KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE

The University for Community Development

Faculty of Information and Communication Technology

DRUG PREDICTION SYSTEM USING MACHINE LEARNING

BY

Ajiboye Oluwatamilore Abdulhafeez

20/47cs/01370

AUGUST 2024

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 MACHINE LEARNING DEUG PREDICTION SYSTEM

BY

Name:

Ajiboye Oluwatamilore abdulhafeez

Matric number:

20/47cs/01370

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE, FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY, KWARA STATE UNIVERSITY, MALETE, IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
SCIENCE (B.Sc.) DEGREE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE.

AUGUST 2024

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 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research work titled “MACHINE LEARNING DRUG
PREDICTION SYSTEM” is my own work and has not been submitted by any other
person for any degree or qualification at any higher institution. I also declare that the
information provided therein are mine and those that are not mine are properly
acknowledged.

__________________________
________________________

Name of student Signature and Date

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 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that the research project titled “machine learning system for drug
prediction” was carried out by “Name of the group member”. The project has been
read and approved as meeting the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science
(B.Sc.) Degree in Computer Science in the Department of Computer Science, Faculty of
Information and Communication Technology, Kwara State University, Malete.

______________________ ___________________

Dr. R.M Isiaka Signature/Date

Supervisor

_______________________ ____________________

Dr. (Mrs.) R.S. Babatunde Signature/Date

Head of Department

_______________________ _____________________

External Examiner Signature/Date

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 DEDICATION

This Project is dedicated to Almighty Allah, the beginning and the end who has been
with me since my birth till the moment and to Prophet Muhammad (SAW). Also, to my
parents (please put your family people), my guardians, supervisor and my boss at (People
you can call boss) for their supports, guidance and prayers.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise and adoration belong to Almighty Allah to his mercy and protection over me
throughout my program in the university.

I acknowledge the efforts of my parent, may almighty Allah spare their lives to reap the
soul of their labor (Amin). My sincere appreciation also goes to my love and caring
brothers and sisters starting from (people you love) for her leadership role and for his
courageous words towards the success of this program, and thanks to entire family and its
community in general. May Allah reward them all abundantly, Furthermore, I
acknowledge the support of my friends from (friends). May Almighty God be with them
and crown their efforts with success.

I appreciate my colleagues in the university, (class friends) and my entire class mates.
May He answer our prayers and crown all our efforts with success. The school authority
is also inclusive, for creating an opportunity and avenue for us to be exposed to the
outside world.

My profound gratitude goes to my supervisor, Dr. R.M. Isiaka, who did all he could to
make this report a successful one. My appreciation also goes to all lecturers in the
department.

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Contents
DECLARATION................................................................................................................iii

CERTIFICATION..............................................................................................................iv

DEDICATION.....................................................................................................................v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................vi

LIST OF FIGURES.............................................................................................................x

ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1

1.1 Background to study..................................................................................................1

1.2 Statement of the problem...........................................................................................3

1.3 Aim and objectives....................................................................................................3

1.4 Scope of study............................................................................................................3

1.5 Significance/justification of the study.......................................................................3

1.6 Definition of terms.....................................................................................................4

CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................6

LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................................6

2.1 Review of related terms.............................................................................................6

2.2 Related Work.............................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE...........................................................................................................12

METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................12

3.1 Data Acquisition and Planning................................................................................12

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 Dataset:..........................................................................................................................12

Dataset preprocessing....................................................................................................14

Feature extraction:.........................................................................................................15

3.2 Machine learning model development.....................................................................18

Sentiment analysis.........................................................................................................19

LSTM Model training....................................................................................................24

3.3 User Interface development:....................................................................................27

CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................31

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS......................................................................................31

Operating System:.........................................................................................................31

Hardware:......................................................................................................................31

Dependencies:................................................................................................................31

Recommended (Best) System Requirements.................................................................31

Operating System:.........................................................................................................31

Hardware:......................................................................................................................32

Dependencies:................................................................................................................32

4.1 Results......................................................................................................................32

Interfaces........................................................................................................................32

4.2 Discussion................................................................................................................39

CHAPTER FIVE...............................................................................................................40

SUMMARY, LIMITATION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................40

Summary........................................................................................................................40

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 Limitations.....................................................................................................................40

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................41

Recommendations..........................................................................................................41

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................42

APPENDIX........................................................................................................................47

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LIST OF FIGURES

Description of the dataset files ………………………………………………….............14

Techniques used in the data preprocessing phase…………………………………….…15

Features correlation extraction……………………….………………………………… 16

Feature extraction 2 (heatmap plotting)………………………………………………....17

Feature extraction using the TF-IDF Vectorizer…………..…………………………….17

Machine learning model development…………..……………………………………... 18

Sentiment classification chart for reviews………………………………………………19

Sentiment chart for the Lexapro drug…………………………………………………...20

Sentiment classification chart…………………..……………………………………….21

Using stop words for text processing…………..……………………………………….22

VADER lexicon NLTK library installation…………………………………………….23

Sentiment analyzer grouping……………………………………………………………24

LSTM model setup……………………………………………………………………...25

Data splitting and model setup………………………………………………………….26

Final model training on Google Colab………………………………………………….27

python code snippet 1 ………………………………………………………………….28

python code snippet 2 ………………………………………………………………….29

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python code snippet 3 ………………………………………………………………..30

The app’s homepage………………………………………………………………….33

Condition selection pop-up menu…………………………………………………….34

Dialog box showing the top 3 drugs for the chosen condition……………………….35

Review page………………………………………………………………………….36

Drug menu……………………………………………………………………………37

Reviews page for selected drug………………………………………………………38

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Project Libraries Codes user interface development python kivy/kivymd
…………………………………………………………………………...........................
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 ABSTRACT

