COURSE OUTLINE

1. INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL BASIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Description of V.B
Example of V.P.L
 Visual basic
 Visual c++
 Delphi
Hardware and software constructions for V.P
2. VISUAL ENVIRONMENT
Description of visual environment
Description of intergrated development environment (IDE)
 Visual objects
 Form window
 Properties window
 Immediate window
 Code window
 Others

3. PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Format of Visual Program
Data types
Operators
Arithmetic
Logical
Comparison
Others
Variables
4. PROGRAM WRITING
Creating an application
Compilation
Debugging
Testing
Execution
5. CONTROL STRUCTURES
Types of control structures
Definition
Types:
 Sequence
 Selection
 Iteration / repetition
Implementation of data structures
6. ERROR HANDLING
Types of errors
- Syntax
 - Run time
- Semantics
- Logical
Error handling techniques .
 Writing error handlers
 On error resume
 On error to go
 Error object
 Debugging tools

7. SUB-PROGRAM
Meaning of sub-program
Types of sub-programs
 Private sub program
 Public sub-program
Scope of variables
Local variables
Global variables
8. Data structures
 Data structures
Types of data structures
- Arrays
- Records
- Pointer
- Stacks and queues
- Sets
- Files
 Sort Techniques
- Bubble shell
- Selection
 Search Techniques
- Binary search
- Linear search
9. Linking to databases
- Database controls
- Data control
- Ms data bound controls
- Active data object (ADO)
 Reports
 Data reports
10. Emerging Trends In Visual Basic.
 Emerging trends in visual programming
 Challenges of emerging trends in Visual Basic
  Coping with challenges of emerging trends in visual programming.

Content
1. Introduction to visual Basic 6.0
Visual Basic
It is a programing language and development environment that allows you to create programs
that run under windows Os. With VB you can create programs that interact with the
Databases, interact with internet and even with hardware.
Event Driven Programing
V.B is event driven ,meaning the code remains idle until called upon to respond to some
event. An event can be a mouse click, a key press , menu selection e.t.c . V.B is governed by
an event processor. Nothing happens until an event is detected .Once an event is detected the
code corresponding to that event (event procedure) is executed.
Terminologies
a)Forms
Are windows that you create for user interface .A form generally has many different controls
placed upon it.
b) Controls
Are graphical features drawn on forms to allow user interaction, examples are textboxes
labels, scrollbars command buttons e.t.c. Forms and controls are sometimes collectively
known as objects.
c) Properties
Every characteristic of a form or control is specified by a property, examples of properties
include name, caption ,size, colour ,position and content.
d) Methods
Is a built-in procedure that can be invoked to impart some action to a particular object e.g
print method. Example: Me.print sum ‘ displays value held by the variable sum in the
current form.
e)Event Procedure
Is a code related to some object. This is the code that is executed when a certain event occurs.
f)General Procedure
Is code not related to objects. This code must be invoked by the application.
g) Module
It is a collection of general procedures, variable declaration and constant definitions used by
the application.
h)Application
Is a collection of objects that work together to accomplish something useful. In Vb the
application is called a project. A project could be the management of a video store ,
calculation of mortgages e.t.c
i)Object
Is a piece of s/w that has properties and functions that can be manipulated.

2. VISUAL OBJECTS
Visual Basic Integrated Development Environment (I.D.E)
I.D.E is a VB screen in which one can develop, run, test and debug applications. It contains
the elements with which you can develop the user interface of your application.
Elements/components/parts of IDE (Visual Objects)
1. Menu bar
It displays the commands you need to work with VB. Menus are provided for standard
actions like : file , edit , view , window and help and to access functions specific to
programming such as: project, format and debug
2.Standard Toolbar
The standard toolbar has the standard icons that are shortcut command to the menu bar
commands. They provide quick access to commonly used commands in the programing
environment.
3.Toolbox
It contains a set of tools that can be used at design time to place controls on a form
4.Project Window
This window lists the forms and modules in your current project.
5. Properties window
This window lists the property settings for the selected form or control. The properties are
characteristics of an object such as name, size, colour, caption e.t.c
6. Form layouts window
It shows where (upon program execution) your form will be displayed relative to your
monitor’s screen.
7. Code editor window
The code editor window is used for entering and editing the programing code for the
application. Each form has its own code editor window .By double clicking on an object the
corresponding code editor window will open.
8. Immediate , local and watch windows
This windows are included in the IDE for use in debugging your application. They are
available only when you are running your application.
Controls
Are graphical features drawn on forms to allow user interaction .it is a tool used to display
information or retrieve information from the user.
Control types
1. Standard controls
Are controls always present in the toolbox
2. Custom controls
Are brought into the VB environment when needed and they extend one tool box.

Description of the roles of various controls

Pointer
Is a tool used to select an object to be worked on

Picture box
Is used to display graphical objects or text and to initiate event actions. It is similar to an
image box but has more properties , redraw slower and cannot be stretched.
Label
Displays a text on a form. The text cannot be reassigned during program execution though its
appearance can be altered during the program execution though its appearance can be altered
Text box
Provides a means of entering or displaying text. The text may be already available or can be
entered during the program execution.
Frame
Used as a container of a group of controls
Command button
Used to activate an event driven procedure.
Check box
Used if more than one selection are to be made.
Option button
Are used when one selection must be made before an action is carried out.
Combo box
Is a special type of list box that combines the capabilities of a text box and a list box. It
provides a list of text item for selection by the user during program execution. Items can also
be added during program execution.
List box
Provides a list of text items for the selection by the user.
Horizontal scroll
Is used for drawing horizontal scrollbars on a form.
Vertical scrollbar
Is used for drawing vertical scrollbar on a form.
Timer
Allows timed events to occur repeatedly at a specific time interval
Drive list box
Provides a way of selecting a drive from a list of existing drivers
Directory list box
Provides a way of selecting a directory from a list
File list box
Provides a way of selecting files within a group of files .
Shape tool
Is used to draw ; circles, eclipses , squares and rectangles within forms
Line tool
Is used when drawing straight lines within forms.
Image box
Is used to display graphical objects
Data control
It provides a means of displaying information from existing database.
N/B :The number of tools available on the tool box depends on edition and release of VB
you are using.

