Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Limit state design use a partial safety factors for material and load. EBCS 2 gives a value of
this factor depending on the class of work.

Partial safety factor for material

Ultimate Limit States
We use Tests to determine the characteristic strengths of concrete and steel reinforcement
under a controlled environment in lab. To create such environment in the construction site is
difficult and the value in the lab and at the construction site will be different. To take account
of this difference between actual and laboratory values we divided (fck and fyk) by appropriate
partial safety factor for strengths (γm) taken from table 3.1 and 3.2 of EBCS 2. The resulting
values are termed as design strengths.

Partial Safety Factor for Materials-Class I Works

Design Situations Concrete, ϒ𝐜 Reinforcing Steel, ϒ𝐬

Persistent and Transient 1.50 1.15

Accidental 1.30 1.00

Partial Safety Factor for Materials-Class II Works

Design Situations Concrete, ϒ𝐜 Reinforcing Steel, ϒ𝐬

Persistent and Transient 1.65 1.20

Accidental 1.45 1.00

The design strength of the concrete is defined by

 In compression
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 =
ϒ𝑐
 In tension
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 =
ϒ𝑐

The design strength of steel in tension and compression is defined by:

𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑓𝑦𝑑 =
ϒ𝑠

In the formula for design strength of concrete in compression, the value 0.85 accounts for effect
of duration of loading.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Partial safety factor for Action

Ultimate Limit States
The load in a member may be greater than anticipated because of variability of occupancy and
because of unforeseen circumstances which may lead to an increase in the general level of
loading, errors in analysis, and errors during construction etc. Therefore, the characteristic loads
which we are expected is going to be increased by some factor to obtain the design loads. Such
factors are called partial safety factors for actions. In EBCS 2, table 3.3 gives the partial safety
factor values for actions in building structures.

Partial Safety Factor for Action in Building Structures

Design Situation Action Factor(ϒ) Favorable Unfavorable

Persistent and Permanent ϒ𝐺 1.00 1.30

Transient
Variable ϒ𝑄 0 1.60

Accidental Permanent ϒ𝐺 1.00 1.00

Combination of Actions
Some of the load combinations for ultimate limit state and serviceability limit states with the
corresponding load factors is given below.
Ultimate limit state:
(a) Permanent action (Gk)-Dead Loads(DL) and only one variable action (Qk)-Live Loads(LL)
Design (Factored) load = Fd = 1.3Gk + 1.6Qk
(b) Permanent action (Gk) and two or more variable actions (Qki)
n
Design (Factored) load = Fd = 1.3Gk + 1.35  Qki
i 1

(c) Permanent action (Gk), variable action (Qk) and accidental (seismic) action (AE)
Design (Factored) load = Fd = 0.75(1.3Gk + 1.6Qk) + AE
Serviceability limit state:
(a) Permanent action (Gk) and only one variable action (Qk)
Design (Factored) load = Fd = Gk + Qk
(b) Permanent action (Gk) and two or more variable actions (Qki)
n
Design (Factored) load = Fd =Gk + 0.9  Qki
i 1

Serviceability limit State

Limit State of Deflection
The deflection of a structure or any part of the structure shall not adversely affect the proper
functioning or appearance of the structure
 Limits on Deflection
The final deflection (including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage) of all
horizontal members shall not, in general, exceed the value.

𝐿𝑒
𝛿=
200
Where Le= the effective span

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

 For roof or floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural element (e.g.

partitions and finishes) likely to be damaged by large deflections, that part of the
deflection which occurs after the attachment of the non-structural elements shall not
exceed the value.
𝐿
𝛿= ≤ 20𝑚𝑚
350
Requirements for Effective Depth
The minimum effective depth obtained from the equation below shall be provided unless
computation of deflection indicates that smaller thickness may be used without exceeding the
limits stipulated in Section 5.2.2 of EBCS 2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒
𝑑 = (0.4 + 0.6 )
400 𝛽𝑎
Where:- Le is the effective span; and, for two-way slabs, the shorter span.
fyk is the characteristic strength of the reinforcement (MPA).
βa is the appropriate constant from Table 5.1 of EBCS 2, and for slabs carrying
partition walls likely to crack, shall be taken as. 𝛽𝑎 ≤ 150⁄𝐿
𝑜
Lo is the distance in meter between points of zero moments; and for a cantilever,
twice the length to the face of the support.
Values of βa
Member Simply End Spans Interior Spans Cantilevers
Supported
Beams 20 24 28 10
Slabs
a. Span ratio 2:1 25 30 35 12
b. Span ratio 1:1 35 40 45 10
Flat Slabs (based on the longer span) 24 -
Note: For slabs with intermediate span ratios interpolate linearly.

Effective Span Length

 The effective span of a simply supported member shall be taken as the lower of the
following two values:
 The distance between the center lines of the supports.
 The clear distance between the faces of the supports plus the effective depth.
 The effective span of a continuous element shall normally be taken as the distance
between the center lines of the supports.
 For a cantilever, the effective span is taken to be its length, measured from:
 The face of the supports, for an isolated, fixed-ended cantilever.
 The center line of the support for a cantilever which forms the end of a continuous
beam.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Concrete Cover to Reinforcement

The concrete cover is the distance between the outer surface of the reinforcement (including
links and stirrups) and the nearest concrete surface.
A minimum concrete cover shall be provided in order to ensure:
 The safe transmission of bond forces;
 that spelling will not occur;
 an adequate fire resistance;
 The protection of the steel against corrosion.
The minimum concrete cover to all reinforcement including links and stirrups should not be less
than the appropriate values given in Table

Minimum Cover Requirements for Concrete Members

Type of Dry environment: Humid environment: Seawater and/or aggressive
exposure interior of buildings interior components chemical environment:
of normal habitation (e.g. laundries); Components completely or
or offices exterior components partially submerged in seawater
in non-aggressive soil components in saturated salt air;
and or water aggressive industrial atmospheres

(Mild) (Moderate) (Severe)

Minimum
cover 15 25 50
(mm)

Spacing of reinforcement
The clear horizontal and vertical distance between bar shall be at least equal to the largest of the
following values:
20 mm
spacing − {The diameter of the largest bar or effective diameter of the bundle
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Design and Analysis of Single and double reinforced rectangular beams

Basis Assumptions of Ultimate limit state design Section Analysis
The calculation of the ultimate resistance of members for flexure and axial loads shall be based
on the following assumptions.
(a) Plane sections remain plane
(b) The reinforcement is subjected to the same variations in strain as the adjacent concrete
(c) The tensile strength of the concrete is neglected
(d) The maximum compressive strain in the concrete is taken to be :
0.0035 In bending
0.002 In axial compression
(e) The maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement is taken to be 0.01

