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Module I

Data communication

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7 views

Module I

Data communication

Uploaded by

Smitha Rajesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit I: Data and Signals

Analog and Digital Data, Analog and Digital Siginals, Periodic and Nonperiodic, Periodic Analog
signals, Time and Frequency Domains, Composite Signals, Bandwidth, Digital Signals, Bit Rate,
Digital Signal as a Composite Analog Signal, Transmission of Digital and Analog Signals,
Transmission Impairment, Attenuation, Distortion, Noise, Data rate limits, Noiseless channel: Nyquist
bit rate, Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity, Simplified Communication & Data Communication
models. Data Flow-Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex.
ANALOG AND DIGITAL DATA
Both data and the signals that represent them can be either analog or digital in form. Analog and
Digital Data Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to information that is
continuous; digital data refers to information that has discrete states.
For example, an analog clock that has hour, minute, and second hands gives information in a
continuous form; the movements of the hands are continuous. On the other hand, a digital clock that
reports the hours and the minutes will change suddenly from 8:05 to 8:06.
Analog data, such as the sounds made by a human voice, take on continuous values. When someone
speaks, an analog wave is created in the air. This can be captured by a microphone and converted to
an analog signal or sampled and converted to a digital signal. Digital data take on discrete values.
For example, data are stored in computer memory in the form of Os and 1s. They can be converted to
a digital signal or modulated into an analog signal for transmission across a medium
What is a Signal?
A signal is an entity that represents information. This could be electric current, voltage,
electromagnetic waves that are used for wireless communication, sound, etc. Basically, it is a function
that conveys information about a phenomenon.

What is Analog Signal?


An analog signal is defined as a continuous signal in which one time-varying quantity (such as
voltage, pressure, etc.) represents another time-based variable. In simple terms, we can say that in an
analog signal one variable is analog over the other. Examples of analog signals are analog phones,
human voice, etc.

What is a Digital Signal?

A digital signal is defined as a signal that is used to represent data as a sequence of discrete
values at any given time. It can only take on, at most, one of a finite number of values.
Examples of digital signals are computers, digital phones, etc.
Characteristics of an Analog Signal
These are the following characteristics of an analog signal:

 It works on continuous data.


 It helps you to live natural or physical values.
 It is either periodic or non-periodic.
 The minimum and maximum values are either positive or negative.
 These sorts of electronic signals are time-varying.
 It has low accuracy.
 It helps to measure natural or physical values.

Characteristics of a Digital Signal


These are the following characteristics of digital signal:

 These are continuous signals.


 As digital signals are versatile, so it is widely used.
 These signals are often processed and transmitted better compared to analog signals.
 It has higher accuracy.

Periodic and Nonperiodic, Periodic Analog signals

Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

Both analog and digital signals can take one of two forms: periodic or A periodic signal completes a
pattern within a measurable time frame, called a period, and repeats that pattern over subsequent
identical periods. The completion of one full pattern is called a cycle. A nonperiodic signal changes
without exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time. Both analog and digital signals can be
periodic or nonperiodic.

PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

Periodic analog signals can be classified as simple or composite. A simple periodic analog signal, a
sine wave, cannot be decomposed into simpler signals. A composite periodic analog signal is
composed of multiple sine waves.
Sine Wave

The sine wave is the most fundamental form of a periodic analog signal. When we visualize it as a
simple oscillating curve, its change over the course of a cycle is smooth and consistent, a continuous,
rolling flow.

Each cycle consists of a single arc above the time axis followed by a single arc below it.

A sine wave can be represented by three parameters: the peak amplitude, the frequency, and the
phase. These three parameters fully describe a sine wave.

Peak Amplitude

The peak amplitude of a signal is the absolute value of its highest intensity, proportional to the
energy it carries. For electric signals, peak amplitude is normally measured in volts. Figure 3.3 shows
two signals and their peak amplitudes.

Period and Frequency

Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal needs to complete 1 cycle. Frequency refers
to the number of periods in I s. Note that period and frequency are just one characteristic defined in
two ways. Period is the inverse of frequency, and frequency is the inverse of period, as the following
formulas show. 1 f= - T and 1 T=-f

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