This research explores the application of deep learning, a subset of artificial intelligence,
in precision medicine to enhance drug treatment prediction. Addressing the limitations of
the traditional "one-size-fits-all" approach, which often results in suboptimal outcomes
due to individual differences in genetics, physiology, and medical history, the study aims
to predict the effectiveness and potential side effects of various drugs tailored to
individual patients. By leveraging deep learning models that handle complex and high-
dimensional data, the research focuses on data gathering, preprocessing, and developing a
machine learning model for drug treatment classification. A user-friendly interface is also
designed to facilitate the model's practical application. Despite the significant potential of
deep learning in clinical settings, challenges such as data privacy, model interpretability,
and integration with existing medical systems are acknowledged. The study emphasizes
the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address these challenges and fully realize
the benefits of personalized medicine in improving patient outcomes, enhancing
healthcare provider decision-making, and streamlining drug development processes.
Ultimately, this research contributes to precision medicine by developing a model that
predicts drug effectiveness and side effects, supporting more personalized and effective
treatment options for patients.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to study
Precision medicine is one of the recent and powerful developments in medical care,
which has the potential to improve the traditional symptom-driven practice of medicine,
allowing earlier interventions using advanced diagnostics and tailoring better and
economically personalized treatments. (Ahmed et al., 2020). Deep learning, a subset of
artificial intelligence (AI), utilizes neural networks with multiple layers to model
complex patterns in data. Its application in drug treatment prediction involves integrating
vast amounts of patient data to forecast the most effective treatments based on individual
characteristics. Concurrently, precision medicine advocates for treatments tailored to
each patient’s genetic, environmental, and lifestyle specificities, promising a revolution
in personalized cardiovascular care. (Ayalew et al., 2024).

Deep learning models require extensive and high-quality datasets to function effectively.
These datasets typically include patient demographics, genetic information, previous
treatment outcomes, and other relevant clinical data. By training on these comprehensive
datasets, deep learning algorithms can identify subtle patterns and correlations that may
not be apparent to human researchers. For instance, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have shown promise in handling
sequential and spatial data in healthcare applications (LeCun et al., 2015). The
integration of such models into clinical practice hinges on the availability and quality of
data, which is often a significant challenge in the field.

The process of developing a deep learning model for predicting drug treatment
effectiveness involves several critical steps. Initially, data preprocessing is crucial to
handle missing values, normalize data, and ensure consistency across datasets. Following

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preprocessing, the model is trained using a subset of the data while another subset is
reserved for validation and testing. Techniques such as cross-validation are employed to
ensure the model’s robustness and to prevent overfitting (Goodfellow et al., 2016).
Feature selection methods are also used to identify the most relevant variables that
contribute to treatment outcomes, enhancing the model’s predictive power, The added
value of machine learning approaches emerges when the number of potential predictors is
large and/or their effects are non-linear. (chekrud et al., 2021)

One of the significant benefits of using deep learning for this purpose is its ability to
handle and learn from complex, high-dimensional data. Traditional statistical methods
often struggle with the curse of dimensionality and the intricate nonlinear relationships
present in biological data. Deep learning models, however, excel in these scenarios by
leveraging their layered architecture to capture these complexities (Esteva et al., 2019).
Moreover, techniques such as transfer learning can be employed to adapt pre-trained
models to new, related tasks, thus reducing the time and computational resources
required for model development (Pan & Yang, 2010).

Despite its potential, the deployment of deep learning models in clinical settings is
fraught with challenges. Issues related to data privacy, the need for interpretability of AI
decisions, and the integration with existing medical systems are significant hurdles.
Additionally, the black-box nature of deep learning models raises concerns among
clinicians who require a clear understanding of how predictions are made (Doshi-Velez
& Kim, 2017). Addressing these challenges involves developing transparent models,
improving data governance, and ensuring that AI systems complement rather than replace
human expertise. As research progresses, interdisciplinary collaboration among data
scientists, clinicians, and policymakers will be crucial in realizing the full potential of
deep learning in personalized medicine. AI and machine learning (ML) enhance drug
design and development by improving our knowledge of disease pathology, identifying

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dysregulated molecular pathways, predicting novel therapeutic targets, and analyzing in
silico clinical efficacy of drugs. (Sahu et al., 2022)

1.2 Statement of the problem

In order to reduce the number of preventable adverse Drug events and hospital
admissions, medication re-View is often recommended, incorporated in several
guidelines and also frequently reimbursed by health Care insurers in various countries
(Huiskes et al., 2017). The current “one-size-fits-all” approach to drug treatment often
leads to suboptimal outcomes for patients. Individual differences in genetics, physiology,
and medical history can significantly impact treatment efficacy and safety. (Ahmed et al.,
2020).

1.3 Aim and objectives

To develop a machine learning model that can predict the effectiveness of different drugs
and their side effects for different individuals.

I. Data gathering and pre-processing

II. Development of a classification machine learning model
III. Simple User interface development

1.4 Scope of study

The research will focus on different side effects of different drugs on individuals. It will
test the effectiveness of various drugs based on reviews from patients who have used the
drug or medication in the past.

1.5 Significance/justification of the study

The research is multifaceted in its benefits. By providing more personalized treatment
options, it enhances patient outcomes and safety. Healthcare providers benefit from
improved decision-making capabilities, while pharmaceutical companies can streamline

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drug development and targeting processes. Researchers gain advanced tools for further
exploration of treatment effects, and healthcare systems can become more efficient and
cost-effective. Finally, regulatory agencies can enhance their evaluation and approval
processes, ensuring that treatments are both effective and safe.

1.6 Definition of terms

Deep Learning: A subset of machine learning that uses neural networks with many layers
(deep networks) to model and understand complex patterns in data.

Neural Network: A computational model composed of interconnected nodes (neurons)

organized in layers, which processes data by learning from examples.

Personalized Medicine: An approach to patient care that tailors treatment based on the
individual characteristics, needs, and preferences of patients, often using genetic or other
molecular profiling.

Predictive Model: A mathematical or computational model that forecasts future outcomes

based on historical data.

Clinical Data: Information collected from patient care, including medical history,
diagnoses, treatments, laboratory results, and demographics.

Feature Selection: The process of identifying the most relevant variables or features in a
dataset that contribute significantly to the predictive accuracy of a model.

Training Data: A subset of data used to teach a machine learning model by adjusting its
parameters to minimize errors.

Validation Data: A separate subset of data used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a

model’s performance during development and to tune model parameters.

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Cross-Validation: A technique for assessing how a predictive model will generalize to an
independent dataset, typically by partitioning the data into complementary subsets and
training/testing multiple models.

Overfitting: A modeling error that occurs when a model is too complex and captures the
noise in the training data rather than the underlying pattern, leading to poor performance
on new data.