Design and Analysis of Single reinforced rectangular beams

Any beam can go under one of the three types of failure.
1. Balanced failure-Balanced section
Both the concrete and steel reinforcement reaches there maximum design strength at the
same time. Steel reaches fyd and concrete reaches a strain of 0.0035 simultaneously.
2. Tension failure-Under reinforced
Steel reaches its maximum design strength (fyd) before concrete reaches its maximum
strain of 0.0035. Ductility is assured in under reinforced sections.
3. Compression failure-Over reinforced
Concrete reaches its maximum design strength or strain of 0.0035 before steel reaches
its maximum design strength (fyd).
Consider a rectangular reinforced concrete beam subjected to a bending moment M

 Balanced failure-Balanced section

x = xb , where xb is the neutral axis depth at balanced failure.
𝑥𝑏 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 − 𝑥𝑏 𝜀𝑠
𝜀𝑐
𝑥𝑏 = 𝑑 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .1
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐
Where d is the effective depth
For stress analysis we use the rectangular stress distribution instead of the parabolic-
rectangular stress distribution for simplicity.

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Equilibrium of the horizontal forces.

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 0.8𝑥𝑏 × 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠
Substitute xb by equation 1
𝜀𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 0.8( 𝑑) × 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐
𝜀𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 0.8 ( ) 𝑑 × 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠 , but Ac = bd ; where Ac area of a concrete
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐
𝜀𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 0.8( )𝐴 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠
𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 𝑐
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 𝐴𝑠
× 0.8( )=
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 𝐴𝑐
𝐴
The ratio of area of steel to concrete (𝐴𝑠 ) can be called steel ratio 𝜌𝑏 at balanced.
𝑐

𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) … … … … … … … … … … … … .2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 =
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035
To assured ductility ρ can be varying 0.75𝜌𝑏 to 0.9𝜌𝑏
If ρ < ρb; x < xb -------The section is under-reinforced.
If ρ >ρb; x > xb -------The section is over-reinforced.
Moment equilibrium of the section

∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
𝑀 − 𝑇𝑠 × 𝑍 = 0 , Z is the moment arm
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑏
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏
𝑀 − 𝑇𝑠 × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = 0
𝑀 − (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = 0
𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .3
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = 0
𝑀 − 𝐶𝑐 × 𝑍 = 0 , Z is the moment arm
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑏
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏
𝑀 − 𝐶𝑐 × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = 0
𝑀 − (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏) × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = 0
𝑀 = (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 4
∑ 𝑀𝑏 = ∑ 𝑀𝑏 = 0 Equation 3 is equal to equation 4

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )

𝑀 (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
= ×
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏) (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏) (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
=
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏) (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
𝑀 (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 )
=
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)
(𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 )
𝑀= × (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 )(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)

𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 )(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5

𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) × (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) = (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
(𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) × = (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏)
(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 ) (𝑑 − 0.4𝑥𝑏 )
(𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏) 1
= =
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏𝑑) (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏 𝑏𝑑) 𝑑
(𝑓𝑦𝑑 ) 𝐴𝑠 𝑥𝑏 𝐴𝑠 (𝑓𝑦𝑑 )
= , = 𝜌𝑏 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑚 =
(𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8) 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8)
𝑥𝑏
𝑚𝜌𝑏 =
𝑑
𝑥𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑚𝑑
Substitute this in to equation 5
𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 )(𝑑 − 0.4𝜌𝑏 𝑚𝑑) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑
𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑)(𝑑 − 0.4𝜌𝑏 𝑚𝑑)
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑 2 (1 − 0.4𝜌𝑏 𝑚) … … … … … … … … … … … … … .6
𝑀
𝑑=√ ……………………………………7
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏 𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑏 𝑚)
𝑀
= 𝜌𝑏 (1 − 0.4𝜌𝑏 𝑚) = 𝜌𝑏 − 0.4𝜌𝑏 2 𝑚
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀
(0.4𝑚)𝜌𝑏 2 − 𝜌𝑏 + ( )=0
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑏𝑑2
The above equation has a similar structure as quadratic equation
2
−𝐵 ± √𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 =
2𝐴
𝑀
𝐴 = 0.4𝑚, 𝐵 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = ( ) 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝜌𝑏 = 𝑥
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀
1 ± √1 − 4(0.4𝑚) ( )
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
−𝐵 ± √𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜌𝑏 = = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 =
2𝐴 2(0.4𝑚) 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑀
1 ± √1 − 4(0.4)( )( ) 2𝑀 2𝑀
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 1 ± √1 − ( ) 1 ± √1 − ( )
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
𝜌𝑏 = = =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑
2(0.4)( ) (0.8)( ) ( )
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑑

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

2𝑀 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌𝑏 = [1 − √1 − ( )] ………………………………8
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 9

 Tension failure-Under reinforced.

Equilibrium of the horizontal forces
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 0.8𝑥 × 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠
𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠
𝑥=
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏
Using equation 5

𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 )(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠
𝑀 = (𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠 ) (𝑑 − 0.4 )
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏

 Compression failure-Over reinforced

𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑥 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 − 𝑥 𝜀𝑠
𝑑−𝑥 𝑑−𝑥
𝜀𝑠 = 𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 [ ]
𝑥 𝑥

Equilibrium of the horizontal forces

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑑−𝑥
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 0.8𝑥 × 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 × 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 0.0035 [ ] 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑥
𝑑−𝑥
(0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏)𝑥 = 0.0035 [ ] 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑥
(0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏)𝑥 2 = 0.0035[𝑑 − 𝑥]𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = (0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑑) − (0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 )𝑥
(0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏) (0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑑) (0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 )
𝑥2 = − 𝑥 =𝑑−𝑥
(0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 ) (0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 ) (0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 )
(0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏)
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑑 = 0
(0.0035𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠 )
By solving the above equation you can have the neutral axis depth.
Using equation 4
𝑀 = (𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8𝑥𝑏)(𝑑 − 0.4𝑥)

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Design and Analysis of Double reinforced rectangular beams

In case when the dimension of the beam is limited for architectural purpose and the concrete is
subjected to higher compressive stress beyond its capacity we use reinforcement bars placed in
the compression zone to help the concrete to carry the compression stress.

