ENGINEERING MECHANICS

STATICS

Dr. Dalia Abdel Massih

[email protected]
1
Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
FORCE VECTORS, VECTOR OPERATIONS & ADDITION COPLANAR FORCES
Session’s Objective: (Sections 2.1 to 2.4)
Students will be able to :
a) Resolve a 2-D vector into components.
b) Add 2-D vectors using Cartesian vector notations.
In-Class activities:
• Reading Quiz
• Application of Adding Forces
• Scalar and Vectors
• Vector Operations
• Parallelogram Law
• Resolution of a Vector Using
Cartesian Vector Notation (CVN)
• Addition Using CVN
• Attention Quiz
ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 2
Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
READING QUIZ
1. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity?
A) Force B) Position C) Mass D) Velocity

2. For vector addition, you have to use ______ law.

A) Newton’s Second
B) the arithmetic
C) Pascal’s
D) the parallelogram

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 3

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
APPLICATION OF VECTOR ADDITION
There are three concurrent forces
acting on the hook due to the
FR chains.
We need to decide if the hook will
fail (bend or break).

To do this, we need to know the

resultant or total force acting on
the hook as a result of the three
chains.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 4

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
SCALAR AND VECTORS
 Scalar: a quantity that has only a magnitude.
Example: mass, length, time, temperature, volume,
density

 Vector: a quantity that has both magnitude and

direction.
Example: position, displacement, velocity, acceleration,
momentum, force

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 5

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
SCALAR AND VECTORS

Vector:

 Represented by a letter with an arrow over it such as 𝐴

or by a bold face letter such as A
 Represented graphically as an arrow
 Magnitude is represented by 𝐴 or simply A

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 6

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
SCALAR AND VECTORS

Characteristics of a vector:

 Magnitude of vector: length of arrow.

 Direction of vector: angle between the reference axis

and arrow’s line of action.

 Sense of vector: arrowhead.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 7

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
SCALAR AND VECTORS

In these PowerPoint presentations, a vector quantity is represented like this (in bold, italics).

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 8

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
SCALAR AND VECTORS
Example of vector:
 Magnitude of vector = 4 units
 Direction of vector=20° measured counterclockwise from
the horizontal axis
 Sense of vector= upward and to the right
 Point O is called tail of the vector
 Point P is called the tip or head

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 9

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
VECTOR OPERATIONS (Section 2.2)
Multiplication and Division of a Vector by a Scalar
 Product of vector A and scalar a = aA
 Magnitude = 𝑎𝐴
 If a is positive, sense of aA is the same as sense of A
 If a is negative sense of aA, it is opposite to the sense of A
 Negative of a vector is found by multiplying the vector by ( -1 )
 Law of multiplication applies
e.g: A/a = ( 1/a ) A, a≠0

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 10

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW
OR TRIANGLE
 Addition of two vectors A and B gives a resultant vector R by the
parallelogram law or triangle method
 Result R can be found by triangle construction
 Commutative e.g. R = A + B = B + A

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 11

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW
OR TRIANGLE
 Special case: Vectors A and B are collinear (both have the same line of
action)

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 12

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
VECTOR SUBSTRACTION
Special case of addition
e.g. R’ = A – B = A + ( - B )
 Rules of Vector Addition Applies

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 13

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
“Resolution” of a vector is breaking up a vector into components.
 Any vector can be resolved into two components by the parallelogram law
 The two components along lines u and v Fv and Fu are drawn such that one
extend from the head of F parallel lines to u and v respectively to intersect
with these lines.

It is kind of like using the parallelogram law in reverse.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 14

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Vector Addition of Forces
Procedure for Analysis:
Parallelogram Law
 Make a sketch using the parallelogram law
 Two components forces add to form the resultant force
 Resultant force is shown by the diagonal of the
parallelogram
 The components is shown by the sides of the parallelogram

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 15

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Vector Addition of Forces
Procedure for Analysis:
Trigonometry
 Redraw half portion of the parallelogram
 Magnitude of the resultant force can be determined
by the law of cosines
 Direction if the resultant force can be determined by
the law of sines
 Magnitude of the two components can be determined
by the law of sines

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 16

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Vector Addition of Forces
Procedure for Analysis:
Trigonometry
 Magnitude of the two components can be determined
by the law of sines.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 17

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Vector Addition of Forces
 When two or more forces are added, successive
applications of the parallelogram law is carried out to
find the resultant
e.g. Forces F1 , F2 and F3 acts at a point O
First, find resultant of F1 + F2 ⇒
Resultant, FR = ( F1 + F2 ) + F3

