80+ CONSTRUCTION PLANNING

ENGINEER INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS
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PRIMAVERA PLANNING ENGINEER

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Let’s see what kind of questions a planning engineer has to face in an interview.

QUESTION-1: WHAT IS A BASE PROJECT

SCHEDULE?
Answer: A baseline is an approved program by both parties, used as a benchmark to
measure a project’s progress.
QUESTION-2: WHAT IS THE MAIN DRIVER OF A
PROJECT, AND HOW WILL YOU GET IT?
Answer: The main driver consists of significant activities driving the project on
the critical path. To get it, just go to the last activity, check its driving activity, go to that
driving activity, and mark its driving also; the same goes until you reach the first activity.
This is typically done through scheduling software like Primavera P6, Microsoft Project,
etc.
QUESTION-3: HOW MANY BASELINES ARE
ALLOWED IN ANY PROJECT, AND WHICH BASELINE
DECIDES THE PROJECT’S SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
Answer: A project must have a minimum of one project baseline & that number can go
to unlimited. But if you find several baselines, that means the planning team is quite
inefficient – Avoid it! The latest baseline defines the success or failure of any project.
QUESTION-4: WHAT ARE THE KEY PERFORMANCE
INDICATORS – KPIS?
Answer: A KPI is a type of performance measurement on a particular activity where
engaged. KPI’s are defined by keeping a factor “What matters the most.” A careful study
and analysis are required to define because it differs from organization to organization
like a critical KPI. You may not be of any interest to other same type organizations. It is
a diverse area. Examples Rubber lining, Concrete Work, Machine Failures in a Specific
Duration, Plantation, Number of hiring/firings, training, etc.

QUESTION-5: WHAT DO YOU NORMALLY NEED TO

DEVELOP A PLAN?
Answer: I need the Contract documents to understand the scope, the schedule
drawings to know about areas, Bill of Quantity-BOQ including cost, scheduling software
access. Yes, I need to meet my project team to know about a little productivity rate if I
don’t know any specific activity.
QUESTION-6: HOW DO YOU DEFINE A CRITICAL
PATH?
Answer: The longest path & the minimum time required to complete a project. A
combination of activities with the total float as zero is included.

You can read more here, Critical Path in Project Planning.

QUESTION-7: HOW MUCH DURATION DOES A
MILESTONE ACTIVITY HAS TYPICALLY?
Answer: Well, different types of milestones are there, like start milestone, finish
milestone, etc., but all have ZERO duration.

QUESTION-8: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

FREE FLOAT & TOTAL FLOAT?
Answer: Free Float – the amount of time we can delay an activity without affecting the
early start date of its successor activity. Total Float – the amount of time we can delay
an activity from its early start date without delaying the whole project’s finish.
The free float may affect the start of any activity, but the total float may affect the overall
project’s duration.

QUESTION-9: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

CHANGE ORDER & VARIATION ORDER REQUEST?
Answer: Technically, there is no such difference. A change order or Variation request is
a change in scope from the contract but as per contract. If you are curious about which
term should be used, the better refer to your contract documents. I have heard the term
Variation Order but have never seen any documentation for it. Everywhere they write
a Change Order Request.
QUESTION-10: HOW TO MEASURE THE PROGRESS
OF A PROJECT?
Answer: Normally, there are three ways to measure the progress 1)-Man-hours, 2)-
Cost & 3)-Quantity.
My preferred method is through Man-hours. It is more logical, but I have to comply with
contractual obligations as many clients also prefer through Cost.

We use the quantity we need to track material availability like rubber lining of steel
tanks, coatings project, etc.

Sometimes, we have to use all three methods on a single project to get a more
intensive project updated status.
QUESTION-11: HAVE YOU HEARD ABOUT THE KICK
OF MEETING?
Answer: Yes, I have handled a number Kick of Meetings on different projects &
companies. The kick-off meeting is usually the first meeting of all major stakeholders,
including the Project Manager with his team and the Owner’s representatives. Here, we
discuss high-level overall plans, things like how we will execute, and once things get
clearer as the project goes forward, we do rolling wave planning.
These meetings can be conducted at the new phase that starts during the execution of
the project also.