Superposition
The total moment M is equivalent to the moment resisted by the concrete and partial steel
(As1) plus the moment resisted by the compression steel (Asc) and the remaining steel
(As2).
M=M1+M2
M1 is the moment resisted by the concrete and partial steel (As1)
M2 is the moment resisted by the compression steel (Asc) and the remaining steel (As2)
M1 can be calculated using single reinforced section
𝑀1 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)
The remaining moment M2 can be calculating by finding a moment about o or a
∑ 𝑀𝑜 = 0
𝑀2 = 𝑓𝑠 ′ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 )
𝑀2 = 𝑀 − 𝑀1
𝑀2 = 𝑓𝑠 ′ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 ) = 𝑀 − 𝑀1
𝑀 − 𝑀1
𝐴𝑠𝑐 =
𝑓𝑠 ′ (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 )

∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0

𝑀2 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 )
𝑀2 = 𝑀 − 𝑀1
𝑀2 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝐴𝑠2 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 ) = 𝑀 − 𝑀1
𝑀 − 𝑀1
𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 )

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

If the compression steel yields then

𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠2
Total reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2

𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝜀𝑠𝑐 𝐸 ≤ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑠𝑐
=
𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖
(𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖 )
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 𝜀𝑐
𝑥

For balanced section, Cc = 0.8x b fcd; Cs = Asc fyd; Ts = As fyd

For equilibrium, ∑ 𝐻 = 0 Cc + Cs = Ts
( As  Asc ) f yd
i.e. 0.8x b fcd + Asc fyd = As fyd; Therefore, x 
0.8bfcd
Steel has yielded if
strain in steel >= fyd/Es
x  di dx
or, εsc = 0.0035* >= fyd/Es and εst = 0.0035* >= fyd/Es
x x
If the above conditions hold, Mu = 0.8x.b.fcd (d – 0.4x) + Asc fyd (d – di)
(x can be determined by the equation above)
If steel does not yield first, Cc = 0.8x b fcd; Csc = Asc fs’ T = As fs
( As f s  Asc f sc )
Then x 
0.8bfcd
x  d2 dx
fsc = Es εsc = 0.0035 Es ; fs = Es εs = 0.0035 Es
x x
In such a case, Mu = 0.8x.b.fcd (d – 0.4x) + Asc fsc (d – d2)

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

T-Beams and L- Beams

When beams are monolithically cast with continuous slabs the upper part of the beam will act
with part of the slab to resist longitudinal compression in the beam. The resulting beam cross-
section will become “T” or inverted “L” as shown below.
be be

bw bw

- The section provides a large concrete cross-section of the flange to resist compressive
stresses due to large positive bending moments.
- The stress distribution varies across the width of the section, but EBCS-2, 1995/Article
3-7-8: recommends an effective width for uniform stresses.
Effective flange width should be smaller of the following two values
a. For T- beams
le
1. be  bw 
5
2. be  Actual width of top slab extending between the centers of adjacent spans
b. For L-beams
le
1. be  bw 
10
1
2. be  bw  clear distance to adjacent beams
2
The behavior of T-sections
- The beam may be treated as a rectangular beam of width bw , if the section is subjected
to negative bending moments.
- There are also two cases when it is subjected to positive bending moment. The neutral
axis of the T beam may fall either in the flange or in the web as it depends on the
proportion of the cross-section, the amount of the tensile steel and strength of the
material.
o When the neutral axis lies within the flange it is treated as rectangular beam of
width be .
o When the neutral axis lies within the web, the section acts as T or inverted L
beam, accordingly, accounting the geometry.
Analysis 1: When the N.A. falls in the flange
When 0.8 x  h f , the beam is designed as a rectangular beam with b  be
0.8 xf cd be
Cc  Ts 0.8 xf cd be  Asf yd  As 
f yd

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Analysis 2: When the N.A. falls in the web

When 0.8 x  h f , the beam is to be designed as a T- beam.
For this case, consider the compression area as shown below.

hf
0.8x
= +

The design moment M is resisted by the overhangs of the flanges and web portion of the
section. There are respective steel areas at the bottom.
i.e. Mu = Muf + Muw
Where Muf is the moment resisted by the flange overhangs and corresponding steel As f
Muw is the moment resisted by the web section and the corresponding steel As w
hf M uf
M uf  (be  bw)h f f cd (d  ) As f  ;
2 hf
f yd ( d  )
2
Asw f yd
Asw fyd = fcd bw (0.8 x) x M uw  Asw f yd (d  0.4 x)
0.8bw f cd
The total area of steel at the bottom is given by As = Asf + Asw

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 12

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Design for shear

Beam section is subjected to shear force in addition to the flexural moment. Shear is
resisted by the combined action of the following actions
1) Shear resistance of the un-cracked concrete in compression
2) Aggregate interlock force:- that develop tangentially along the expected crack propagation,
and similar to a frictional force due to irregular interlocking of aggregates along the rough
concrete surface on each side of the crack.
3) Dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement:- the resistance of the longitudinal
reinforcement to transverse force.
4) Shear reinforcement resistance from vertical or inclined stirrups (not available in beams
without shear reinforcement)
Types of shear reinforcements
Common types of shear reinforcement are:
1. Vertical stirrups
2. Inclined stirrups at angle 450 or more from longitudinal axis of beam
3. Bent-up bars of longitudinal reinforcement bent at angle of 450 or more from longitudinal
axis of beam
4. Combination of 1 or 2 with 3

Vertical Stirrups

Inclined Stirrups

Crack propagation

Bent up bars

Crack propagation

Crack propagation

Vertical Stirrups: Most commonly used

Inclined stirrups: Cannot be used where beams resist shear reversal such as buildings resisting
seismic loads.
Bent up bars: Almost disappeared. Possess same disadvantage like inclined stirrups and
additional disadvantage is the difficulty in bar bending.
EBCS 2 Provision for shear Design
 Design shear resistance of concrete
-Design shear strength of concrete flexural member (beams & slabs) without significant
axial force preventing diagonal tension failure is given by:
Vc  0.25 f ctd . k1 . k 2 . bw . d
0.21( f ck ) 2 3
Where f ctd 
c
k1  (1 50 )  2.0
k 2  (1.6  d )  1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50% of the bottom
reinforcement is curtailed, k2  1.0
As
   0.02
bw . d

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

As --Area of tension reinforcement anchored beyond the intersection of the steel and the
line of possible 45˚ crack starting from the edge of the section.