Saving a VB project
Saving a VB project is different from other applications because VB operation involves
saving multiple files
a) To save a VB project for the first time, select the save project as command from the
file menu. The save file as dialogue box appear. You will have to enter a form name
and then click the same button ,the form is saved with an extension .frm
b) After this the save project As dialogue box appears. Type the name of the project and
it will be saved as file with extension .vbp
Opening an existing project
You can open a project when VB starts or from the file menu. To open a project during start
up from the new project dialogue box that appears when VB is starting, click the existing
tab. A list of existing projects will be displayed. If VB is already running close all other
projects then click open project command on the file menu. The open project dialogue box
appears from which you can select the existing tab

3. PROGRAM STRUCTURE

VB FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
Data types
Data types Description
Integer A whole number with no fraction part. Integer range from -32768 to 32767
Long Numbers which are integers but have bigger values and range. They range
integer from -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
Single A single precision real constant includes a fractional part. The largest value is
3.4 x 1038
Double It includes a fractional part but has far much larger magnitude than the single
real number constant. However it cannot be larger than 1.2 x 10308
String Characters enclosed in quotation marks
Boolean Data types that have only two logical states i.e true or false

Constants
A constant is a value that remains the same. It does not change during program execution.
There are three types of constants; string, numeric and named constants.
String constants
Is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotation marks.They are used to write non-numeric
values like telephone numbers, addresses and names
Numeric constants
Are either whole numbers (integer), double or single

Named constants
Is identified by name rather than its actual values, const keyword is used declare this type of
constants

VARIABLES
A variable is a memory location referred to by name used to hold a value that is subject to
change during program execution. In VB the following rules should be followed when
naming variables:
1. The variable name must not have more than 255 characters
2. The variable name must start with a letter.
3. The letter case is not important when declaring variables
4. A variable name must not be a reserved word
5. Variable names should not have spaces.
A variable is declared using the reserved word DIM the short form of the word dimension
(size). It is used to associate a variable with a specific data type e.g Dim First_Name as
String means that the variable first_name is of the type string.

VARIANTS
Is a variable whose data types has not been explicitly declared by the program. They are
called variants because their data types keeps on changing with the values they hold
Scope 9lk
Refer to the level of the program that a variable, a constant or a procedure is recognized. The
scope of a variable constant is said to be global or local. The scope of the procedure, variable
or constant is set by declaring it as either private or public. The following terms are used in
this regard:
1. Private sub-procedure
2. Public
3. Global variables / constants
4. Local variables
A public procedure can be accessed from any module or form in the program while private
procedure is accessed in the module or form within which it is declared.
A variable or constant that is declared outside the standard module but within the same
project is said to be global.
User defined data types.
Is a data type whose individual components are standard data items
Using suffixes to declare variables and constants.
Suffixes are special symbols appended to the end of a variable constant name in order to
associate them with a particular data type

Examples
Suffix Data type Long Declaration Short declaration
% Integer Dim A as integer A%
! Single Dim X as single X!
$ String Dim A as string Q$
& Long integer Dim C as long integer C&
# Double Dim P as double P#

Operators
They include;
i. Arithmetic
ii. Relational
iii. Logical

Arithmetic operators
Are special symbols that are used to write arithmetic expressions.

Symbol Name Operation

+ Plus sign Addition
- Minus sign Subtraction
* Asterisk Multiplication
/ Slash Division
^ Caret Exponentiation
\ Backslash Integer division
MOD Modulus Integer remainder

N/B: The last two rows can be explained as follows

1. In an integer division, each of the numbers being divides is first rounded to become an
integer then the quotient is truncated to an integer.
2. The MOD operator returns the remainder of an integer division.

Operators Precedence / Hierachy

Arithmetic operators have the following order of precedence when used in a program
Exponentiation, Multiplication and Division , integer division, integer remainder, addition
and subtraction.

i. Relational Operators
Is used in an expression that returns a true or false value when evaluated. The operators can
compare numeric variables, constants or expressions.
Operator Name
= Equal to
<> Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
>= Greater than or equal to

Logical operators
operator Operation
And Results in a condition that is true if both expressions are true
Or Results in a condition that is true if one of the condition is true or both are true
Xor Results in a condition that is true if one of the condition is true and the other is
false
Not Negates the value of a logic expression

The Assignment Statement

An assignment statement is an executable statement that assigns whatever is on the right of
the assignment operator to the variable.
The Print Statement
The print statement displays data on the active form of your VB project. It can be used to
display processing results of a program. The structure of the print statement is :
Print variable name (this prints out the value held in a variable). The use of comma to
separate the various elements to be output by the print statement makes them to be widely
spaced on the screen to have a compact display with the various outputs close to each other,
then use a semi colon to separate the various elements.

Library functions/In-built functions

Are modules that have been pre-written and included in the visual Basic Language. A
function performs single task like calculating Mathematical expressions then returns a value.
A function will usually have a name and can be called when needed to perform a particular
task.
A library function is accessed by stating its name followed by the information that must be
supplied to the function enclosed in parenthesis. This process is called calling a function .The
values held in the parenthesis are called arguments. When a function is called, it uses the
supplied arguments to perform an operation and return a value.
Function Call Description
Date Z= Date () Return the current date
Exp Z = Exp (W) Returns the value of ew
Sqr Z= Sqr (w) Returns the square root of w
Log Z = Log (w) Returns the natural logarithm of w
Str Z = Str (w) Returns a string whose characters are w e.g str (6.80)=”6.80”
Cos Z =Cos (w) Returns the cosine of w
Abs Z = Abs (w) Return absolute value of w e.g Abs (.8)
Ucase Z = Ucase (w) Returns uppercase equivalent of w
Int Z = Int (w) Returns the largest integer that is algebraically less than w e.g Int
(2.2) = 2
Time Z = Time Return the current system time
Format Z = Format Formats the output to appear as statements

Using the format function

The format functions helps the programmer to display data in many different formats.

Expression
Print format (16.778994, “##.##”) 16.78 (notice the rounding)
Print format (Now, “mm-dd-yyy”) 1-20-20105
Print Format (15678; “##,###.00”) 15,678.00
Label 1. Caption = Format$ (sprice, “#####.##”) 10,630.75

N/B: The dollar sign may be used with the format function depending on the type of output
required. In the last row of the table the formatted output is displayed on a label control.
Program comments
Comments are English statements included in the code to document a program. The
comments are not executed when the program is running. In Visual Basic, a comment starts
with a single apostrophe (‘) followed by the comment statement e.g X = Sin (P) ‘ find the
Sine of P and store it in X

Converting numeric string to a value

If you enter a number, in a text box, the best way to convert it into a value is to use the Val
function. This is because the computer treats anything typed in the text box as a string. The
val function operates on the string and returns a numerical value.

Converting a value to a string

Assuming a particular variable has a numerical value and you wish to display the value in a
text box, then you have to convert the value to a string first. Suppose the name of the text
box is txt Area adn the integer variable is X then ; txt Area .text = str(X) display the value in
X as string in the txtArea.

