

Case I

Let t represent a whole quantity and only a, b, c are parts of it.

t=a+b+c

Clearly, t will be greater than all its parts a, b, and c.

Therefore, it is rightly said that the whole is greater than the part.

Case II

Let us consider the continent Asia. Then, let us consider a country India which belongs
to Asia. India is a part of Asia, and it can also be observed that Asia is greater than India.
That is why we can say that the whole is greater than the part. This is true for anything in
any part of the world and is thus a universal truth.
Page 1
Class 9th Mathematics

05 INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID’S GEOMETRY

MIND MAP
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