 The limiting value of ultimate shear force

In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in concrete, the shear resistance of
a section, VRD shall not be less than the design shear force developed in a member due
to factored design load. VRD is given by
VRD  0.25 f cd .bw . d
bw- is the minimum width of the web
 Minimum shear reinforcement:
If the design shear Vsd < Vc provide minimum web reinforcement given by
0.4
 min  Where f yk is in MPa
f yk
 Shear Reinforcement
When shear reinforcement perpendicular to the longitudinal axis is used, its shear
resistance Vs may be calculated as
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑
V𝑠 = , Vs=Vsd-Vc
𝑠
Where Av=the area of shear reinforcement with in distance S
When inclined stirrups are used,
The shear resistance of the stirrups may be calculated as
𝐴𝑣 𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑑 (sin 𝛼+cos 𝛼)
Vs =
𝑠
Where α is the inclination from the horizontal.
 Maximum spacing between stirrups
The maximum spacing Smax between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction, shall be as
given below:
Smax = 0.5d ≤ 300 mm if Vsd ≤ 2/3 VRd
Smax = 0.3d ≤ 200 mm if Vsd > 2/3 VRd
The transverse spacing of legs of stirrups shall not exceed d or 800 mm, whichever is
smaller.
 Critical section for shear:
Critical section for shear is at a distance d from the face of supports. Sections closer
than d shall be designed for shear at d.

Design Example

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

A simply supported reinforced concrete beam with a span of 6m is subjected to a live load of
20KN/m. compute the cross section of the beam and the area of the longitudinal reinforcements.
Material properties for concrete C30 and for steel S300 class I work.

Solution

Let assume the width of the beam, b=250mm

 Design constant
𝑓𝑐𝑢 30
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25 1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 × 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 23.98
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
 Depth for deflection – Serviceability limit state
𝐿𝑒 = 6𝑚 = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝛽𝑎 = 20 for simply supported beam
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒 300𝑀𝑃𝑎 6000𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = (0.4 + 0.6 ) = (0.4 + 0.6 ) = 255𝑚𝑚
400 𝛽𝑎 400 20
concrete cover = 25mm
stirrups = ϕ8 = 8mm diameter
longitudinal reinforcement = ϕ20 = 20mm diameter
Maximum spacing between bars(S)
20 mm
spacing(S) = { The diameter of the largest bar = 20mm = 20𝑚𝑚
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm
 Over all depth D for single row reinforcement arrangement
longitudinal reinforcement
𝐷 = 𝑑 + concrete cover + stirrups +
2
 Over all depth D for double and above row reinforcement arrangement
∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅
𝐷=𝑑+
∑ reinforcements areas(A)
for single row
20
𝐷 = 255 + 25 + 8 + = 298𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 300𝑚𝑚
2
The effective depth d will became
longitudinal reinforcement
𝑑 = 𝐷 − concrete cover + stirrups +
2
= 300𝑚𝑚 − 25𝑚𝑚 − 8𝑚𝑚 − 10𝑚𝑚 = 259𝑚𝑚
for double row ( for this problem calculation we use double row)

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅
𝑑𝑙 =
∑ reinforcements areas(A)
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑙
To use the above equation we need the total number of , in with we didn’t have,
so let assume a reasonable value for
𝑆
𝑑𝑙 = concrete cover + stirrups + longitudinal reinforcement + 2
20𝑚𝑚
= 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 + = 63𝑚𝑚
2
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 𝑙 = 255𝑚𝑚 + 63𝑚𝑚 = 318 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 320𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 𝑙 = 320𝑚𝑚 − 63𝑚𝑚 = 257𝑚𝑚
 Loading
 Live load-it’s given
LL=20KN/m
 Dead load- self-weight of the beam
Unit weight of a concrete (Density) =25KN/m3
𝐾𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 25 × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 25 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚3 × 0.25𝑚 × 0.32𝑚 = 2.00
𝑚
 Design load (Pd) =1.3DL+1.6LL
𝐾𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3 × 2.00 + 1.6 × 20 = 34.6
𝑚

 Analysis

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Design moment Md is the maximum moment in the section

𝐾𝑁 2 2
𝑃𝑑 𝑙 2 34.6 𝑚 × 6 𝑚
𝑀𝑑 = = = 155.70𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
 Design the section for flexure (moment)
b=250mm
d=259mm
M=155.70KN.m
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚 = 23.98
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0304
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.0228

𝑀
𝑑=√
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)

155.7 × 106 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑑=√ = 366.09𝑚𝑚
260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 0.0228 × 250𝑚𝑚 × (1 − 0.4 × 0.0228 × 23.98)

concrete cover = 25mm

stirrups = ϕ8 = 8mm diameter
longitudinal reinforcement = ϕ20 = 20mm diameter
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑑 𝑙 = 366.09𝑚𝑚 + 63𝑚𝑚 = 429.09𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 450𝑚𝑚

The new effective depth d will became

𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 𝑙 = 450𝑚𝑚 − 63𝑚𝑚 = 387𝑚𝑚
 Revised the design with the new depth

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

LL=20KN/m
Dead load
𝐾𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 25 × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 25 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚3 × 0.25𝑚 × 0.45𝑚 = 2.81
𝑚
Design load (Pd) =1.3DL+1.6LL
𝐾𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3 × 2.81 + 1.6 × 20 = 35.66
𝑚
𝐾𝑁 2 2
𝑃𝑑 𝑙 2 35.66 𝑚 × 6 𝑚
𝑀𝑑 = = = 160.45𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

160.45 × 106 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑑2 = √
260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 0.0228 × 250𝑚𝑚 × (1 − 0.4 × 0.0228 × 23.98)

= 371.63𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 371.63𝑚𝑚 < 387𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … . . ok!
 Reinforcement
𝑀 = 160.45𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑏 = 250𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 387𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎

2𝑀 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( 2
)]
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

2 × 160.45𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 × 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( )] = 0.0204
13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 3872 𝑚𝑚2 260.87
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0204 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 387𝑚𝑚 = 1976.58𝑚𝑚2 ≅ 1977𝑚𝑚2
 Reinforcement detail
Calculating number of bars
𝛱𝐷2
Area(A) =
4
Bar diameter(D) in mm Area(mm2) 𝑨𝒔⁄
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬(𝐍) = 𝑨
ϕ24 452 4.37 ≅ 5
ϕ20 314 6.30 ≅ 7
ϕ16 201 9.84 ≅ 10

Its try to use double row

use 7ϕ20
Spacing(S)
20 mm
spacing = { The diameter of the largest bar = 20mm
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

𝑆 = 20𝑚𝑚
To calculate the maximum number of bar in a single row (n)