Transfer Learning: A machine learning method where a model developed for one task is
reused as the starting point for a model on a second task, often improving efficiency and
performance.

Interpretability: The extent to which a human can understand the cause of a decision
made by a machine learning model.

Black-Box Model: A type of model whose internal workings are not easily interpretable
or understandable by humans, often applied to complex models like deep learning.

Genomic Data: Information about an individual’s genetic makeup, including DNA

sequences and gene expressions, which can influence their response to treatments.

Clinical Workflow Integration: The process of incorporating new tools or models into
existing healthcare practices and systems to ensure they enhance, rather than disrupt,
clinical operations.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of related terms

Biomarkers: Biomarkers are biological molecules found in blood, other body fluids, or
tissues that are a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. They
are often used in precision medicine to identify the presence of diseases, predict the
course of a disease, or monitor the effects of treatment. For instance, certain proteins
might indicate cancer, while others might signify cardiovascular disease. By analyzing
these biomarkers, clinicians can tailor treatments to the individual characteristics of each
patient’s condition, potentially improving outcomes and reducing side effects. (American
Cancer Society,.2020).

Genomic Sequencing: Genomic sequencing involves determining the complete DNA

sequence of an organism’s genome. In the context of precision medicine, it refers to
sequencing the genome of an individual to understand the genetic basis of diseases and
responses to treatments. This information can reveal mutations and variations in genes
that may predispose individuals to certain diseases or affect how they respond to
medications. As a result, genomic sequencing can guide personalized treatment plans that
target specific genetic abnormalities, leading to more effective and precise healthcare
interventions. (National Human Genome Research Institute.,. 2021).

Pharmacogenomics: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s

response to drugs. This field combines pharmacology and genomics to develop effective,
safe medications and doses that are tailored to a person’s genetic makeup. Variations in
genes can influence drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. By understanding these
genetic differences, healthcare providers can prescribe medications that are more likely to

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be effective and less likely to cause adverse effects, thus enhancing the precision of
medical treatments. (National Institute of General Medical Sciences, 2022)

Companion Diagnostics: Companion diagnostics are tests or assays used to identify

whether a patient will benefit from a specific therapeutic product or treatment. These
diagnostics are often developed in conjunction with a corresponding drug. For example,
certain cancer therapies are only effective in patients whose tumors have specific genetic
mutations, which can be detected using companion diagnostics. This approach ensures
that patients receive treatments that are likely to be effective based on their individual
genetic profiles, improving the likelihood of successful outcomes. (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration,. 2021).

Precision Oncology: Precision oncology is a subfield of precision medicine that focuses

specifically on the treatment of cancer. It involves tailoring cancer treatment based on the
genetic makeup of an individual’s tumor. By analyzing the genetic mutations and
alterations in cancer cells, oncologists can choose targeted therapies that are more likely
to be effective for that specific type of cancer. This approach contrasts with traditional
cancer treatments, which are often one-size-fits-all, and aims to improve treatment
efficacy and reduce side effects. (National Cancer Institute,. 2023)

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps the immune

system fight cancer. It works by stimulating the body’s immune response or by providing
components, such as man-made immune system proteins, to enhance the immune
system’s ability to target and destroy cancer cells. In precision medicine, immunotherapy
is often tailored to the specific characteristics of an individual’s cancer and immune
system. This personalization can improve the effectiveness of the treatment and minimize
adverse effects, offering a powerful tool in the fight against cancer. (American Society of
Clinical Oncology,. 2022).

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Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS): Clinical decision support systems are
computer-based programs that analyze data within electronic health records to provide
healthcare providers with evidence-based clinical guidance. In precision medicine, CDSS
can integrate genetic, biomarker, and clinical data to offer personalized treatment
recommendations. These systems help clinicians make more informed decisions by
providing up-to-date information on the latest research, potential drug interactions, and
patient-specific factors, ultimately enhancing the quality and precision of medical care.
(Institute of Medicine,.2019).

2.2 Related Work

This literature review explores the impact of precision medicine on treatment outcomes
and individual variations, differentiating it from personalized medicine in disease
susceptibility classification. The research objectives include examining how precision
medicine uses genetic, protein, and environmental information to enhance treatment
efficacy and reduce side effects. Methodologically, the study reviews existing literature
and clinical studies. The results indicate that precision medicine significantly improves
treatment outcomes by targeting specific genetic mutations, managing chronic diseases
more effectively, and reducing adverse reactions through customized drug dosages and
treatment plans. However, limitations such as inter-individual response variations,
implementation complexity, cost, and ethical concerns about data privacy are identified.
The conclusion highlights that while precision medicine promises tailored and effective
treatments, addressing its challenges is essential to fully realizing its potential in
improving patient care.

The research paper ”The Role of Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosing
Diseases”, (Ibrahim and adnan, 2021), aimed to compare the performance of various
machine learning algorithms like Naïve Bayes, KNN, SVM, LDA, and Random Forest
on datasets related to diabetic eye disease, heart syndrome, and diabetes. The
methodology results revealed that SVM generally outperformed other algorithms in

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accuracy across different datasets, with KNN showing the highest accuracy in the heart
syndrome dataset. Naïve Bayes also demonstrated competitive performance in certain
instances. However, the study noted limitations such as the potential lack of accuracy of
Naïve Bayes compared to more complex models and the computational intensity of
models like SVM, especially with numerous variables. In conclusion, the research
suggests that SVM is a robust algorithm for classification tasks in medical datasets like
diabetic eye disease and heart syndrome, emphasizing the importance of selecting the
appropriate algorithm based on the dataset characteristics and task requirements.

(Kevin et al., 2021) in the study “Precision Medicine, AI, and the Future of Personalized
Health Care” aimed to explore the utilization of artificial intelligence, particularly LSTM
models, in predicting heart failure using big data. Methodology: The study employed a
longitudinal design to collect and analyze a large dataset of heart failure cases, utilizing
LSTM models for predictive analytics. Results: The results of the study may have
demonstrated the effectiveness of LSTM models in accurately predicting heart failure
based on significant data patterns. Limitations: Potential limitations of the research could
include challenges in data quality, model generalizability, and the need for further
validation in diverse populations. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study may have
highlighted the promising role of artificial intelligence, specifically LSTM models, in
enhancing the prediction of heart failure through the analysis of extensive datasets.