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 18

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Resolution of a Vector Using Cartesian Vector Notation (CVN)
Coplanar Forces
 Scalar Notation: Components of forces expressed
as algebraic scalars Fx= 𝑭 cos θ and Fy= 𝑭 sin θ
 Cartesian Vector Notation in unit vectors i and j
F=Fx i +Fy j

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 19

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Resolution of a Vector Using Cartesian Vector Notation
(CVN) Coplanar Forces
•We ‘resolve’ vectors into
components using the x and y-
axis coordinate system.
•Each component of the vector is
shown as a magnitude and a
direction.
•The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the
“unit vectors” i and j to designate the x and y-axes.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 20

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
For example,
F = Fx i + Fy j or F' = F'x i + ( F'y ) j

The x and y axis are always perpendicular to each other.

Together, they can be directed at any inclination.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 21

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
Adding vectors in CVN
• Step 1 is to resolve each force
into its components.
• Step 2 is to add all the x-
components together, followed
by adding all the y-components
together. These two totals are
the x and y-components of the
resultant vector.
• Step 3 is to find the magnitude
and angle of the resultant vector.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 22

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
 Coplanar Force Resultants
F1=F1xi+F1yj
F2=-F2xi+F2yj
F3=F3xi-F3yj
FR=F1+F2+F3=(FRx)i+(FRy)j

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 23

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
An example of the process:

Break the three vectors into components, then add them.

FR = F1 + F2 + F3
= F1x i + F1y j  F2x i + F2y j + F3x i  F3y j
= (F1x  F2x + F3x) i + (F1y + F2y  F3y) j
= (FRx) i + (FRy) j
Scalar Notation
FRx=F1x-F2x+F3x
FRy=F1y+F2y-F3y
ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 24
Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
You can also represent a 2-D vector with a magnitude and angle.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 25

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
EXAMPLE
Given: Three concurrent forces acting
on a tent post.
Find: The magnitude and angle of the
resultant force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces into their x-y components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 26

 CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
EXAMPLE (continued)

F1 = {0 i + 300 j } N

F2 = {– 450 cos (45°) i + 450 sin (45°) j } N

= {– 318.2 i + 318.2 j } N

F3 = { (3/5) 600 i + (4/5) 600 j } N

= { 360 i + 480 j } N

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 27

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
EXAMPLE (continued)
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get,
FR = { (0 – 318.2 + 360) i + (300 + 318.2 + 480) j } N
= { 41.80 i + 1098 j } N
y
FR
Using magnitude and direction:
FR = ((41.80)2 + (1098)2)1/2 = 1099 N 
 = tan-1(1098/41.80) = 87.8° x

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 28

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given: Three concurrent
forces acting on a
bracket.
Find: The magnitude and
angle of the
resultant force.

Plan:
a) Resolve the forces into their x and y-components.
b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector.
c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 29
Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

F1 = {800 cos (60°) i + 800 sin (60°) j } N

= { 400 i + 692.8 j } N

F2 = {-600 sin (45°) i + 600 cos (45°) j } N

= { -424.3 i + 424.3 j } N

F3 = {(12/13) 650 i  (5/13) 650 j } N

{ 600 i  250 j } N

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 30

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Summing up all the i and j components, respectively, we get,

FR = { (400 – 424.3 + 600) i + (692.8 + 424.3 – 250) j }N
= { 575.7 i + 867.1 j } N
y
FR
Now find the magnitude and angle,
FR = ((575.7)2 + (867.1)2) ½ = 1041 N
 = tan–1( 867.1 / 575.7 ) = 56.4° 
From positive x-axis,  = 56.4° x

ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 31

Assessment measures:

CHAPTER 2
FORCE VECTORS
ATTENTION QUIZ
1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in vector form. F
= { ___________ } N y
A) 80 cos (30°) i – 80 sin (30°) j x
B) 80 sin (30°) i + 80 cos (30°) j
C) 80 sin (30°) i – 80 cos (30°) j
30°
D) 80 cos (30°) i + 80 sin (30°) j
F = 80 N
2. Determine the magnitude of the resultant (F1 + F2) force in N
when F1 = { 10 i + 20 j } N and F2 = { 20 i + 20 j } N .
A) 30 N B) 40 N C) 50 N
D) 60 N E) 70 N
ENGINEERING MECHANICS – STATICS, Chapter 2 32