𝑤 = 𝑛 × 𝜙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑆
𝑤 = 250𝑚𝑚 − 50𝑚𝑚 − 2 × 8𝑚𝑚 = 184
184𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛 × 20𝑚𝑚 + (𝑛 − 1)20𝑚𝑚
184𝑚𝑚 𝑛 × 20𝑚𝑚 (𝑛 − 1)20𝑚𝑚
= +
20𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚 20𝑚𝑚
9.2 = 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 1 = 2𝑛 − 1
9.2 + 1
𝑛= = 5.1 ≅ 5
2
Check the effective depth d
∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅ 5𝐴𝑋̅1 + 2𝐴𝑋̅2 5𝑋̅1 + 2𝑋̅2
𝑑𝑙 = = =
∑ reinforcements areas(A) 7𝐴 7
̅
𝑋1 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 10𝑚𝑚 = 43𝑚𝑚
𝑋̅2 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 + 20𝑚𝑚 + 10𝑚𝑚 = 83𝑚𝑚
5 × 43 + 283
𝑑𝑙 = = 54.43𝑚𝑚
7
𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 𝑙 = 450𝑚𝑚 − 54.43𝑚𝑚 = 395.57𝑚𝑚 > 387𝑚𝑚 … … … . . 𝑜𝑘!

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Design Example
For the cross section given below, determine the reinforcement. If the section is subjected
to bending moment of 140KN.m. Use Concrete C25 and Steel S260, Class I works.
Solution
 Design constant
𝑓𝑐𝑢 25
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25 1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 × 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 260
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 226.09𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 226.09𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 24.94
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 11.33𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0303
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 226.09𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 226.09𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.0227
 Moment capacity of the section and Area calculation
Let use
 concrete cover = 25mm
 stirrups = ϕ8
 longitudinal reinforcement bottom = ϕ24
 longitudinal reinforcement upper = ϕ16
 double row reinforcement
The effective depth d will be
Maximum spacing between bars(S)
20 mm
spacing(S) = { The diameter of the largest bar = 24mm = 24𝑚𝑚
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm

∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅
𝑑𝑙 =
∑ reinforcements areas(A)
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑙
To use the above equation we need the total number
of
bars, in this case we didn’t have it, so let assume a
reasonable value for dl
𝑆
𝑑𝑙 = concrete cover + stirrups + longitudinal reinforcement bottom + 2

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

24𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑙 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 24𝑚𝑚 + = 69𝑚𝑚
2

𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑 𝑙 = 400𝑚𝑚 − 69𝑚𝑚 = 331𝑚𝑚

longitudinal reinforcement upper
𝑑𝑖 = concrete cover + stirrup +
2
16
𝑑𝑖 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚 = 41𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀1 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑦𝑑 (1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)
𝑀1 = 0.0227 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 3312 𝑚𝑚2 × 226.09𝑀𝑝𝑎(1 − 0.4 × 0.0227 × 24.94)
× 10−6
𝑀1 = 108.74𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Since M1=108.74KN.m < Md=140KN.m the section has to be double reinforced.
𝑀2 = 𝑀𝑑 − 𝑀1 = 140 − 108.74 = 31.26𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0227 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 331𝑚𝑚 ≅ 1879𝑚𝑚2
𝑀2 31.26𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐴𝑠2 = = × 106 ≅ 477𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 (𝑑 − 𝑑𝑖 ) 226.09𝑀𝑝𝑎(331𝑚𝑚 − 41𝑚𝑚)
𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑑 = 0.0227 × 24.94 × 331𝑚𝑚 = 187.39𝑚𝑚
(𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖 ) (187.39 − 41)
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 = 0.0027
𝑥 187.39
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝜀𝑠𝑐 𝐸 = 0.0027 × 200000 = 548.68𝑀𝑝𝑎 > 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 226.09𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 226.09𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 𝐴𝑠2 = 477𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 1879 + 477 = 2356 𝑚𝑚2
 Reinforcement Detail
Calculating number of bars
𝛱𝐷2
Area(A) =
4
Bar diameter(D) Area 𝑨
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬(𝐍) = 𝒖 𝒐𝒓 𝒃⁄𝑨
in mm (mm2) Upper Reinforcement Bottom Reinforcements
Au=477mm2 Ab=2356mm2
ϕ16 201 2.37 ≅ 3 11.72 ≅ 12
ϕ20 314 1.52 ≅ 2 7.5 ≅ 8
ϕ24 452 1.06 ≅ 2 5.21 ≅ 6

use 6ϕ24 for bottom and 3ϕ16 for upper reinforcement

Spacing(S)
20 mm
spacing = { The diameter of the largest bar = 24mm
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

𝑆 = 24𝑚𝑚
To calculate the maximum number of bar in a single row (n)

𝑤 = 𝑛 × 𝜙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑆
𝑤 = 250𝑚𝑚 − 50𝑚𝑚 − 2 × 8𝑚𝑚 = 184
184𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛 × 24𝑚𝑚 + (𝑛 − 1)24𝑚𝑚
184𝑚𝑚 𝑛 × 24𝑚𝑚 (𝑛 − 1)24𝑚𝑚
= +
24𝑚𝑚 24𝑚𝑚 24𝑚𝑚
7.67 = 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 1 = 2𝑛 − 1
7.67 + 1
𝑛= = 4.34 ≅ 4
2

Check the effective depth d

∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅ 4𝐴𝑋̅1 + 2𝐴𝑋̅2 4𝑋̅1 + 2𝑋̅2
𝑑𝑙 = = =
∑ reinforcements areas(A) 6𝐴 6
̅
𝑋1 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 12𝑚𝑚 = 45𝑚𝑚
𝑋̅2 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 24𝑚𝑚 + 24𝑚𝑚 + 12𝑚𝑚 = 93𝑚𝑚
4 × 45 + 2 × 93
𝑑𝑙 = = 61𝑚𝑚
6
𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑙
𝑑 = 400𝑚𝑚 − 61𝑚𝑚 = 339𝑚𝑚 > 331𝑚𝑚 … … … . . 𝑜𝑘!