4. PROGRAM WRITING
Project
Create a program that can be used to calculate the area of a rectangle. The program should
prompt the user to enter the length and the width of the rectangle .To create the project
proceed as follows;
1. Open visual basic and select standard .EXE from the new project dialog box. A blank
form will be displayed.
2. Place three text boxes and two command buttons. Double click the text box tool on
the tool box then command button. Add another command button .Use the shape tool
to place a rectangle on the form. Drag the controls to the desired location on the form
and repeat the process until you have the interface below.
3. The next step is to define the set of properties for each control. To do this, right click
on the control then click properties. Set each control in the properties window.
N/B: The conventional way of setting the name property of any object in VB is to use object
prefixes. Such as txt for text or boxes, lbl for labels cmd for command buttons etc.
4. After setting the properties, we can now write the event procedures that calculates the
area of the rectangle once values are entered in the txtlength and txtWidth textboxes.
To write the code double click calculate button and write the code listing below.

Private sub cmdcalculate_click()

Dim L as single, W as single, A as single
L = val(txtlength.text)
W = val(txtWidth.text)
A=L*W
TxtArea= Str (A)
End sub
Private sub cmdExit_Click()
‘ exit from the program
End
End sub.
5. Run the project. Enter a value in the length and another in the txtWidth text boxes
then click the calculate button. The area of the rectangle is displayed.

Naming Standards For Controls

A very important property for each object is its name, name is used by VB to refer to a
particular object in code. A convention has been established for naming VB objects. This
convention is to use a three letter prefix (depending on the object) followed by a name you
assign.
Object Prefix Example
Form Frm Frmemployee
Label Lbl Lblstart, lblend
Command button Cmd,btn Cmdsave,cmdexit
Text box Txt Txtnum,txtName
Menu Mnu Mnuexit,mnusave
Check box Clck Chkchoice
Combo box Cbo Cbostates
Data control Dat Datstudent
Directory list box Dir Dirsource
Drive list box Drv Drvuserdrives
File list box File Filesource
Frame Fra Fracards
Grid Grd Grdpartlist
Horizontal scrollbar Hsb Hsbpartlist
Vertical scrollbar Vsb Vsbpartlist
Image box Img Imgicon
Line Lin Linseparate
List box Lst Lstcountries
Option button Opt Optsex
Picture box Pic Picresult
Shape Shp Shprectangle
Time Tmr tmrAlarm

Declaration of variables
There are two ways of declaring variables
i. Explicit declaration
The variable is declared in the declaration section of the program or at the beginning of a
procedure e.g
Dim A As integer ‘explicit declaration’
Dim name as string ‘ explicit declaration.
ii. Implicit declaration
The variable is declared on the fly. Its data type is deduced from the declaration of other
variables e.g
Dim A as integer ‘ explicit
Dim B As integer ‘explicit
C = A + B ‘Implicit declaration.
Project Examples
Example
Calculation of area of a rectangle, length and Width entered by the user.
a).User Interface/UI
Frmarea
Calculation of area

Enter length Txtlen

Enter width
Txtwid

Area is
Txt A

Exit calculate
calculate

cmdexit cmdcalculate

b).Code
Private sub cmdexit_click()
End
End sub
Private sub cmdcalculate_click()
Dim L as integer
Dim W as integer
Dim A as integer
L =val(txtlen.text)
W = val(txtwid.text)
A = L*W
TxtA.text = str (A)
End sub

Example
A Vb program to accept the radius of a circle, calculate and display its area
a).UI

FrmArea
Area calculation
TxtR
Enter radius

Area is TxtA

Compute

Cmdcompute

b).Code
Private sub cmdcompute_click()
Dim R as single, Area as single
Const pie as single = 3.142
R = val (txtR.text)
Area = pie * R * R
TxtA.text = Str(Area)
End sub
Example
Project on calculation of sum of two numbers

Frmsum
Summation of numbers
Txtnum1
Enter num 1

Enter num2 Txtum2

lblresult
Sum is
cmdsum
ADD
Code
Private sub cmdsum_click()
Dim a as integer, b as integer
Dim s as integer
a= val(txtnum1.text)
b=val(txtnum2.text)
s=a+b
lblresult.caption=s
End Sub

Exercise
Write a VB that accept the height and radius of a closed cylinder, compute and display its
surface area. Attach your code to a command click event.
Private sub cmdsurfacearea_click()
Const pie as single = 3.142
Dim height as integer, radius as integer
Dim surfaceArea as single
height = val(txth.text)
radius = val (txtr.text)
SurfaceArea = 2 * pie * radius * radius + (pie *2*radius * height)
Lblarea.caption = surfaceArea
End sub
Frmsarea
Surface area
Txtr
Enter radius

Txth
Enter height
Lblarea
Surface area is

CALCULATE Cmdsurface

CONTROL STRUCTURES
a. Selection control structures
i. If…..else construct
Used to write programs that require branching depending on a test on some condition.
 -Syntax is:
If (condition) then
Statement(s)
Else
Statement(s)
End IF

Example
A program 2 accept two numbers and determine the greatest
a) .User interface

Frmcompare
Comparison
Txtnum1
Enter first num

txtnum2
Enter second num

picresult

cmdcompare
Clear Compare
cmdclear

private sub cmdcompare-click()

dim num1 as integer
dim num2 as integer
num1 = val (txtnum1.text)
num2 = val (txtnum2.text)
if (num1>num2)THEN
picresult.print “num1 is the greatest”
else
picResult.print “num2 is the greatest”
End if
end sub
private sub cmdclear_click()
txtnum1.text = “ “
txtnum2.text=””
End sub.

If with Else If
Used in situations where we have more than one condition to test in the program.
-Its Syntax is:
If (condition1) Then
 Statement1
Else if (condition2) Then
Statement2
Else if (condition3)
Statement3
:
.
Else
StatementN
End if

Example
A program to accept student position in class and display category as per the table below
Position Category
1-3 Top 3 student
4-5 Top 5 student
6-10 Top 10 student

a) User interface
Frmcategories
Categorize
txtPos
Enter position
picResult

cmdcategorize
categorize

private sub cmdcategorize_click()

dim position as integer
position = val(txtpos.text)
if (position >=1) and (position <=3)Then
picresult.print ”top 3 student”
Else if (position > = 4) and (position < = 5)Then
PicResult.print“ top 5 student”
Else if (position > = 6) and ( position<=10) Then
Picresult.print “top 10 student”
Else
Picresult.print ”You are not categorized”
End if
End sub
Exercise
Write a VB program to accept student marks in class and display grade as per the table
below.
Marks Grade
70-100 A
60-69 B
50-59 C
40-49 D
<40 F

a).User interface

Frmgrade
Grade marks
txtmarks
Enter marks

picresult

GRADE cmdgrade

private sub cmdgrade –Click()

Dim marks as integer
Marks = val(txtmarks.text)
If (marks > =70) and (marks <=100) Then
Picresult.print “A”
Else if (marks >=60) and (marks<= 69) Then
Picresult.print”B”
Else if (marks >=50) and (marks<=59) Then
Picresult.print “C”
Else if (marks >= 40 ) and (marks <= 49) Then
Picresult.print “D”
Else if (marks<40) Then
Picresult.print “F”
Else
Picresult.print “Invalid entry”
End if
End sub
 USING OPTION AND CHECKBOX WITH IF CONSTRUCT SELECTION
CONTROL STRUCTURE

OPTION BUTTON
-Control used to make a single selection out of several options available.