You can read more about the Project Kick-Off Meeting.

QUESTION-12: WHAT CERTIFICATION &
QUALIFICATION YOU HAVE?
Answer: I am a Project Management Professional- PMP certified from Project
Management Institute – PMI. I am a Graduate Engineer & pursuing a Master’s in Project
Management.
QUESTION-13: DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CPI?
Answer: Yes, it’s a Cost Performance Indicator, and it evaluates the performance in the
sense if the project is under budget, over-budgeted, or on track. The formula is for CPI
is the ratio of earned value – EV over actual costs – AC that is CPI =EV/AC.
You can read more here, Earned Value Management.
QUESTION-14: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT SPI?
Answer: The Schedule Performance Indicator indicates the project work’s performance
is completed to the baseline schedule. It is calculated by dividing the earned value by
the planned value that is SPI = EV/PV
QUESTION-15: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT TRIPLE
CONSTRAINTS?
Answer: Cost, Time, and Scope with quality as the fundamental theme.
QUESTION-16: WHAT ARE UNDESIRABLE IN ANY
PLAN?
Answer: Constraints, SF (Start to Finish) relationship, Long lags or leads, Negative
Float, etc.

QUESTION-17: HOW TO AVOID NEGATIVE FLOAT IN

A BASELINE SCHEDULE?
Answer: Negative float indicates that the activity is already delayed. Normally, a
constraint is the culprit of it. Remove all the constraints or use proper logic -relationships
to deal with them. Also, check dangling or out-of-sequence activities.
During updating a schedule, a negative float for some activities is very common. You
cannot avoid it unless it is going as planned.
QUESTION-18: IF YOU ARE REPORTED 5 SPI, WHAT
DOES IT MEAN? – REAL QUESTION WAS ASKED TO
ME!
Answer: The planner has made a blunder during calculations.
QUESTION-19: WHAT IS AN S CURVE?
Answer: Graphical representation of ‘anything’ like Manhours, Cost, etc., plotted against
time.

QUESTION-20: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE

REFLECTION SCHEDULE?
Answer: The reflection function is always underestimated, but it is a great feature
in Primavera P6 Professional. A Reflection program is just a copy of the program to
look at different scenarios after making desirable changes. Once satisfied, just merge
into the native program.
QUESTION-21: WHAT IS ACWP, BCWP & BCWS?
Answer: These are old acronyms but are still efficient to use. These are the old names
of PV, EV, AC, respectively.
 BCWS is Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled
 BCWP is the Budgeted Cost of Work Performed
 ACWP is Actual Cost of Work Performed
For more details, you can visit Earned Value Management.
QUESTION-22: HOW WILL YOU MAKE A
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT UPDATES FOR THE
SAME SCHEDULE?
Answer: I will use the Claim Digger function that is available in Primavera P6.
QUESTION-23: WHAT IS IPC?
Answer: It is an Intermediary Payment Certificate that we claim during the project life
cycle for the client or sponsor’s work. Let say our project value is 10 Million dollars, and
the duration is 6 months. This time, we will take some advance payment like 10%, and
the rest of the 9 million we will claim every month of what we will perform.
QUESTION-24: DO YOU KNOW ANY ABOUT
RETAINED & OVER-RIDE LOGIC IN SCHEDULING?
Answer: This only matters if the schedule is not going as planned, which means a
difference in activities progress. The Progress Over-ride will not respect the logic
anymore if there is any variance and hence will shorten the critical path with mostly
illogical out-of sequence activities. In another sense, the activities will do as it is an
open-end activity. The Retained logic is completely otherwise.
QUESTION-25: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT DCMA
SCORING?
Answer: DCMA is 14-Point Assessment Metrics to evaluate any baseline schedule. It
includes; 1. Logic 2. Leads 3. Lags 4. Relationship Types 5. Hard Constraints 6. High
Float 7. Negative Float 8. High Duration 9. Invalid Dates 10. Resources 11. Missed
Tasks 12. Critical Path Test 13. Critical Path Length Index (CPLI) 14. Baseline
Execution Index (BEI)
QUESTION-26: WHAT DO YOU ABOUT DELAY
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES?
Answer: Normally, it is defined in the Contract documents that how we are going to
calculate extension of time, but if not, then there must be a consensus for using any
available technique from both of the parties like 1) Impacted as planned 2) Windows
Analysis 3) Time Impact or 4) As-Built But-For.
QUESTION-27: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FLOAT & SLACK?
Answer: Nothing, just synonyms.
QUESTION-28: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PLANNER & A SCHEDULER?
Answer: Both are quite different but linked to each other tightly. Somewhere these are
just synonyms to each other.
The planner or Planning Engineer reads the IFC drawings, defines the activities,
duration & resources according to site construction conditions. He knows better all the
work phases, even during the tender stage and at the construction stage. It should be
from an engineering background, necessarily.
On the other hand, the Scheduler takes over the work done already by the planner to
make a more detailed one. This job does not require having an engineering
background.