(Dominik et al., 2021) Performed a study aimed at exploring the concept of clinical
digital phenotyping, emphasizing the importance of purpose, quality, and safety
considerations in this emerging field. The methodology involved a comprehensive review
of existing literature on digital phenotyping and patient involvement in medicines
research and development. The results highlighted the need for improved patient
engagement strategies and practical roadmaps for enhancing patient involvement in
regulatory processes. However, the study acknowledged limitations in the current level of
patient participation and the complexity of integrating digital phenotyping into clinical

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practice. In conclusion, the paper emphasized the timely opportunity to delve deeper into
digital phenotyping and patient engagement to advance precision health initiatives and
ensure the quality and safety of digital health interventions.

(Nikhil et al, 2018) focused on proving bifurcation angles as acute angles and
distinguishing between actual and distorted bifurcation angles. The methodology
involved evaluating the accuracy of the proposed approach using a publicly available
database. The results highlighted the successful demonstration of proving bifurcation
angles as acute and accurately distinguishing between actual and distorted angles.
However, the limitations of the study may include challenges in proving vascular angles
at bifurcation points as acute angles. In conclusion, the research successfully
demonstrated the acute nature of bifurcation angles and provided a method to distinguish
between actual and distorted angles, showcasing the importance of retinal vascular angles
in biometric template generation.

(Bahzad and Adnan,. 2021) did a study aimed at providing a detailed approach to
decision trees, evaluating algorithms, datasets, and outcomes achieved in various fields.
Methodology and Results: The authors discussed decision tree algorithms, their types,
benefits, and drawbacks, highlighting their use in data mining and various applications.
They compared decision tree classifiers with other methods like Random Forest and
neural networks for diabetes mellitus prediction using a dataset from hospitals in China.
Limitations: The study mentioned that decision trees can lead to incorrect decisions due
to their complex structure with many layers, especially when dealing with a large number
of Training samples. Conclusion: The authors concluded that decision trees are powerful
tools widely used in machine learning and data mining tasks, emphasizing their
effectiveness in classification tasks despite potential drawbacks related to decision
complexity and training sample size.

(Iqbal, 2021) The research paper on machine learning algorithms in various application
domains was authored by experts in the field and published recently. The study aimed to

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explore the principles and applicability of different machine learning techniques,
including supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, reinforcement learning, and deep
learning, in real-world scenarios like cybersecurity systems, smart cities, healthcare, e-
commerce, and agriculture. The methodology involved a comprehensive review of these
algorithms to enhance application intelligence. The results highlighted the potential of
machine learning in improving various sectors but also identified challenges such as data
quality, interpretability, and scalability. The study concluded by emphasizing the
importance of machine learning in advancing technology and providing a reference for
academia, industry professionals, and decision-makers in different fields.

(Rung-Ching et al,. 2020) aimed to evaluate the importance of feature selection in

classification models using Random Forest algorithm on datasets like Bank Marketing,
Car Evaluation Database, and Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones. The
main goals were to simplify models, reduce training time, prevent overfitting, and avoid
the curse of dimensionality. Methodology and Results: The research workflow involved
selecting essential features using RF, Boruta, and RFE methods, comparing classification
models like RF, SVM, KNN, and LDA, and assessing accuracy through Cohen’s Kappa
evaluation. Results showed that Random Forest outperformed other models in all
experiment groups. Limitations: One limitation of the study could be the focus on
specific datasets, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings to other
domains. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the effectiveness of Random Forest in
feature selection for classification tasks, emphasizing the importance of selecting
essential features to improve model accuracy and performance.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Data Acquisition and Planning
The dataset sourced from Druglib.com And Drugs.com, The dataset contains patient
reviews on specific drugs along with related conditions. The reviews are categorized into
reports on three aspects: benefits, side effects, and overall comments. Additionally,
ratings are provided for overall satisfaction, side effects (on a 5-step scale), and
effectiveness (on a 5-step scale).

Characteristics: It’s a multivariate dataset with text data.

Subject Area: Health and Medicine.

Associated Tasks: Classification, Regression, Clustering.

Feature Type: Integer.

Number of Instances: 4143.

Number of Features: 8.

Data Collection: The data was obtained by crawling online pharmaceutical review sites.
The purpose was to facilitate sentiment analysis of drug experiences across various
facets, transferability of models among different conditions, and transferability among
different data sources.

Data Split: The data is divided into a training set (75%) and a test set (25%), stored in
two tab-separated-values (.CSV) files.

Dataset:
The dataset contains 8 features which are listed below.

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urlDrugName (categorical): Name of the drug being reviewed. This variable indicates the
specific medication that patients are providing reviews for.

Condition (categorical): Name of the medical condition for which the drug is prescribed
or used. This variable specifies the health issue or ailment that the drug is intended to
address.

benefitsReview (text): Patient reviews regarding the benefits or positive effects they
experienced while using the drug. This text field likely contains descriptions of how the
drug helped alleviate symptoms or improve the patient’s condition.

sideEffectsReview (text): Patient reviews detailing the side effects or adverse reactions
experienced while using the drug. This text field may include descriptions of any
unwanted or negative effects associated with the medication.

commentsReview (text): Overall comments provided by the patient about their

experience with the drug. This text field captures the patient’s general feedback or
opinions about the medication, including any additional thoughts or observations.

Rating (numerical): Patient rating of the drug on a scale from 1 to 10 stars. This
numerical variable quantifies the patient’s overall satisfaction or perception of the drug’s
effectiveness, with higher ratings indicating greater satisfaction.

sideEffects (categorical): Categorical variable representing the side effects rating

provided by the patient. This variable likely indicates the severity or impact of side
effects experienced, categorized into five levels (e.g., mild, moderate, severe).

Effectiveness (categorical): Categorical variable representing the effectiveness rating

provided by the patient. This variable indicates the perceived effectiveness of the drug in
treating the patient’s condition, categorized into five levels (e.g., ineffective, moderately
effective, highly effective).

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 Figure 3.1 Description of the dataset files.