Design Example
A simply supported beam with a span length of 6m carries a Dead load of 6KN/m without
its self-weight and a Live load of 3KN/m. Design the beam for moment and shear, use width of
the beam 200mm and material Concrete C30 and Steel S300, Class I works.
Solution
 Design constant

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

𝑓𝑐𝑢 30
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25 1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 × 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 23.98
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0304
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.0228
 Depth for deflection – Serviceability limit state
𝐿𝑒 = 6𝑚 = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝛽𝑎 = 20 for simply supported beam
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒 300𝑀𝑃𝑎 6000𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = (0.4 + 0.6 ) = (0.4 + 0.6 ) = 255𝑚𝑚
400 𝛽𝑎 400 20
concrete cover = 25mm
stirrups = ϕ8
longitudinal reinforcement = ϕ24
 Maximum spacing between bars(S)
20 mm
spacing(S) = { The diameter of the largest bar = 24mm
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm
= 24𝑚𝑚
 Over all depth D for single row reinforcement arrangement
longitudinal reinforcement
𝐷 = 𝑑 + concrete cover + stirrups +
2
24
𝐷 = 255 + 25 + 8 + = 300𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 300𝑚𝑚
2
The effective depth d will became
longitudinal reinforcement
𝑑 = 𝐷 − concrete cover − stirrups −
2
24
𝑑 = 300𝑚𝑚 − 25𝑚𝑚 − 8𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚 = 255𝑚𝑚
2
 Loading
 Live load-it’s given
LL=3KN/m
 Dead load
 Self-weight of the beam
Unit weight of a concrete (Density) =25KN/m3
𝐾𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 25 × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 25 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚3 × 0.20𝑚 × 0.30𝑚 = 1.5
𝑚

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 23

 Hawassa University, Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering
Reinforced concrete Structures I

 Given Dead load

6KN/m
 Total Dead Load (DL)
DL=1.5+6=7.5KN/m
 Design load (Pd) =1.3DL+1.6LL
𝐾𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3 × 7.5 + 1.6 × 3 = 14.55
𝑚
 Analysis

Design moment Md is the maximum moment in the section

𝐾𝑁 2 2
𝑃𝑑 𝑙 2 14.55 𝑚 × 6 𝑚
𝑀𝑑 = = = 65.48𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
 Design the section for flexure (moment)
b=200mm
d=255mm
Md=65.48KN.m
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚 = 23.98
𝜌 = 0.0228

𝑀
𝑑=√
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)

65.48 × 106 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑑=√ = 265.43𝑚𝑚
260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 0.0228 × 200𝑚𝑚 × (1 − 0.4 × 0.0228 × 23.98)

concrete cover = 25mm

stirrups = ϕ8
longitudinal reinforcement = ϕ24

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 24

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

24
𝐷 = 265.43 + 25 + 8 + = 310.43𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 350𝑚𝑚
2
The new effective depth d will became
24
𝑑 = 350𝑚𝑚 − 25𝑚𝑚 − 8𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚 = 305𝑚𝑚
2
 Revised the design with the new depth
 Live load-it’s given
LL=3KN/m
 Dead load
 Self-weight of the beam
Unit weight of a concrete (Density) =25KN/m3
𝐾𝑁
𝐷𝐿 = 25 × 𝑏 × 𝐷 = 25 𝐾𝑁⁄𝑚3 × 0.20𝑚 × 0.35𝑚 = 1.75
𝑚
 Given Dead load
6KN/m
 Total Dead Load (DL)
DL=1.75+6=7.75 KN/m
 Design load (Pd) =1.3DL+1.6LL
𝐾𝑁
𝑃𝑑 = 1.3 × 7.75 + 1.6 × 3 = 14.88
𝑚
𝐾𝑁 2 2
𝑃𝑑 𝑙 2 14.88 𝑚 × 6 𝑚
𝑀𝑑 = = = 66.96𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
8 8

66.96 × 106 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑑2 = √
260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 0.0228 × 200𝑚𝑚 × (1 − 0.4 × 0.0228 × 23.98)

= 268.41𝑚𝑚
𝑑2 = 268.41𝑚𝑚 < 305𝑚𝑚 … … … … … … . . ok!
 Reinforcement
𝑀 = 66.96𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑏 = 200𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 305𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎

2𝑀 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( 2
)]
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑

2 × 66.96𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 × 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( 2 2
)] = 0.0164
13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 200𝑚𝑚 × 305 𝑚𝑚 260.87
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0164 × 200𝑚𝑚 × 305𝑚𝑚 ≅ 1001𝑚𝑚2
 Reinforcement Detail for Moment
Calculating number of bars
𝑨𝒔⁄
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬(𝐍) = 𝑨

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Bar diameter(D) Area(A) = Bottom Reinforcements

2
in mm 𝛱𝐷 2 As=1001mm
4
(mm2)
ϕ16 201 4.98 ≅ 5
ϕ20 314 3.19 ≅ 4
ϕ24 452 2.21 ≅ 3

use 6ϕ24 for bottom and 3ϕ16 for upper reinforcement

Spacing(S)
20 mm
spacing = { The diameter of the largest bar = 24mm
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm
𝑆 = 24𝑚𝑚
To calculate the maximum number of bar in a single row (n)
𝑤 = 𝑛 × 𝜙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑆
𝑤 = 200𝑚𝑚 − 50𝑚𝑚 − 2 × 8𝑚𝑚 = 134
134𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛 × 24𝑚𝑚 + (𝑛 − 1)24𝑚𝑚
134𝑚𝑚 𝑛 × 24𝑚𝑚 (𝑛 − 1)24𝑚𝑚
= +
24𝑚𝑚 24𝑚𝑚 24𝑚𝑚
5.58 = 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 1 = 2𝑛 − 1
6.58
𝑛= = 3.29 ≅ 3
2

use 3ϕ24 for bottom and 2ϕ8 for upper reinforcement(Minimum)

 Design for Shear

 The shear capacity of the section Vc
2⁄
2 30 3
0.21(𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) ⁄3 0.21 ( )
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = 1.25 1.165𝑀𝑝𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝛱 × 242
𝐴𝑠 = 3 × = 1357.17
4
𝐴𝑠 1357.17
𝜌= = = 0.022 > 0.02
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 200 × 305
𝜌 = 0.02
𝐾1 = (1 + 50𝜌) ≤ 2.0

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

𝐾1 = (1 + 50 × 0.02) = 2
𝐾2 = (1.6 − 𝑑) ≥ 1.0
𝐾2 = (1.6 − 0.305) = 1.295
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 𝐾1 𝐾2 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 × 1.165𝑀𝑝𝑎 × 2 × 1.295 × 200𝑚𝑚 × 305𝑚𝑚 × 10−3 = 46.01𝐾𝑁
 Diagonal compression capacity VRd
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.25 × 13.6𝑀𝑝𝑎 × 200𝑚𝑚 × 305𝑚𝑚 × 10−3
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 207.40𝐾𝑁
 Shear force diagram and design shear

