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Lab 1 Simple Pendullum

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12 views

Lab 1 Simple Pendullum

Uploaded by

kaironphillips745
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Topic: Simple Pendulum

Title: Simple pendulum


Aim: To investigate the effect of length of pendulum of a period
Theory: Whatever research done on the topic
Materials/Apparatus:
 Brass bob
 String
 Stopwatch
 Calculator
 Cardboard
 Protractor
 Retort Stand
Method:
1. A string was attached to a brass bob weighting 15 grams.
2. The string was adjusted until the distance between the horizontal support and the Centre of the of
the bob is 20cm.
3. The bob was displaced slightly at an angle of 30 degrees allowing oscillation to take place in a
plane (the mass and angle are left constant).
4. A stop was used to time 20 oscillation of the bob. The time was recorded.
5. Steps 2-4 were repeated by adjusting the length of the pendulum 40cm, 60cm, 80cm, 100cm and
120cm.
6. The period (7) and square root of length (√ L¿ of oscillation was calculated.
7. A graph was plotted with T vs √ L¿
8. Comments were made on the relation between the length of the pendulum and period of
oscillation.

Results: TABLE SHOWING THR AVERAGE TIME, TIME TAKEN FOR OSCILLATION AND
PERIOD

Length of Time taken for the 20 oscillations Period


string T1 (S) T2(s) T3(s) Average time (CMS-1)
(Cm) (s)
20
40
60
80
100

Calculations: Average Time(s)


Formula= Sum of numbers/ total value of numbers
2. Period (T) (cms^-1)

Formula=T=2π√ L/g

π∗√ 20
I) T=2*
9.81 m s−2

Discussion
Explain the operation of a simple pendulum
Discuss the relationship between Period and time
Analysis the graph

Possible sources of error:


Limitation: Air resistance causing the pendulum to take a longer time to complete one (1) oscillation.
Conclusion:

Topic: Mechanics
Title: Principles of Moments
Aim: To investigate how the principles of moments ease with effort to bring about movement.
Theory: The principle of moments States when a body is balanced the total clockwise moment about a
point equals to Total anticlockwise movement about the same point. An object in equilibrium will not
turn or accelerate; there is no overall resultant Force and the clockwise moments will be equal to the anti-
clockwise moments. To calculate this we must use the formula which states that moment equal force
times perpendicular distance from the pivot.
Materials/Apparatus:
 Metal/Wooden rod
 1 meter flat board
 50g Mass
 100g Mass
 150g Mass
 200g Mass

NB: See diagram at the back

Method:
1. The 200 g Mass was placed 20 cm away from the fulcrum.

2. The 150 g Mass was moved along the ruler until it was unbalanced

3. the distance of the masses were recorded when the ruler was balanced

4. The 200 gram mass was placed 10 cm farther away from the fulcrum. The 150 g Mass was
moved once again along the ruler until it was balanced. The distance was recorded.

5. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated, reducing the effort to 100 g.

6. Steps 1 to 4 were repeated, reducing the effort to 50 g.

Results:
THE TABLE SHOWING THE RESULTS OBTAINED WHILE CARRYING OUT THE PRINCIPLE
OF MOMENT EXPERIMENT

Distance Distance M1d1 M2d2 Does M1D1


Load (g) taken from Effort from the Load * Load * = M2D2
fulcrum fulcrum distance Distance
(cm) (cm)
200 10 200
200 20 200
200 10 150
200 20 150
200 10 100
200 20 100
200 10 50
200 20 50

Discussion;
Did the distance of effort affected by the load (mass), why?
Was equilibrium gained at any point?
State any trends in data?
Precaution:
Limitations: Environmental factor (wind) affecting the results slightly.

Possible Sources of Error:

Conclusion:
Topic: Mechanics
Title: Centre of gravity
Aim: To find the center of gravity of a lamina (Map of Guyana)
Theory: Center of gravity is the point in which the mass of a body is concentrated. it is an imaginary point
in a body of matter when convenience in Center calculations the total weight of the body may be
determine by using the formula c.g=W1d1 + w2d2/w Where CG equals center of gravity, w = and D
equal distance.
Materials/Apparatus:
 Pins
 String
 Cardboard outline of the map of Guyana
 Brass bob
 Retort Stand
 Protractor

Method:
1. 4 thin holes or made near the edge of the outline of the lamina (map of Guyana)
2. The lamina was hung at one pinhole on the return stand and was allowed to swing freely until it
came to stop and became stable
3. A plump line was also home from the pinhole connected to the Retard stand. I was allowed to
swing along the lamina.
4. A line was drawn on the laminar over the plump line
5. Steps two and three were repeated using other pin holes along the lamina
6. The center of gravity was determined due to the lines drawn from each pinhole and met at an
intersection.
NB: SEE RESULTS AT THE BACK

Discussion: Gravity is the force of attraction that causes all bodies to stay on Earth without floating. It is a
force that acts downward upon the Earth that if a ball is thrown into the air it comes down back.
I stated in a theory earlier that the center of gravity is the point in which the mass of a body in a
gravitational field that is uniform, the center of gravity will be identical to the center of mass. The center
of mass is the point at which the distribution of the mass is equal in all directions and that's not dependent
on gravitational force. The center of mass can be found for one to three dimensional objects.
In the course of this experiment the center of gravity was charged to be found by using lamina which was
the map of Guyana. Since this lamina is irregularly shaped the formula used to determine the center of
gravity was:
c.g= (W1d1 + w2d2)/w

This formula is saying that if we take the sum of the moment of the lamina and divide it by its overall
weight then the center of gravity will be determined. The moment is the product of the weight and its
location as measured from a set point that is referred to us at the origin.
However, pin holes were punched on the lamina, close to the edge. the lamina was hung by each hole
separately and a plump line was used to determine the exact center of which a line should be drawn this
was repeated with other free horse and results and observation shows that the four lines drawn from each
pinhole have intersected at one point the intersection tells us exactly where the center of gravity of the
lamina (that is the map of Guyana.)

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