VALUE PROPERTY
The value property is used to indicate whether the option button is selected or not.
A value property of TRUE means the option button is selected and a value property of
FALSE means no selection made.

PROGRAM EXAMPLE:
Program to prompt user to enter principal amount, calculate and display interest based on the
gender selected. The criteria for interest rates are given in the table below.

GENDER INTEREST RATE

Male Award 20% of Principal amount
Female Award 15% of principal amount

a).User Interface and properties

txtA

optmale

optfemale
PicResult

cmdCompute

b).Code

Private Sub cmdcompute_Click()

Dim Amount As Double, interest As Double
Amount = Val(txta.Text)
Picresult.Cls
If (Optmale.Value = True) And (Optfemale.Value = False) Then
interest = 20 / 100 * Amount
Picresult.Print "Interest = ", interest
ElseIf (Optfemale.Value = True) And (Optmale.Value = False) Then
interest = 15 / 100 * Amount
Picresult.Print "Interest = ", interest
 Else
MsgBox "Please select Gender"
End If
End Sub

CHECKBOX

-Control used to make more than one selection out of several options available.

VALUE PROPERTY
The value property is used to indicate whether the checkbox is selected or not.
A value property of 1 means the checkbox is selected and a value property of 0 means no
selection made.

PROGRAM EXAMPLE:
Program to prompt user to enter salary earned, calculate and display tax based on the status
selected. The criteria for tax rates are given in the table below.

STATUS TAX RATE

Married only 20% of salary
Studying only 15% of salary
Married and Studying 10% of salary

a).User Interface and properties

txts

chkM

chkS
PicResult

cmdCompute

b).Code

Private Sub CMDCOMPUTE_Click()

Dim SALARY As Double, tax As Double
SALARY = Val(TXTS.Text)
PicResult.Cls
If (Chkm.Value = 1) And (chkS.Value = 0) Then
tax = 20 / 100 * SALARY
PicResult.Print "Tax = ", tax
ElseIf (chkS.Value = 1) And (Chkm.Value = 0) Then
tax = 15 / 100 * SALARY
PicResult.Print "Tax = ", tax
ElseIf (Chkm.Value = 1) And (chkS.Value = 1) Then
tax = 10 / 100 * SALARY
PicResult.Print "Tax = ", tax
Else
MsgBox "Please select status"
End If
End Sub

ii. CASE CONTRUCT

Programs are more simple to read and understand when a case construct instead of if
construct is used to write programs which involve decisions.
Its Syntax is:

Select Case expression

Case expression1
Statement1
Case expression2
Statement2
⁞
Case else
StatementN
End select

Example
A program to accept the position of a student in a class and display his category as per the
table below.
Position Category
1-3 Top 3 students
4-5 Top 5 students
6-10 Top 10 students

a).User interface
Frmposition
Determination of category
txtpos
Key position
picresult
cmdcategory

Categorize
b).Code

Private sub cmdcategory – Click ()

dim position as integer
position = val (txtpos.text)
SELECT CASE position
Case 1 to 3
Picresult.print “top 3 student”
Case 4 to 5
Picresult.print “top 5 student”
Case 6 to 10
Picresult.print “top 10 student”
Case else
Picresult.print ”You entered valid position”
End select
End sub

Exercise
1. Rewrite a program to grade marks using the case construct
2. Write a vb program that accepts the initals of the color and display its name in full as
per table.
Initials Colour name in full
R Red
B Blue
G Green

a).User interface
Frmcategorize
Categorize

Enter marks txtmarks

picresult

Determine
cmddetermine

b).Code
private sub cmddetermine_click()
dim marks as integer
marks =val(txtmark.text)
SELECT CASE marks
Case 70 to 100
Picresult.print ”A”
Case 60 to 69
Picresult.print “B”
Case 50 to 59
Picresult.print “C”
Case 40 to 49
Picresult.print”D”
Case 0 to 39
Picresult .print “F”
Case else
Picresult.print”You entered invalid marks”
End select
End sub

b).Repetition / iteration control structure

i. The For...Next loop
Used to execute one or more statements for predetermined number of times.
-Syntax is:
For control_variable = initial_value to final_value
Statement(s)
Next control_variable ‘ increment value of control_variable
-You can also make the for loop to skip some iterations e.g
a) For I = 1 to 10 step 2
Picresult.print i
Next i
b) For i= 10 to 1 step -2
Picresult.print i
Next i

Example
A program to display numbers 1 to 5
a).UI
Frmdisplay
Display numbers
picdisplay

cmddisplay

b).Code
Private sub cmddisplay_click()
Dim I as integer
For I = 1 to 5
Picdisplay.print i
Next i
End sub

Example 2
A program to find sum of three numbers entered by the user.

Frmsum
Add numbers
picresult

cmdsum

b).Code
Private sub cmdsum_click()
Dim I as integer
Dim sum as integer
Dim num as integer
Sum = 0
For I = 1 to 3
num = inputbox (“ Key in number”, “ addition”)
sum = sum + num
Next I
Picresult print “sum of numbers =”, sum
End sub

ii) do and while loops

Used to execute one or more statemets based on a test on some condition
a) Do loops
1. Do until (condition) 2. Do while (condition)
Statements(s) Statements(s)
Loop Loop

3. Do 4. Do
Statements (s) Statements(s)
Until (condition) While (condition)

-With loops 1 and 2 the condition is tested before the statements inside the loop are
executed
-With loops 3 and 4 the statements are executed at least once before the condition is
tested.
 b).While loop
-It syntax is:

While (condition)
Statement(s)
Wend
-Exactly the same as the Do while..Loop, and as with the Do while..loop, the
While..Wend loop executes statements inside it as long as the condition set is true.

Example
Program using while..wend loop that displays the number series:
3,7,11,15
a).UI

Frmdisplayseries
Display series
picdisplay

cmddisplay

b).Code
Private sub cmddisplay_click()
Dim num as integer
num=3
While (num<=15)
Picdisplay.print num
num=num+4
Wend
End sub

SUBPROGRAMS IN VISUAL LANGUAGES

Structured program design requires that problems be broken into small problems to be
solved one at a time. VB has a device, sub procedures and function procedures that
are used to break problems into manageable chunks, subprocedures eliminate
repetitive code, can be reused in other programs and allow a team of programesrs to
work on a single program
Sub procedures
Is a part of a program that performs one or more related tasks, has its own name and it
is written as a separate part of the program.
-Its syntax is:
Private sub procedurename()
Statement(s)
End sub
A sub procedure is invoked with a statement of the form:
call ProcedureName()

Example:
A program tha accepts and calculates the sum of two numbers using a sub procedure.

a).User interface

frmProcedureadd
Addition procedure

Enter num1 Txtn 1

Txtn 2
Enter num2

Sum is Txts

Add cmdadd

b).Code
Private sub cmdadd- click
Dim x as single, y as single
X = val(txtn1.text)
Y = val(txtn2. Text)
Call add(x,y)
End sub
Private sub add (n1 as single, n2 as single)
Dim S as single
S = n1 + n2
Txts.text = str(S)
End sub
-Sub procedures make a program easy to read, modify and debug. Sub procedures can
also be called several times during the execution of the program.