Dataset preprocessing

Natural data are usually noisy, contain missing or redundant values, and incomplete. Data
preprocessing phase is crucial in machine learning. This phase is necessary for
assembling and fixing the raw data for the machine learning model. It comprises the
implementation of techniques that aimed at reducing the complexity of the dataset by
removing some of the non-descriptive, messed values, and non-necessary attributes from
the original dataset.
Data preprocessing is a vital step in the machine learning pipeline, especially when
dealing with natural data, which often presents challenges such as noise, missing values,
redundancy, and incompleteness. Without proper preprocessing, these issues can lead to
inaccurate predictions, inefficient models, and unreliable outcomes. The preprocessing
phase serves to prepare and refine raw data, making it suitable for analysis and model
training. This involves a series of techniques designed to clean and transform the data,
such as handling missing values, correcting errors, and normalizing or scaling features.
Additionally, irrelevant or non-descriptive attributes are removed to reduce the

27
complexity of the dataset, which helps in improving the model's performance and
training efficiency.

Figure 3.2 used techniques in the data preprocessing phase

Feature extraction:
Features are characteristics of the objects of interest, which represent the maximum
relevant information that the image has to offer for the complete characterization of a
tumor. Feature extraction methodologies analyze objects and images to extract the most
prominent features that are representative of the various classes of objects. Features are
used as inputs to classifiers that assign them to the class that they represent. In this
research, the LSTM recurrent neural network algorithm is proposed to be used. Features
used for this are widely divided into two main categories: global features and local
features.
Global features are feasible features that are classified as general features and domain-
specific features. This leads to the case of images where general features are considered
for the detection process (Gemescu et al. 2019). Local features are features extracted

28
from a different section of the data for different purposes i.e sentiment analysis, there is a
need for features to be at different levels, for instance at the chest level (Eweje et al.
2021).

Figure 3.3 features correlation extraction

Feature correlation extraction is the process of identifying and quantifying the

relationships between different features (variables) in a dataset. In machine learning, this
step is crucial because highly correlated features can provide redundant information to
the model, which may lead to overfitting and reduce model performance. By calculating
correlation coefficients, such as Pearson's or Spearman's, we can measure the strength
and direction of the relationship between pairs of features. Features with high correlation
may be candidates for removal or dimensionality reduction techniques like Principal

29
Component Analysis (PCA), helping to simplify the model and improve its
generalization ability. Understanding feature correlations also aids in better feature
selection, ensuring that the most informative and independent features are used in the
modeling process. See figure 3.3 above.

Figure 3.4 feature extraction 2 (heatmap plotting)

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 Figure 3.5 feature extraction using the TFidVectorizer

3.2 Machine learning model development

Based on the daatset used the developed model will be a text based classification model.
To develop a machine learning model for text classification, we begin by preprocessing
the text data using a combination of regular expressions, tokenization, and stopword
removal with the `re` and `nltk` libraries. Text is cleaned by removing punctuation and
converting it to lowercase, followed by tokenizing it into individual words. Stopwords
are filtered out, and the remaining words are stemmed using `PorterStemmer`. The
preprocessed text is then transformed into a numerical representation, such as word
frequencies, using `Counter`. These features are used to train a machine learning model,
such as a logistic regression or a support vector machine (SVM). During development,
data manipulation and analysis are performed using `pandas` and `numpy`, while
`matplotlib`, `seaborn`, and `plotly` are employed to visualize the distribution of words
and model performance. Word clouds generated by the `WordCloud` library provide an

31
intuitive view of the most frequent terms, aiding in feature selection and model
refinement. This comprehensive approach ensures that the text data is thoroughly
prepared and analyzed, leading to an effective and robust machine learning model.

Figure 3.6 Machine learning model development

After data preprocessing the preprocessed text data is transformed into a numerical
representation that machine learning algorithms can work with. Common methods
include Bag of Words (BoW), which converts text into a matrix of token counts; Term
Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), which converts text into a matrix of
token importance; and word embeddings, which use techniques like Word2Vec or GloVe
to convert words into dense vectors.

Sentiment analysis
Sentiment analysis was conducted to classify patient reviews into three distinct
categories: positive, negative, and neutral. This classification was a critical step in
understanding the overall sentiment conveyed in the patient reviews. By categorizing the
reviews, the system can identify which drugs are associated with the most positive
feedback, thereby providing a more reliable basis for drug recommendations.

32
 Figure 3.7 sentiment classification chart for reviews

In the context of the system, sentiment analysis plays a pivotal role. When a patient
interacts with the system, they may be seeking advice on which drug to choose for a
particular condition. The system leverages the results of sentiment analysis to prioritize
and recommend drugs that have received the most positive reviews from other patients.
This approach ensures that patients are guided towards medications that have been well-
received by others, potentially improving their treatment outcomes.

33
 Figure 3.8 sentiment chart for the Lexapro drug

The sentiment classification helps to filter out drugs with predominantly negative or
neutral reviews, which might indicate lower efficacy, more side effects, or other concerns
that previous patients have highlighted. By focusing on drugs with positive sentiments,
the system enhances its ability to recommend treatments that are more likely to be
effective and well-tolerated, thus contributing to better patient satisfaction and adherence
to prescribed therapies.

34
 Figure 3.9 sentiment classification chart

Next, the dataset is split into training and testing sets to evaluate model performance.
Often, a validation set is also created for hyperparameter tuning. The training set is used
to train the model, the testing set is used to evaluate the model’s performance on unseen
data, and the validation set is used to tune hyperparameters and prevent overfitting.

After that, an appropriate machine learning algorithm for the task is chosen. Common
algorithms for text classification include logistic regression, support vector machine
(SVM), naïve Bayes, random forest, and neural networks (e.g., LSTM, CNN,
Transformer-based models). The LSTM algorithm was used for this model. The LSTM
algorithm is then fitted to the training data. This involves initializing the model, training
it by using the training data to adjust the model’s parameters, and minimizing the error
(loss function).

Natural language processing:

35
Natural Language Processing (NLP) was employed to enable the system to comprehend
and process human language, specifically English, in order to make accurate predictions
based on user input. NLP serves as the foundational layer of the system, allowing it to
interpret and analyze the text data provided by users, such as drug reviews or medical
conditions, in a way that a machine learning model can utilize effectively. Before the
sentiment analysis could take place, various NLP techniques were applied to the text
data. These techniques included tokenization, bag of words, and others, which are
essential steps in transforming raw text into a structured format that the model can
understand.