44.64 𝑉𝑑
=
3 3 − 0.305
2
𝑉𝑑 = 40.1𝐾𝑁 < 𝑉𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝑅𝐷
3
This means this is no need to design for shear only we proved minimum shear
reinforcement.
 Reinforcement for shear
Minimum shear reinforcement
0.4 0.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.0013
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
Using ϕ8 stirrups with two legs
𝛱×8
𝐴𝑣 = 2 × = 100.53𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑣 100.53
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆= = 386.65𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤 𝑆 0.0013 × 200
𝑆 = 386.65𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛 {0.5𝑑 = 305 ∗ 0.5𝑚𝑚 = 152.5𝑚𝑚
800𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 150𝑚𝑚

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 27

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Provide stirrups with ϕ8 C/C 150

 Reinforcement Detail for Moment and Shear

Design Example
A propped cantilever 6m span RC beam is subjected to a design load of 30KN/m
including the self-weight of the beam. The cross-section of the beam is b=250mm and overall
depth D=400mm. Design the beam for moment and shear. Material C30 and S300, Class I
work.
Solution
 Design constant
𝑓𝑐𝑢 30
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = = 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.25 1.25
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 × 24𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
ϒ𝑠 1.15
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚= = = 23.98
0.8𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.8 × 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝐸𝑠
𝜀𝑐 = 0.0035 𝐸𝑠 = 200,000
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝜀𝑐 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 0.0035
𝜌𝑏 = 0.8 ( ) = 0.8 [ ][ ] = 0.0304
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜀𝑠 + 𝜀𝑐 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ( 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 ) + 0.0035
200000𝑀𝑃𝑎
To assure ductility
𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = 0.0228
 Analysis

 Design the section for flexure (moment)

b=250mm
Md(Positive) =75.94KN.m
Md(Nigative) =135KN.m
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚 = 23.98
𝜌 = 0.0228

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑=√
𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝜌𝑏(1 − 0.4𝜌𝑚)

135 × 106 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

𝑑=√ = 340.88𝑚𝑚
260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 0.0228 × 250𝑚𝑚 × (1 − 0.4 × 0.0228 × 23.98)

concrete cover = 25mm

stirrups = ϕ8
longitudinal reinforcement = ϕ24
For single row arrangement

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 29

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

24
𝐷 = 340.88 + 25 + 8 + = 385.88𝑚𝑚 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐷 = 400𝑚𝑚
2
The new effective depth d will became
24
𝑑 = 400𝑚𝑚 − 25𝑚𝑚 − 8𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚 = 355𝑚𝑚
2
𝐿𝑒 = 6𝑚 = 6000𝑚𝑚
𝛽𝑎 = 24 for end Spans(Propped cantilever)
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝐿𝑒 300𝑀𝑃𝑎 6000𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = (0.4 + 0.6 ) = (0.4 + 0.6 ) = 212.5𝑚𝑚
400 𝛽𝑎 400 24
< 355𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑜𝑘
 Reinforcement
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
Positive Reinforcements (Bottom)
b=250mm
concrete cover = 25mm
stirrups = ϕ8
longitudinal reinforcement bottom = ϕ16
For single row arrangement
16
𝑑 = 400 − 25 − 8 − = 359𝑚𝑚
2
Md(Positive) =75.94KN.m
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
2𝑀(Positive) 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌(Positive) = [1 − √1 − ( )]
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦𝑑

2 × 75.94𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 × 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( )] = 0.0100
13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 3592 𝑚𝑚2 260.87
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠(Positive) = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0102 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 359𝑚𝑚 ≅ 897𝑚𝑚2
Negative Reinforcements (Upper)
b=250mm
Md(Nigative) =135KN.m
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 260.87𝑀𝑃𝑎
20 mm
spacing = { The diameter of the largest bar = 24mm
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm
𝑆 = 24𝑚𝑚
∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅
𝑑𝑙 =
∑ reinforcements areas(A)
𝐷 = 𝑑 + 𝑑𝑙

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

To use the above equation we need the total number of bars, in this case we didn’t have
it, so let assume a reasonable value for dl
8 is assumed in a way that to minimizing the iteration.
𝑑 𝑙 = concrete cover + stirrups + longitudinal reinforcement upper + 8
𝑑 𝑙 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 24𝑚𝑚 + 8 = 65𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑙 = 400𝑚𝑚 − 64𝑚𝑚 = 335𝑚𝑚

2𝑀(Nigative) 𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌(Nigative) = [1 − √1 − ( )]
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑦𝑑

2 × 135𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 × 106 13.6

𝜌 = [1 − √1 − ( )] = 0.0237
13.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 3362 𝑚𝑚2 260.87

> 𝜌 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
𝜌 = 0.0228
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠(Nigative) = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0228 × 250𝑚𝑚 × 335𝑚𝑚 ≅ 1910𝑚𝑚2

 Reinforcement Detail for Moment

Calculating number of bars
Bar diameter(D) Area(A) = 𝑨
𝐍𝐮𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐚𝐫𝐬(𝐍) = 𝒔⁄𝑨
𝛱𝐷 2
in mm Bottom Reinforcements Upper Reinforcements
4 As(Positive)=897mm2 As(Negative)=1916mm2
(mm2)
ϕ16 201 4.46 ≅ 5 9.5 ≅ 10
ϕ20 314 2.86 ≅ 3 6.08 ≅ 7
ϕ24 452 1.98 ≅ 2 4.23 ≅ 5

use 5ϕ16 for bottom and 5ϕ24 for upper reinforcement

Spacing(S)
20 mm
spacing = { The diameter of the largest bar = 24mm
The maximum size of the aggregate ds plus 5 mm
𝑆 = 24𝑚𝑚
To calculate the maximum number of bar in a single row (n)

𝑤 = 𝑛 × 𝜙 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑆
𝑤 = 250𝑚𝑚 − 50𝑚𝑚 − 2 × 8𝑚𝑚 = 184
184𝑚𝑚 = 𝑛 × 24𝑚𝑚 + (𝑛 − 1)24𝑚𝑚
184𝑚𝑚 𝑛 × 24𝑚𝑚 (𝑛 − 1)24𝑚𝑚
= +
24𝑚𝑚 24𝑚𝑚 24𝑚𝑚
7.67 = 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 1 = 2𝑛 − 1

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 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

8.67
𝑛= = 4.33 ≅ 4
2

use 5ϕ16 for bottom and 5ϕ24 for upper reinforcement

Check 𝑑 𝑙
∑ reinforcements areas(𝐴𝑖 ) × 𝑋̅ 4𝐴𝑋̅1 + 2𝐴𝑋̅2 4𝑋̅1 + 2𝑋̅2
𝑑𝑙 = = =
∑ reinforcements areas(A) 6𝐴 6
̅
𝑋1 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 12𝑚𝑚 = 45𝑚𝑚
𝑋̅2 = 25𝑚𝑚 + 8𝑚𝑚 + 24𝑚𝑚 + 24𝑚𝑚 + 12𝑚𝑚 = 93𝑚𝑚
3 × 45 + 2 × 93
𝑑𝑙 = = 64.2𝑚𝑚
5
𝑑 = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑙
𝑑 = 400𝑚𝑚 − 64.2𝑚𝑚 = 335.8𝑚𝑚 > 335𝑚𝑚 … … … . . 𝑜𝑘!