Passing (transmitting values to a sub procedure)

The variables n1 and n2 appearing in the sub procedure are called parameters. They
are place holders for values passed to the procedure.
Exercise
Write a Vb program using two procedures. The first procedure displays a message
showing what the program does. The second accepts the dimensions of a trapezium,
calculates and displays its area. Both procedures display information in the same
picture box.

a).UI

frmtrapeziaArea
Trapezia Area

Enter side A Txta

Enter side B Txtb

Enter Height
H txth

picresults

Compute cmdcompute

b).Code
private sub cmdcompute()
Dim area as single
a = val (txta. Text)
b = val (txtb. Text)
h = val (txth.text)
call procdisplay()
call CalcArea(a,b,h)
End sub
private sub procdisplay()
picresults.Print ”This program calculates area of Trapezium”
End sub

private sub CalcArea(a single, b as single, h as single)

dim area as single
area = 0.5 * (a + b) * h
picresults.Print “area is “, area
End sub

PARAMETER PASSING
PASSING A VARIABLE BY REFERENCE TO A SUB PROCEDURE
Suppose a variable call it arg appears as an argument in a call statement and its
corresponding parameter in the sub statement is par.After the sub procedure is
executed, arg will have whatever value par had in the sub procedure hence not only is
the value of arg passed to par but the value of par is passed back to arg.

Example
Private sub cmddisplay-click()
Dim amt as single
picresult.cls
amt = 2
picresults.print amt;
call triple (amt)
picresult.print amt;
End sub
Private sub triple (byref num as single)
picresult.Print num;
num = 3 *num
picresult.print num;
End sub

Output
2266
-It provides a vehicle for passing values form a sub procedure back to the place from
which the sub procedure was called. The variable amt is said to be passed by
reference.

Scope of variables
a)Local variables
when thesame variable name appears in two different sub procedures or sub procdure
and an event procedure, visual basic gives the variable separate identities and treats
them as two different variables. A value assigned to a variable in one part of the
program will not affect the value of the other like named variable in the other part the
 program, unless of course the values are passed by a call statement. Also each time a
sub procedure is called, all declared variables that are not parameters assume their
default values(numeric variables have default value 0 and string variables default is
empty).

Example
Private sub cmddisplay – click()
Dim x as single
‘Demonstrate the local value of variables
Picresults.cls
X=2
Picresults.print x
Call trivial
PicResults. Print x
Call trivial
PicResults. Print x
Call trivial
PicResults,Print x;
End sub

Private sub trivial ()

Dim x as single
‘Do something trivial
PicResults.Print x,
x= 3
PicResults.Print x,
End sub

Out put
2032032

b) Form lend variables (Global)

VB provides a way to make a variable visible to every procedure in a form’s code
without being passed. Such a variable is called form-level variable. They reside in
the (declaration) section of (general)
Example
The following program contains the form level variables num1 and num2 . Their Dim
statement does not appear in a procedure.

Dim num1 as single, num2 as single

‘In (declaration) section of (General)
Private sub cmddisplay_click()
‘Display the sum of the numbers
Num1 = 2
Num2 = 3
PicResults.cls
Call AddAndIncrement
PicResults.print

PicResults.Print “num1 =”, num1

PickResults.Print “num2 = “, num2
End sub

Private sub addandincrement()

‘Display numbers and their sum
PicResults.print”sum of “; num1; “and”; num2; ‘is”;num1 + num2
Num1 = num1 + 1
Num2 = num2 + 1
End sub

Output
Sum of 2 and 3 is 5
Num1 = 3
Num2 = 4

FUNCTIONS PROCEDURES
A function is simply a general procedure that returns one value to the funtionc that calls it.
Although the input can involve several values, the output always consist of a single value.
The items inside the parenthesis can be constants, variables or expressions. Function
procedures are defined by function blocks of the form:

Private function functionname (varl as type1, var2 as type2) as data type

Statement(s)
Functionname = expression
End function

The variables in the top line are called parameters and variables in the function block that are
not parameters have local scope. Function names should be suggestive of the role performed
and most conform to the rules for naming variables.
Example of function procedures
Private function FtoC (t as single) as single ‘convert Fahrenheit temperature to Celcius
F toC = 5/9 *( t – 32 )
End function

Example
The following program uses the function FtoC to convert a Fahrenheit temperature to
Celcius temperature.
a).UI

Frmconvert
Convert F to Celcius
Frmconvert

Enter Fahrenheit Txtf

Temperature

piccelcius

CONVERT cmdconvert

b).Code
Private sub cmconvert – click()
Dim Celcius As single
Dim f as single
f = val(txtf.text)
Celcius=FtoC(f) ‘call the function FtoC
Piccelcius.print “celcius temp is “, Celcius
End sub

Private Function FtoC(t as single) as single

FtoC = (5/9) * (t – 32)
End function
Example
A progam to calculate the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle given its base and height.
frmhyp

Hypotenuse calculation

Enter Height Txth

Enter Base Txtb

Enter Height

picHyp

Compute cmdcompute
Code
Private sub and compute and click( )
Dim a as single, Hyp as single
Dim b as single
a = val (txth. Text)
b = val (txtb. Text)
Hyp = Hypotenuse (a, b)
Pichyp.Print “Hypotenuse is “, Hyp
End sub

Private function hypotenuse (height as single, base as single) as single

hypotenuse = sqr(height^2 + base^2)
End function.

Exercise
Write a VB program using a function that accepts the dimensions of a closed cylinder,
calculates and returns its surface area for display.

DATA STRUCTURES
Arrays
Is a data structure that stores several data items of the same type. The figure below shows
how data of type integer is stored in an array.
20 30 80 120 200 250
index 0 1 2 3 4 5

The array has cells. The numbers 0 to 5 are called array indices or subscripts. In V.B
an array starts from cell 0 as shown in the table.