Tokenization involves breaking down the text into individual units, such as words or
phrases, called tokens. This step is crucial because it allows the system to work with
smaller, manageable pieces of text, making it easier to analyze and interpret the content.
For instance, a user’s review might be split into tokens like "effective," "no," "side,"
"effects," which the system can then analyze separately.

Figure 3.10 using stop words for text processing

The bag of words technique was also employed, which converts the text into a vector of
word frequencies or occurrences, disregarding grammar and word order but retaining
valuable information about word usage. This method is particularly useful for identifying
the most common words or phrases across many reviews, which can be indicative of
certain sentiments or opinions.

36
 Figure 3.11 vader_lexicon nltk library installation

By utilizing these NLP techniques, the system was able to preprocess the text data
effectively, enabling it to identify patterns and relationships within the text. This
preprocessing was critical for the subsequent sentiment analysis, where the system
classified reviews into categories like positive, negative, or neutral. The proper
classification of text ensured that the sentiment analysis could accurately capture the
underlying sentiments in the reviews, allowing the system to make informed predictions
and recommendations based on the user's input.

37
 Figure 3.12 sentiment analyzer grouping

In summary, NLP was integral to the system's ability to understand and interpret human
language. By applying techniques like tokenization and bag of words before performing
sentiment analysis, the system was able to accurately process and classify text, paving the
way for meaningful predictions and recommendations that align with user needs.

LSTM Model training

Hyperparameter tuning is performed to improve performance. This can be done using
techniques like grid search or random search, often evaluated on the validation set. The
trained model’s performance is assessed using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall,
F1-score, and ROC-AUC. This involves predicting on the test set, using the model to
predict labels for the test set, and comparing the predicted labels to the true labels to
calculate performance metrics. Model interpretation and visualization involve analyzing
the model’s predictions and understanding its behavior (more on this in the next section).
Visualization techniques include the confusion matrix, which shows where the model is

38
 Figure 3.13 LSTM model setup

making correct or incorrect predictions, and feature importance, which provides scores
for models that indicate which features are most influential.

Model optimization, based on the evaluation, may involve further refining the model.
This can include feature engineering, adjusting hyperparameters, using more complex
models, or combining multiple models (ensemble methods). Once the best configuration
is identified, the final model is retrained on the entire training dataset (including the
validation set) to maximize the amount of data the model learns from.

The model was trained for 10 epochs on Google Colab, a cloud-based platform that
provides powerful computational resources, making it suitable for training deep learning

39
models. Each epoch represents one complete pass through the entire training dataset,
allowing the model to learn and adjust its parameters iteratively.

Figure 3.14 data splitting and model setup

After the training process, the model achieved an impressive accuracy of 94%, indicating
that it was able to correctly classify the majority of the data points. This high accuracy
reflects the model's effectiveness in capturing the underlying patterns in the data, likely
due to a well-designed architecture and optimal training process. The use of Google
Colab also ensured that the training process was efficient, utilizing hardware accelerators
like GPUs to speed up the computations and handle the complex operations involved in

40
training deep learning models.

Figure 3.15 final model training on google colab

3.3 User Interface development:

To build an offline application for a text classification machine learning model using
Python, Kivy is an excellent choice due to its powerful capabilities for creating cross-
platform applications. The process begins by setting up the environment, which involves
installing the required libraries such as `pandas`, `numpy`, and machine learning libraries
like `scikit-learn` or `tensorflow` using pip. Once the environment is set up, the next step
is to create a Python script for the Kivy application. This script will start by importing
Kivy along with any other necessary libraries.

41
 Figure 3.13 python code snippet 1

The development of the Kivy application involves designing the user interface (UI) using
Kivy’s layout widgets such as `BoxLayout`, `GridLayout`, or `FloatLayout` to structure
the app. Interactive elements like `Label`, `TextInput`, and `Button` will be added to
enable users to engage with the application. The preprocessed text data and the trained
machine learning model are then loaded within the Kivy app. Libraries like `joblib` or
`pickle` are used to load a previously saved model, ensuring the model and tokenizer are
accessible within the app using appropriate paths. User input is handled by creating
functions that take the text from the `TextInput` fields, preprocess it in the same way as
the training data, and then use the loaded model to make predictions. The predictions are
displayed to the user within the UI, often by updating a `Label` widget with the
classification results. The app’s interactivity is further enhanced using Kivy’s event-
driven programming model, where functions are attached to buttons and other widgets to

42
respond to user actions—such as processing input text and displaying the classification
outcome when a button is clicked.

Figure 3.14 python code snippet 2

Finally, to run the Kivy application, the script is executed locally, opening the app in a
window and providing a standalone, offline solution. For sharing the application with
others, PyInstaller can be used to package the app into an executable, making it runnable
on any machine without requiring Python or Kivy to be installed. This approach results in
a user-friendly, offline application for text classification, allowing users to input text
data, view predictions, and interact with the machine learning model in a standalone
environment.

43
 Figure 3.16 python code snippet 3

Kivy is an excellent choice for developing offline applications because it enables users to
operate independently of an internet connection, ensuring uninterrupted access even in
areas with limited connectivity. Its cross-platform capabilities allow developers to create
applications that run smoothly on various devices and operating systems, all from a
single codebase. Kivy's native, responsive user interface supports complex interactions,
making it ideal for resource-intensive tasks like running machine learning models
directly on the user's device. Additionally, Kivy eliminates the need for server
maintenance, reduces hosting costs, and enhances data privacy, as all processing and data
storage are handled locally. This combination of performance, privacy, and broad
compatibility makes Kivy a superior option for offline applications.

44
 CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

System requirements, Screenshots, Explanation how the application works and its
output

Operating System:

Windows: Windows 10 (64-bit)

macOS: macOS 10.15 Catalina

Linux: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS

Hardware:

CPU: Intel Core i3 or equivalent

RAM: 4GB

Storage: 500MB free space (for the application and its dependencies)

Graphics: Integrated graphics (e.g., Intel HD Graphics)

Dependencies:

Python Runtime: Bundled with the executable (shouldn't need separate

installation)

Recommended (Best) System Requirements

Operating System:

Windows: Windows 11 (64-bit)

45
 macOS: macOS 11 Big Sur or later

Linux: Ubuntu 20.04 LTS or later

Hardware:

CPU: Intel Core i5 or equivalent

RAM: 8GB or more

Storage: 1GB free space (for better performance and additional data storage)

Graphics: Dedicated graphics card (e.g., NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1050 or better) for
optimal performance, especially if the application involves heavy graphical content.