I read somewhere on LinkedIn (by Mustafa Ozgoren) that.

 Planning is What & How?

 Scheduling is When & Who?
Both should be well versed in Planning software in any case.

QUESTION-29: WHAT IS A DIFFERENT % COMPLETE

TYPE IN PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: Physical, Units & Duration.
QUESTION-30: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENT DURATION
TYPE IN PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: Fixed Units, Fixed Units/time, Fixed Duration & Units, Fixed Duration &
Units/Time.
QUESTION-31: WHAT IS PRODUCTIVITY?
Answer: Productivity is the efficiency of any working entity. It is measured as the
amount of output for work per hour. Productivity rates define how efficient a team you
have. Formula is Productivity = Output / Input
Example: Let say you have two masons (call A&B), and let’s review their work for last
week; they worked for 50 hours and B for 30 hours. A fixed 5000 blocks & B did 3500
blocks. As a planner, you may like A as it is putting more on but let’s check on
productivity for both.

Mason A= 5000/50hrs = 100/hour

Mason B= 3500/30hrs =116/hour

Here, B is much more productive than A, and hence you need to raise the skill level of
A-type Mason by proper training, etc.

QUESTION-32: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT LEVELS

OF A SCHEDULE?
Answer: There is a different school of thought to define a program one says it’s six
levels, others say it’s five, and even one thinks only four levels of a program are there
when scheduling.
Here, I will explain the six levels as most of the old school people still think as more
logical; there are

LEVEL-1: Overview Schedule

LEVEL-2: Area Wise Schedule

LEVEL-3: Discipline Wise Schedule

LEVEL-4: Major Activities Schedule

LEVEL-5: Detailed Activities Schedule

LEVEL-6: Micro-detail Activities Schedule

QUESTION-33: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

A PROJECT PLANNER & A PROJECT CONTROLLER?
Answer: The project planner does the planning phase for the project
from WBS identification, identification of project deliverables, milestones, creating the
baseline, planning the budget, cash flow, and KPI’s and trackers. The planner is to
prepare the program and prepare an acceptable budget for all parties.
Project control assists and ensures that the plan is controlled by providing a risk
register, analyzing critical path, placing mitigation plans, tracking project KPI, and
ensuring that the project runs on time and budget. Its focus is only on productivity &
reports according to organizational norms.
QUESTION-34: WHAT DO YOU NORMALLY PRESENT
IN A WEEKLY REPORT?
Answer: It depends on the demands of stakeholders on a particular project. Normally, I
update the Schedule with a proper backup, do required baseline comparisons, Critical
Path that displays activities that are important to consider on, three weeks lookahead –
3WLHS, EVM reports are also included in my report.
I draw S curves for Man-hours, Cost, Manpower Histogram, Equipment Histogram.
Furthermore, I always update the Procurement Schedule separately in MS Excel to
track other materials. Long lead items are already being tracked and updated
accordingly in my baseline schedule.