One dimensional array

Declaring an array
To declare an array use the statement Dim ArrayName (n) As Datatype, where n
stands for the number of elements in the array e.g
Dim scores (4) as integer is an array that will hold five integer values
Assigning values to an array
Example
To assign a numeric value to location 4 of the array scores we use the statement
scores (4) = 90
To display a value held in location 3 of the array scores we use the statement
picresult.print scores (3)
NB: if the array is very large and you wish to read or enter values in it, it could be
very tedious entering a value cell by cell i.e score (0) = 10 score(1) = 2.. score (n) = x
To avoid this, the for loop can be used. Remember this loop is used where the number
of iterations are predetermined hence its suitability for use with arrays.
NB: The array declaration can also be adjusted as follows :
Dim A(1 to 5) as integer
In this case the array variable A is declared to hold five elements but we have forced
the first available location in the array to be 1.
Example (on one dimension array)
A V.B program to prompt the user for five integer values to be stored in array then
display them.

frmdisplay

Display

picdisplay

cmdDisplay
DISPLAY

b).Code
Private sub cmdDisplay – click( )
Dim A(4) as integer
Dim i as integer, j as integer
For i = 0 to 4
A (i) = inputBox (“enter array value” ,“arrays”)
Next i
For j = 0 to 4
Picdisplay.Print A(j)
Next j
End sub

Example
A VB program to prompt user for an array of 3 integer elements, compute and display
their sum
a).UI
frmsumarray

Sum array

Picsum

cmdcompute
COMPUTE
b).Code
Private sub cmdcompute _click()
Dim num (1 to 3) as integer
Dim i as integer, sum as integer
Sum = 0
For i = 1 to 3
Num (i) = InputBox (“enter array value,”Array”)
sum = sum + num(i)
Next i
Picsum.Print “sum of values is “, sum
End sub

Exercise
Rewrite example 1. On arrays so that elements are displayed in reverse in which they
are inputed.
2. Rewrite example 2 so that the average of the three inputed array values is also
computed and displayed.

Dim A (4) as interger

Private sub cimddisplay – click( )
Dim I as integer, j as integer for I = 0 to 4
A(i) = inputbox (“enter array value”, “arrays”)
Next i
For J = 4 to 0
Picdisplay. Print A(j)
Next j
End sub

Code
Dim num (1 to 3) as interger private sub cmdcalculate – clicki) dim I as integer, sum
as integer
Dim average as integer
Sum= 0
For I = 1 to 3
Num (i) = input Box (“enter array value”, arrays”)
Sum = sum + num(i)
Next i
Average = sum/3
Picsum print “sum of value is “, sum
Picsum, print “average of value is “ average
End sub.
TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
A two dimensional array is a data structure in which elements are arranged in rows
and columns. Two subscripts are used to identify an item e.g score(2,4)
Means 3rd row 5thcolum this is because the array was declared as from row 0 as
follows:
Dim score (0 to 2, 0 to 4) as integer OR
Dim score (2, 4) as integer

0 1 2 3 4
0
1
2
3
4 Score (2,4)

Example
A program to accept an array of 4 marks from 5 different students, calculate and
display total marks for each student alongside the marks on the form in the format
shown below:

Math Eng Kisw Science Total

- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - - - -

a).UI

frmmarks

Total marks

cmdcompute
COMPUTE

b).Code
Private sub cmdcompute_click ( )
Dim studmarks (1 to 5, 1 to 4) as integer
Dim student as integer, mark as integer, col As integer
Dim sum (1 to 5) as integer
 Col = 1
Me.print ”math”, Eng”, Kisw”, “Science”, “Total”
For student = 1 to 5
sum (student) = 0
For mark = 1 to 4
studmarks (student, mark) = inputbox (“key in student marks’, “marks” )
sum (student) = sum(student) + studmarks(student, mark)
Me.print tab(col);studmarks(student, mark); ‘print information starting from column 1
col = col + 6
If col > 20 Then
Me.print tab(col);sum(student) ‘print sum of marks for student and begin newline
col = 1 ‘reset column to start printing next information from column 1
End if
Next mark
Next student
End sub

Exercise
1. Write a vb program to assign the value 65 to all the locations of a 4 x 4 array and
display them in a table as shown
65 65 65 65
65 65 65 65
65 65 65 65
65 65 65 65

2. Rewrite our previous example on two dimensional array so that the average mark
for each student is also computed and displayed alongside other values as shown.

Math Eng Kisw Science Total Average

- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -

SORTING AND SEARCHING

SORTING
Is an algorithm for ordering an array.
a).bubble sort
Is an algorithm that compares adjacent elements and swaps those that are out of order. This
process is repeated enough times the list will be ordered. The steps for each pass through the
list are as follows:
1.compare the 1st and 2nd item if they are out of order swap them
2.compare the 2nd and the 3rd items if they are out of order swap them
3.repeat this process for all the remaining pairs, the final comparison and the possible swap
are between the 2nd last and the last element

Illustration of how the elements list of names are sorted in ascending order using bubble
sort(Illustration Page 193-VBA beginner how to…)
Example
A program to sort a list of 5 numbers assigned to an array in ascending order using bubble
sort.
a).UI

frmBubbleSort
Bubble Sort

picsorted

sort cmdsort

b).Code

‘General declaration
Dim num (1 to 5) as integer
Private sub cmdsort_click ( )
Dim pass as integer, compare as integer, temp as integer
dim i as integer,
for pass = 1 to 5
for compar = 1 to 4
If num(compar) > num(compar+1) Then
temp = num(compar)
num(compar) = num(compar+1)
num (compar+1) = temp
End if
Next compar
Next pass
Picsorted.print ”sorted elements are : “
For i = 1 to 5
Picsorted. print num(i)
Next i
End sub

Private sub form_load( )

Num (1) = 60
Num (2) = 3
Num (3) = 90
Num (4) = 7
Num (5) = 14
End sub
Exercise
Modify so that the above program prompts the user to enter the values to be sorted instead of
being assigned to array on form_load.

SHELL SORT
The bubble sort is easy to understand and program. However it is too slow for long lists.
The shell sort is much more efficient in such cases. It compares distant items first and works
its way down to nearby items. The interval separating the compared items is called the gap.
The gap begins at one-half (½) the length of the list and it is successfully halved until
eventually each item is compared with its neighbor as in the bubble sort. The algorithm for a
list of n items is as follows:-
1. Begin with a gap of g = int (n/2)
2. Compare items 1 and 1 + g, 2 and 2 + g , ----- n-g and n ,swap any pairs that are out
of order
3. Repeat step two until no swaps are made for gap g.
4. Halve the value of g
5. Repeat step 2,3 and 4 until the value of g is zero .
The shell sort is illustrated below. The elements are sorted in ascending order, crossing
arrows indicate that a swap occurred.
Elements to be sorted are names: pebbles barney William, Fred, Dino
Initial gap = int (num of items/2) = int(5/2) = 2

Because there was a swap, use the same gap for the second pass.

Again, there was a swap, so keep the

current gap

There were no swaps for the current gap of 2, so Next Gap = Int([Previous Gap] / 2) = Int(2 / 2) = 1

Because there was a swap (actually two

swaps), keep the same gap.
.