Dependencies:

Python Runtime: Bundled with the executable

4.1 Results
This section illustrates the use of the application and its functionality.

Interfaces
Upon opening the application, the user is greeted with a welcoming and intuitive
interface designed to be user-friendly and straightforward. The main screen effectively
communicates the application's purpose and provides clear navigation options. The
interface features two prominent buttons, each serving a distinct function. The first button
allows users to search for their medical condition by entering relevant details, which then
helps the application identify potential treatments or recommendations based on their
input. The second button offers users the ability to explore different drugs, where they
can view detailed information and read reviews from other users about the drugs' effects

46
and efficacy. This setup ensures that users can easily access the information they need,
making the application both functional and accessible. The inclusion of a visual
reference, such as Figure 4.1, further aids in illustrating the layout and design of the user
interface, providing a clear depiction of how users interact with the application.

Figure 4.1 The app’s homepage

When the "Find Condition" button is clicked, a detailed menu opens up, presenting the
user with a comprehensive list of medical conditions. This menu is designed to be user-

47
friendly, allowing the user to scroll through an extensive alphabetical list of conditions,
from A to Z. The design facilitates easy navigation, enabling users to quickly locate their
specific condition. The visual reference, such as Figure 4.2, illustrates the layout of this
menu, showcasing the alphabetical arrangement and scroll functionality. This interface
ensures that users can efficiently find and select their condition, enhancing the overall
usability of the application.

Figure 4.2 condition selection pop up menu

When the user selects their condition, a dialog box appears, displaying the top three drugs
recommended for treating that particular condition. These recommendations are based on

48
the sentiment analysis performed by the machine learning model, which evaluates user
reviews to determine the effectiveness and satisfaction associated with each drug. The
drugs highlighted in the dialog box are those with the highest number of positive reviews,
ensuring that the user receives suggestions for medications that have been favorably
received by others. This feature aims to provide users with informed choices, reflecting
the overall sentiment of past users regarding the effectiveness of the drugs for their
condition.

Figure 4.3 dialogbox showing the top 3 drugs for the chosen condition

To view reviews from other patients who have used the recommended drugs, the user can
click the "See Side Effects" button located at the bottom right corner of the dialog box.

49
This action opens a new screen that displays detailed reviews for each of the top three
drugs. Each review provides insights into the experiences of other users, helping the
individual make a more informed decision about which drug might be the most suitable
for them. Additionally, the screen features a button that allows the user to return to the
homepage, facilitating easy navigation and ensuring a smooth user experience
throughout.

Figure 4.4 review page

The interface shown in Figure 4.2 is designed to offer users a clear and straightforward
process for interacting with the application. Upon reaching this stage, users are presented
with a preview of the image they have selected for analysis, allowing them to visually
confirm that the correct file has been chosen before proceeding.

50
This preview feature is crucial as it ensures that users can easily verify that the image is
accurate and ready for the system's analysis, reducing the likelihood of errors in the
diagnostic process. Alongside the image preview, the interface includes a prominently
placed button that serves as the next step in the workflow. When this button is clicked, it
prompts the system to take in the image for further processing and verification.

From the application's homepage (see Figure 4.1 above), if the user clicks on the "Verify
Drug Effect" button, a menu similar to the one shown in Figure 4.2 above will be
displayed. This menu presents a comprehensive list of drugs, allowing the user to select
any drug they wish to investigate. Upon selecting a drug, the application will provide
detailed information about its usage, sentiment scores (classified as positive, negative, or
neutral), and reviews from previous users (see Figure 4.6 below). This feature enables
users to gain insights into the effectiveness of drugs based on other user’s experiences,
facilitating informed decisions.

51
Figure 4.5 drug menu

52
 Figure 4.6 reviews page for selected drug

The first card in figure 3.6 above shows the use of the drug and it’s average sentiment
score while the other cards show reviews by other users. The back button takes the user
back to the homepage.

53
4.2 Discussion
The application’s user interface is meticulously designed to ensure a seamless and
intuitive experience. Upon launching the app, users are greeted with a welcoming screen
that provides a clear and accessible overview of its functionality. The interface is
centered around two primary buttons: one for searching medical conditions and the other
for exploring drugs. This design not only simplifies navigation but also ensures that users
can easily find relevant information. By clicking on the "Find Condition" button, users
access a detailed, scrollable menu of conditions listed alphabetically, making it
straightforward to locate and select their specific condition. This feature is enhanced by a
visual reference that guides users through the process, ensuring that even those
unfamiliar with the app can quickly understand and utilize its features.

Once a condition is selected, the application presents a dialog box with recommendations
for the top three drugs based on sentiment analysis of user reviews. This functionality
ensures that users receive recommendations backed by positive feedback from others
who have used these drugs. Users can then explore detailed reviews of these drugs by
clicking the "See Side Effects" button, which opens a new screen displaying
comprehensive feedback from other patients. This approach not only helps users make
informed decisions but also enhances the application's usability by including a navigation
button to return to the homepage. The integration of these features, including a preview
of the image for analysis and detailed drug information, underlines the application's
commitment to providing a user-friendly and informative experience. This thoughtful
design ultimately supports users in making well-informed choices regarding their health
and medication options.

54
 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, LIMITATION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
The developed system is a text classification application designed to assist users in
making informed decisions about medication based on patient reviews and sentiment
analysis. It leverages machine learning techniques, specifically an LSTM model, to
analyze drug reviews and categorize them into positive, negative, or neutral sentiments.
The application features an intuitive user interface built with Kivy, allowing users to
search for medical conditions, receive drug recommendations based on sentiment
analysis, and view detailed reviews. The system's functionalities include a user-friendly
homepage, a condition selection menu, drug recommendations dialog, and a review
details page. This design ensures that users can easily access relevant information about
drugs and make well-informed choices for their health.