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 32

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

Example 1. Design a T-beam with be =1000mm, h f =100mm, bw =250mm, d =450mm. Use

f ck =25N/mm2 and f yd =400 Mpa . M =470kNm

Solution:
Assuming the N.A. to fall in the flange,
Mu  0.8 xbefcd (d  0.4 x)
470  106  0.8  x  1000 14.1667 (450  0.4 x)
This give rise to a quadratic equation,
x 2  1125x  103676.2266  0
x  101.27mm
0.8x  81.02mm  100mm, h f
Therefore, the beam is designed as a rectangular beam.
0.8 xbefcd 0.8  101.27  1000 14.1667
As    2889.41mm 2
f yd 400
No of  24 bars= 6.39  7
Use 7 24 bars
Example 2. Design a T-beam with be =1000mm, h f =100mm, bw =250mm, d =450mm. Use
C25concrete and S460 steel. Moment to be resisted is 470 kNm.

Solution:
f cd  11.33Mpa , f yd  400 Mpa
Assuming the N.A. to fall in the flange,
Mu  0.8 xbefcd (d  0.4 x)

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 33

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

470  106  0.8  x  1000 11.33  (450  0.4 x)

This give rise to a quadratic equation and after solving it,
x  130.33mm
0.8x  104.26mm  100mm, h f
Therefore, the beam is designed as a T- beam.
f cd (be  bw)h f 11.33  (1000  250)  100
Asf    2124.38mm 2
f yd 400

M sf  Asf f yd (d  hf )  2124.38  400  (450  100 )  339.9kNm

2 2
M sw  470  339.9  130.1kNm
Now let us provide the reinforcement for this remaining moment M sw

M sw  0.8 xbwfcd (d  0.4 x)

130.1  106  0.8  x  250  11.33  (450  0.4 x)
This give rise to a quadratic equation and after solving it,
x  146.72mm
M sw 130.1  106
Now Asw    831.18mm 2
f yd (d  0.4 x) 400  (450  0.4  146.72)
The total area of reinforcement will sum up to be
As f  As w  2124.38  831.18  2955.6mm 2

( As  Asc ) f yd
x
Problems on doubly0 .reinforced
8befcd T beams:
Eg 1: Calculate the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced T-section as shown in
figure, having a simply supported span of 5 m. Assume C20 concrete and steel having f yk
of 400 MPa to be used. be = 1000 mm 50mm

Solution: Assuming that steel yields and 120mm

NA lies in flange,

Asc = 1000 mm2 50mm 380mm

As = 3000 mm2

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 34

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

(3000  1000)347.83
x  96.62mm  120mm
0.8 *1000* 9
NA falls in flange
x  d2 96.62  50
εsc = 0.0035* = 0.0035* = 0.00168 < {εyd = fyd/Es =
x 96.62
347.83/2*105=0.00173}
Therefore, compression steel does not yield
dx 450  96.62
εs = 0.0035* = 0.0035*  0.0128 > εyd
x 96.62
Therefore, fs can be taken as fyd
For equilibrium, Cc + Csc = T;
x  d2
i.e. 0.8x be fcd + Asc 0.0035* Es = As fyd;
x
x  50
0.8 * x * 1000 * 9 + 1000 * 0.0035* 2*105 = 3000* 347.83
x
On solving, x = 97.54 mm < 120 mm
NA falls in flange
x  d2
Mu = 0.8x be fcd(d – 0.4x) + Asc 0.0035* Es *(d - d2)
x
97.54  50
={0.8(97.54)(1000)(9)[450 – 0.4(97.54)] + 1000 * [0.0035 * ] * 2*105 * (450-
97.54
50)}*10-6
Mu = 425.1 kNm

Eg. 2: Calculate the amount of steel required in a T – beam to resist a factored moment of 450
kNm. The dimensions are as shown in the figure. C20 concrete and steel from Ethiopian iron
and steel factory, Akaki are used.
be = 750 mm 50mm

100mm
Solution: Assuming NA to fall in flange,
Mu = 0.8x be fcd (d – 0.4x) d=500mm
Asc 70mm
450 * 106 = 0.8 * x * 750 * 9 * (500 – 0.4x)
It can be reduced to a quadratic equation, As

x2 – 1250x + 208333.33 = 0

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 35

 Reinforced Concrete Structures - Chapter 2: Limit State Design of beam

On solving, x = 198 mm; 0.8x = 158.43 mm; Therefore, NA falls in web

Section shall be designed as a limiting section.
Limiting depth of NA = 0.45d = 0.45(500) = 225 mm; 0.8x = 0.8*225 = 180 mm.

hf2 C2
225 180 C1
+
d – 0.4x d – hf/2
N A
T1 T2
Moment of resistance of limiting section
Mlim = 0.8xlim bw fcd (d – 0.4xlim) + fcd (be – bw) hf (d – hf/2)
= {0.8 * 225 * 200 * 9 * [500 – 0.4(225)] + 9(750 – 200) 100 (500 – 50)}* 10-6
= 355.6 kNm < 450 kNm
Mu > Mlim; Therefore, the section is doubly reinforced.
0.8 xlim f cd bw  f cd (be  bw )h f (0.8 * 225* 200 * 9)  9(750  200)100
As1    2242.48mm 2
f yd 365.22

ΔM = 450 – 355.6 = 94.4 kNm

M 94.4 *106
As 2    574.39mm 2
f yd (d  d 2 ) 365.22(500  50)

Total area of tension steel = As = As1 + As2 = 2242.48 + 574.39 = 2816.87 mm2
x  d2 225 50
εsc = 0.0035* = 0.0035* = 0.0027 > {εyd = fyd/Es = 365.22/2*105=0.0018}
x 225
Therefore, compression bars yield
Use fsc = fyd = 365.22 MPa
M 94.4 *106
Asc    574.39mm 2
f yd (d  d 2 ) 365.22(500  50)

Lecture Note by Surafel T. Date: - October 24, 2016 Page 36