QUESTION-35: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES

OF PRIMAVERA P6 ACTIVITIES?
Answer: These include
 Task-Dependent: In this type, assigned resources are scheduled based on the
activity’s calendar itself.
 Resource Dependent: In this type, the assigned resources are scheduled based
on assigned calendars.
 Level of Effort: This type of activity goes with dependent activities like
administrative issues.
 Start Milestone: This is designated for the start of a major phase or stage of a
project. A milestone that has zero duration. It is just like a flag.
 Finish Milestone: This is designated for the finish of the major phase or stage of
a project. A milestone that has zero duration. It is just like a flag.
QUESTION-36: DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN
BUDGETED COST AND BUDGETED UNITS?
Answer: Budgeted Cost for an activity is the total budgeted costs of all resources on
that particular activity, whereas Budgeted units are budgeted units of work for the
resource assignment on any specific activity.
QUESTION-37: WHEN THE PLANNING PHASE /STAGE
IS STARTED FOR A PROJECT?
Answer: Well, they say the planning phase should be started before ending the
initiation phase, but as per my thinking, Planning should be started as soon as
the project life cycle starts.
QUESTION-38: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DIFFERENT PRIMAVERA SCHEDULING
PROGRAMMES?
Answer: There are a few other programs, but we will discuss below three as these are
mainly used for scheduling

1. Primavera P6 Professional
 2. Primavera P6 EPPM (Web Client)
3. Primavera Contractor
Now, Primavera Contractor is the least costly and hence does not have many features
like Enterprise and Admin menus are not available. It is limited to 2000 activities only.
No Microsoft Project XML file support, No Resource Roles, No Enterprise Project
Structure (EPS), and installed only as standalone. Still, it is a great and powerful
application. The interface is as of Primavera P6 Professional. A person that uses
Primavera P6 Professional can handle it with ease.

Now let’s compare the other two major giants Primavera P6 Professional & Primavera
P6 EPPM
EPPM has some edge over Professional as it has more visual aids, can handle more
projects at once, installation is faster, need to be installed on only one machine. In
contrast, professionals should be installed on each machine. Professional is small-scale
as compare to EPPM as it only can handle 100,000 activities. EPPM has more graphs,
dashboards, and pivot tables to help the management review the status quickly. In
contrast, you need to use third-party software like MS Excel to visualize better when
using P6 Professional.

Professional has more speed than EPPM; it needs no internet connection to be

operated, whereas EPPM needs a good internet connection.

QUESTION-39: WHAT ARE YOU USUALLY SEE ON A

CHANGE ORDER FORM?
Answer: There are five major & must be mentioned on any Change Order (CO) Form;
1.Change in the Scope – Either additions or reductions. A change is just color can be
referred into a change order even no monitory value involves. Better to document this
for reference to give credit.
2.Change in Cost – Either plus, negative, or even zero.
3. Change in time – Never forget if you are on the contractor side & must plan as per
resources or add optimum to avoid Liquidated Damages (L.D.). It should have a start &
finish date even though not necessary as per the Change Order form.
4.Signatures – It should be signed by authorized parties two or more.
5.Date of Change Order – The signature date must be included in the Change Order
Form.
QUESTION-40: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MS PROJECT
AND PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: I have used both of these, but in my opinion, Primavera P6 is way more
powerful than MS Project. MS project only allows 11 baselines for any particular project,
but Primavera P6 offers unlimited baselines. That shows that with Primavera P6, we
can handle complex projects.
In Primavera, the P6 multi-user can work simultaneously, but in MS Project, one must
close so the other user can open that project.
Web Support is also available in Primavera P6 EPPM that means a user can operate
through the internet without installing Primavera P6 software on a machine. That makes
it a portable type of product.

MS Project is user-friendly as most people are familiar with Microsoft products like MS
Excel buy Primavera P6 needs some basic skills/training to operate.