Because there were no swaps for the current gap, then Next Gap = Int([Previous
Gap] / 2) = Int(1 / 2) = 0 and the Shell sort is complete.
Notice that the Shell sort required 14 comparisons to sort the list whereas the bubble sort
required only 10 comparisons for the same list. This illustrates the fact that for very short
lists, the bubble sort is preferable; however, for lists of 30 items or more, the Shell sort will
consistently outperform the bubble sort.
Example

Program that sorts a list of five integers in ascending order using shell sort

a).UI

frmShellSort
Shell Sort

picsorted

sort cmdsort

b).code
‘General declaration
Dim num (1 to 5) as integer
const n as integer = 5
Private sub form _load( )
‘Read the numbers into array
num (1) = 60
num (2) = 90
num(3) = 40
num(4) = 30
num(5) = 80
End sub

Private sub cmdsort – click ( )

‘sort and display elements
call sortdata()
call showData()
End sub

Private sub sortData( )

Dim gap as integer, Doneflag as boolean
Dim index as integer, temp as integer
Gap = int (n/2)
Do while gap > = 1
Do
Doneflag = true
For index = 1 to n-gap
If num(index) > num (index + gap) then
Temp = num (index)
Num (index) = num(index + gap)
Num (index + gap) = temp
Done flag = false
End if
Next index
Loop until (doneflag = true)
Gap = int(gap/2)
Loop
End sub

Private sub showdata( )

Dim i as integer
For i = 1 to 5
Picsorted.Print num(i)
Next i
End sub

Selection sort
In selection sort the item in the 1st position is compared with the other elements. If the
elements being compared are not in order they are swapped.
Illustration on how the elements 9, 6, 2, 10 are sorted in ascending order

9 6 2 2

6 9 9 9 1st pass

2 2 6 6

10 10 10 10

2 2 2 2 2

9 6 6 2nd pass 6 6 3rd pass

6 9 9 9 9

10 10 10 10 10
Example
A program to sort a list of five names in ascending order using selection technique.

a).UI

frmSelectionSort
Selection Sort

picsorted

sort cmdsort

‘General declaration
Dim name (1 to 5) as string
Private sub cmdsort_click()
Dim passnum as integer, compar as integer
For passnum = 1 to 4
For compar = passnum + 1 to 5
If name (passnum) > name (compar) Then
Temp = name(passnum)
Name (passnum) = name(compare)
Name (compar) = temp
End if
Next compar
Next passnum

For i = 1 to 5
Picsorted.print name (i)
Next i
End sub

Private sub form _load()

Name (1)=”mike”
Name(2)= “Zachary”
Name(3)= “Abel”
Name (4)= “James”
Name(5)= “William”
End sub

SEARCHING TECHNIQUES
1.Linear search/ sequential search
Compares the key (element being searched) successively with the elements in the search list.
If a match is found the program reports that the element is in the list( i.e found) otherwise the
program reports that the element is not in the list(i.e not found).
Example
A program to search for an element from an array

a).UI

frmLinear
Searching

picresult

sort cmdlinearsearch

b).Code

Dim list(1 to 5) as integer

Private sub cmdlinearsearch_Click()
Dim key as integer, i as integer
Key = Inputbox (“key in element to search “, “search”)
‘Initialize first location to search from
i= 1
While (list(i) <> key) AND (i <> 6)
i = i +1 ‘check the next location
Wend
If (list(i) = key) Then
Picresult.print “element found”
Else
Picresult.print ”elememt not found”
End if
End sub

Private sub form_load()

List(1)= 7
List(2) = 2
List (3)= 4
List (4)= 10
List (5) =3
End sub

2. Binary Search
Works on a sorted list,
i. Divides an array by half by finding the middle element in the array i.e middle
element = first + last/2
ii. It then compares the middle element with the key.
a. If the middle element is greater than the key then the last location is computed by
last =middle -1 and search proceeds to the first half of array.
b. If the middle element is less than the key then the new first location is computed by
first = middle + 1 and search proceeds to the second half of the array.
c. If the middle element is equal to the key the search is over and the program reports
that the element is in the list otherwise program displays that the element was not
found.
Example
A program to search for an element from an array
a).UI

frmBinarysearch
Searching

picresult

sort cmdsearch

b).code
dim list(1 to 5) As integer
private sub cmdsearch _(Click)
dim key as integer, flag as boolean
key = inputbox (“enter value to search”,”search”)
dim first as integer, middle as integer
dim last as integer
flag = false
first = 1
last = 5
Do while (first <= last) and (flag = false)
middle = int((first + last )/2)
Select case list(middle)
case is = key
flag = true
case is > key
last = middle-1
case is < key
first = middle + 1
End select
Loop
If (flag=true)Then
picresult.print ”found”
else
picresult.print “not found”
end if
End sub

private sub form_load()

list (1)= 10
list(2)=20
list(3) =30
list(4)=40
list(5)=60
End sub

FILES
SEQUENTIAL FILES
Creating sequential files
1. Choose a file nam.A file name contain up to 255 characters consisting letter, digits
and a few other assorted characters but including spaces and periods
2. Choose a number from 1 through 511 to be the reference number of the file, while the
file is in use it will be identified by this number
3. Execute the statement open “filespec” FOR OUTPUT AS #n. where n is the
reference number. This process is referred to as opening a file for output .It allows
data to be output from computer and recorded in the specified files.
4. Place data into the file with the write#n statements e.g if a is string then the statement
write #n, a writes the string surrounded by quotation marks into the file.
If c is a number then the statement write #n, c writes the number c without any
leading or trailing spaces in the file number.
5. After the data has been recorded in the file, execute close # n whenever n is the
reference number. This statement breaks the communication link with the file and
dissociates the number n from the file
Example
The following program illustrates the different statements of the write statement. Notice the
absence of the leading & trailing spaces for numbers and the presence of quotation marks
surrounding strings

a).UI

Create Cmdcreatefile

b).Code
Private sub cmdcreatefile_click()
Dim name1 as string, name2 as string
Dim num as integer
Num = 80
Name1 = “Eniac”
Name2 = “Mauldily”
Open “C: \pioneer.txt “ for output as # 1
Write # 1, “Eniac”, 1946, num
Write # 1,1946, name1, name2
Write #1, 14*139, “J.P” & name1, name2,”joe”
Close #1
End sub
N/B : If an existing sequential file is opened for file mode output. The computer will erase the
existing data and create a new empty file.