Limitations
Despite its robust design, the system has several limitations. First, the accuracy of the
drug recommendations heavily depends on the quality and quantity of the review data. If
the dataset is skewed or lacks comprehensive reviews for certain drugs or conditions, the
recommendations may not fully represent the effectiveness of the drugs. Second, the
application is limited by its dependency on pre-processed data and trained models, which
might not account for new drugs or emerging health conditions not covered in the
dataset. Additionally, while the Kivy framework provides a versatile platform for
developing cross-platform applications, the offline nature of the application might restrict
access to real-time updates or user feedback, potentially affecting the relevancy of the
information provided.

55
Conclusion
The text classification system effectively demonstrates how sentiment analysis and
machine learning can be integrated into a user-friendly application to enhance drug
recommendation processes. The use of an LSTM model for sentiment analysis provides a
high level of accuracy, achieving 94% accuracy in classification tasks. The application’s
interface is designed to be intuitive and accessible, catering to users seeking reliable
information about medications. By presenting drug recommendations based on user
feedback and offering detailed review insights, the system supports users in making
informed decisions about their health. Overall, the application showcases the potential of
leveraging advanced technologies in improving healthcare-related decision-making
processes.

Recommendations
To enhance the system's effectiveness and user experience, several recommendations can
be considered. First, expanding the dataset to include a wider range of drugs and medical
conditions would improve the comprehensiveness and accuracy of recommendations.
Integrating real-time data updates could also ensure that users receive the most current
information available. Additionally, incorporating user feedback mechanisms within the
application could help in continuously refining the recommendations and improving the
sentiment analysis model. Finally, exploring the integration of online capabilities, such as
accessing a database of new drug reviews, could provide users with up-to-date
information and broaden the system's applicability. Addressing these recommendations
would contribute to a more robust and dynamic application, ultimately enhancing its
value to users.

56
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 APPENDIX
ScreenManager:

HomeScreen:

ReviewsScreen:

<HomeScreen>:

md_bg_color: app.theme_cls.primaryColor

name: "home_page"

MDBoxLayout:

orientation: 'vertical'

padding: dp(10)

spacing: dp(10)

MDLabel:

text: 'welcome to the drug checker\n\n A machine learning application that gives
drug recommendations based on past reviews by other users'

text_color: 'white'

halign: 'center'

62
 Widget:

size_hint_y: None

height: dp(500) # Adjust the height to control vertical positioning

MDBoxLayout:

orientation: 'vertical'

padding: dp(20)

spacing: dp(20)

adaptive_height: 'true'

MDButton:

id: condition_button

pos_hint: {'center_x': .5}

size_hint: (0.6, 0.1)

md_bg_color: 0, 0, 1, 1

on_release: root.condition_menu_open()

MDButtonText:

text: 'Find your condition'

63
 MDButton:

id: drug_button

pos_hint: {'center_x': .5}

size_hint: (0.6, 0.1)

on_release: root.drug_menu_open()

MDButtonText:

text: 'Verify drug effect'

<ReviewsScreen>:

name: "reviews_page"

MDBoxLayout:

orientation: 'vertical'

MDLabel:

id: review_header

text: 'drugs'

halign: 'center'

size_hint_y: 0.1

valign: 'center'

color: 'white'

64
MDGridLayout:

rows: 2

cols: 2

padding: 20

spacing: 20

MDCard:

orientation: 'vertical'

id: review1_card

style: "elevated"

padding: "4dp"

theme_shadow_color: "Custom"

shadow_color: "coral"

md_bg_color_disabled: "grey"

theme_shadow_offset: "Custom"

shadow_offset: (1, -2)

theme_shadow_softness: "Custom"

65
shadow_softness: .5

theme_elevation_level: "Custom"

elevation_level: 4

MDLabel:

id: drug_title_1

text: "Used for the treatment of"

halign: 'center'

size_hint_y: 0.3

MDScrollView:

do_scroll_x: False

do_scroll_y: True

MDLabel:

id: review_1

size_hint_y: None

height: self.texture_size[1]

text_size: self.width, None

66
 padding: 10, 10

text: ''

MDCard:

orientation: 'vertical'

id: review2_card

style: "elevated"

padding: "4dp"

theme_shadow_color: "Custom"

shadow_color: "coral"

md_bg_color_disabled: "grey"

theme_shadow_offset: "Custom"

shadow_offset: (1, -2)

theme_shadow_softness: "Custom"

shadow_softness: .5

theme_elevation_level: "Custom"

elevation_level: 4

MDLabel:

id: drug_title_2

67
 text: ""

halign: 'center'

size_hint_y: 0.3

MDScrollView:

do_scroll_x: False

do_scroll_y: True

MDLabel:

id: review_2

size_hint_y: None

height: self.texture_size[1]

text_size: self.width, None

padding: 10, 10

text: ''

MDCard:

orientation: 'vertical'

id: review3_card

style: "elevated"

padding: "4dp"

68
theme_shadow_color: "Custom"

shadow_color: "coral"

md_bg_color_disabled: "grey"

theme_shadow_offset: "Custom"

shadow_offset: (1, -2)

theme_shadow_softness: "Custom"

shadow_softness: 1

theme_elevation_level: "Custom"

elevation_level: 4

MDLabel:

id: drug_title_3

text: ""

halign: 'center'

size_hint_y: 0.3

MDScrollView:

do_scroll_x: False

do_scroll_y: True

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 MDLabel:

id: review_3

size_hint_y: None

height: self.texture_size[1]

text_size: self.width, None

padding: 10, 10

text: ''

MDCard:

orientation: 'vertical'

id: review4_card

style: "elevated"

padding: "4dp"

theme_shadow_color: "Custom"

shadow_color: "coral"

md_bg_color_disabled: "grey"

theme_shadow_offset: "Custom"

shadow_offset: (1, -2)

theme_shadow_softness: "Custom"

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shadow_softness: .5

theme_elevation_level: "Custom"

elevation_level: 4

MDLabel:

id: drug_title_4

text: ""

halign: 'center'

size_hint_y: 0.3

MDScrollView:

do_scroll_x: False

do_scroll_y: True

MDLabel:

id: review_4

size_hint_y: None

height: self.texture_size[1]

text_size: self.width, None

padding: 10, 10

text: ''

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MDButton:

id: back_home

pos_hint: {'center_x': .5}

size_hint: (0.6, 0.1)

on_release: app.root.current = "home_page"

MDButtonText:

text: 'Back to Home'

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