ADDING ITEMS TO A SEQUENTIAL FILE

Execute the statement;
Open “filespec“ for append as #n
The append option for opening the file is intended to adding data to an existing file.
Example
Code to create a file and add data to an existing file using append
a).UI
Cmdsearch cmddisplaycontents

Cmdcopyfile cmdcreatefile

search Display

Create
Copy to file
b).Code
Private sub cmdcreatefile_Click()
Dim intmsg as integer
Dim num as integer , i as integer
Open “C : \numberlist.txt” for append as #1
Intmsg = msgbox (“numberlist.txt opened successfully”)
For num = 1 to 6
i = Inputbox (“enter number to store in file “)
Write # 1,i
Next num
Intmsg=msgbox(“numberlist.txt closed”)
Close # 1
End sub

Example
Displaying contents of a sequential file (program)
Notes:
Open “number.txt” for input is #1
Input mode - opens an existing file for a read operation

Private sub cmddisplaycontents_Click()

Dim num as integer
Open “c: \ numberlist.txt” for input as #1
Do while not EOF(1)
Input # 1, num
Me.print, num
Loop
Close# 1
Msgbox “contents diplayed”
End sub
Copying contents of numberlist file to numberlistcopyfile
private sub cmdcopyfile_click()
dim num as integer
open “C : \ numberlist.txt “for input as # 1
open “C : \ numberlistcopy.txt” for append as #2
Do until EDF(1)
input#1, num
print#2,num
Loop
close # 1
close # 2
msgbox” contents copied”
End sub
Searching for file contents
private sub cmdsearch_click()
dim num2search as integer, num as integer
open “C ; \numberlist.txt” for imput as #1
Do while (num<>num2search) and NOT EOF(1)
INPUT#1,num
Loop
If num2search=num Then
Me.print,num2search
Msgbox”contents displayed”
Else
Msgbox”no such record”
End if
Close # 1
End sub

RANDOM ACCESS FILES

A random-access file is like an array of records stored on a disk. The records

are numbered 1, 2, 3, and so on, and can be referred to by their numbers.
Therefore, a random-access file resembles a box of index cards, each having a
numbered tab. Any card can be selected from thbox without first reading every
index card preceding it; similarly, any record of a random-access file can be
read without having to read every record preceding it.
One statement suffices to open a random-access file for all purposes: creating,
appending, writing, and reading. Suppose a record type has been defined
with a Type block and a record variable, called recVar, has been declared with
a Dim statement. Then after the statement

Open “filespec” For Random As #n

is executed, records may be written, read, added, and changed. The file is
referred to by the number n. Each record will have as many characters as
allotted to each value of recVar. Suppose appropriate Type, Dim, and Open
statements have been executed. The two-step
procedure for entering a record into the file is as follows.
1. Assign a value to each field of a record variable.
2. Place the data into record r of file #n with the statement

Put #n, r, recVar where recVar is the record variable from Step 1.
Example
The following program creates and writes records to the random access file known as
colleges.txt

State name Txtcollege

txtstate
txtyrfounded
abbreviation
cmddone
Y. founded

Add Done

cmdadd

‘module.BAS
Public type collegeData
nam as string *30
state as string*20
yrfounded as integer
end type

‘general declaration
Dim recordnum as integer
Private sub cmdadd_click()
dim college as collegeData
college.nam=txtcollege.text
college.state = txtstate.text
college.yrfonded = val(txtYrfounded.text)
recordnum = recordnum+1
put #1 ,recordnum,college
txtcollege.text =””
txt y founded.text = “”
txtcollege.setfocus
End sub

private sub cmddone_click()

close#1
end sub
private sub form_load()
Dim college collegeData
Open”C : \ colleges” for random as #1
Recordnum = 0
End sub
Example
Displaying the contents of a random file
cmddisplay
Display

picoutput

Private sub cmddisplay_click()

Dim recordnum as integer
Dim college as collegedata
open “C : \ colleges.txt” for random as # 1
picoutput .cls
picoutput.print ”colleges”; tab(30); “state”;tab(45); “ year founded”
for recordnum=1 to 5
get #1, recordnum,college
picoutput.print college.nam;tab(30); college.state; tab(45); college.yrfounded
next recordnum
close #1
end sub
 APPLICATION AND DATABASES
-Procedure for linking to database and generation of reports in:
a). Vb tutor Revised.pdf-pg 59-82-Read on Lesson 21: Creating VB database applications
using ADO control
b). Visual basic AVU.pdf-pg 344-360-Read on reports

SAMPLE PROJECT EXAMPLE AND CODE

a).USER INTERFACE

txtR

txtN

Cbogender

cmdsave

adostudent

cmdclear

cmdaddnew

cmddelete

cmdF

b).CODE cmdP cmdL

cmdN
Private Sub Form_Load()
cbogender.AddItem "MALE"
cbogender.AddItem "FEMALE"
End Sub

Private Sub cmdclear_Click()

txtR.Text = ""
txtN.Text = ""
cbogender.Text = ""
End Sub

Private Sub cmdaddnew_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.AddNew
End Sub

Private Sub cmdsave_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.Fields("Regno") = Val(txtR.Text)
Adostudent.Recordset.Fields("Name") = txtN.Text
Adostudent.Recordset.Fields("Gender") = cbogender.Text
Adostudent.Recordset.Update
MsgBox "Record saved"
End Sub

Private Sub cmddelete_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.Delete
End Sub

Private Sub cmdF_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.MoveFirst
End Sub

Private Sub cmdL_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.MoveLast
End Sub

Private Sub cmdN_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.MoveNext
If Adostudent.Recordset.BOF Then
Adostudent.Recordset.MoveFirst
End If
End Sub

Private Sub cmdP_Click()

Adostudent.Recordset.MovePrevious
If Adostudent.Recordset.BOF Then
Adostudent.Recordset.MoveLast
End If
End Sub
Code to select and display details of a record from a database on a list box and or/
using a Combo box

List1

cboreg

txtn

txtg

Adogetstud txtp

txtb

‘Code to display intended information on combo box and list box

Private Sub Form_Load()
List1.AddItem ("NAME" & " " & "GENDER")
List1.AddItem ("-----------" & " " & "-------")
While Not Adogetstud.Recordset.EOF
cboreg.AddItem (Adogetstud.Recordset!regno)
List1.AddItem (Adogetstud.Recordset!Name & " " & Adogetstud.Recordset!Gender)
Adogetstud.Recordset.MoveNext
Wend
Adogetstud.Recordset.MoveFirst
End Sub

‘Code to select and display information using combo box

Private Sub cboreg_Click()
While Not Adogetstud.Recordset.EOF
If cboreg.Text = Adogetstud.Recordset!regno Then
txtn.Text = Adogetstud.Recordset!Name
txtg.Text = Adogetstud.Recordset!Gender
Adogetstud.Recordset.MoveFirst
Exit Sub
End If
Adogetstud.Recordset.MoveNext
Wend
End Sub

Private Sub txtp_KeyUp(KeyCode As Integer, Shift As Integer)

Const feeRequired As Integer = 20000
txtb.Text = feeRequired - Val(txtp.Text)
End Sub