You can read more about these here MS Project and Primavera P6.
QUESTION-41: HOW DO YOU TRACK THE PROGRESS
OF A PROJECT?
Answer: There are three ways to track the progress of a project

 Person-hours
 Cost
 Quantities
Every client has his/her preferences to use any of the above methods, but I use Man-
hours. The reason is it gives me proper control of resources that make tracking quite
easy and effective. One can get realistic manpower requirements for a particular
project.

Many clients prefer cost, but if a Project Manager filters activities with higher costs and
gets it done first, it will show some fake overall progress. But it is good to have a proper
cash flow forecast.

Quantiles are preferred where material management is required mainly, and it also
helps track the KPIs of a construction site. But being a planner, I must say tracking is
tough with this method as you need to track most of the materials.

QUESTION-42: WHAT IS REFLECTION IN PRIMAVERA

P6?
Answer: It is one of the exclusive features of Primavera P6. Possible changes in a
project are done via reflection. Reelection is just like a what-if scenario.
Once changes are reviewed and approved, they can be merged into the sources
project.

Different possible scenarios are reviewed, and the best one is merged after approval.

Scenarios Like: If your actual plan is lagging and the Project Manager asks if I provide
you with some extra resources (shift), then how long will it take to catch up?
QUESTION-43: WHAT IS THE USE OF CLAIM DIGGER
IN PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: The handiest function is to compare two schedules for any change.
The Clam Digger is one more exclusive kind of function in Primavera P6. Although it is a
separate product nowadays, it is a built-in Primavera P6.
Claim Digger helps track any change between two projects in terms of Activity deleted,
added, change in relationships, change is duration, change in cost, change in units,
change is % age complete mainly.

Reports can be exported in HTML and CSV files or even Text.

QUESTION-44: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT

ROLLING WAVE PLANNING?
Answer: First is very high-level planning is done at the project level when you only have
a concept because at that time, you don’t have many resources or team members to
coordinate. So you make an expert judgment for estimations.
Then you do it on phase level. Phases are as per your organization’s norms. You may
have four phases or less/more.

Rolling wave planning is done at the deliverable level. It can be like a weekly lookahead
base or even is done daily on foreman levels. It could be monthly as per the
stakeholder’s requirements. See below for a pictorial view.
QUESTION-45: DIFFERENTIATE AMONG WBS, WORK
PACKAGE, AND ACTIVITY?
Answer: WBS: Work Breakdown Structure- WBS is simply a decomposition of all the
works to complete any project. A WBS is arranged in a hierarchy having a clear and
logical group. A WBS is deliverable-oriented.
Work Package: WP is the lowest level of any work breakdown structure from which we
can manage the cost and duration estimation.
Activity: A discrete, planned portion of work to be performed in a project.
Still, confusing? Let’s understand by example.

Say that we are building a house, and flooring is one of the WBS (depending on the
team how they define WBS in a plan). Now, these different floors are different work
packages. A team performs various activities like soil compaction, waterproofing,
concrete blending, rebars, etc., to complete the floor.
To understand, activities will complete work packages, and that will ultimately complete
the WBS. It’s like a bottom-up scenario.

QUESTION-46: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

OPEN-END ACTIVITY AND A DANGLING ACTIVITY?
Answer: An activity without a predecessor or successor relationship is called Open-End
activity.
A Dangling Activity may have both predecessor and successor but is still dangling from
one end, leading to fake results for critical path and completion dates. It behaves like an
open-end activity but is the more difficult and complex scenario to find it.

It is undesirable in any program and needs to fix always.

QUESTION-47: IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN A FLAG AND A MILESTONE IN
PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: A Milestone & A flag are event activities.
You cannot update Flags manually, and it will be updated automatically, whereas a
milestone needs to be updated manually.

By the way, I have never used the flag as it is an obsolete type term in Primavera P6
nowadays.

You can read more about How to Review and Submit a Baseline Plan.
QUESTION-48: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT MAJOR
TYPES OF DRAWINGS YOU SEE ON A
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT?
Answer: There are four types we normally came across 1. Tender Drawings 2.
AFC/IFC, 3. Shop Drawings, and 4. As-built Drawings
Tender Drawings: The Clients release drawings included in the tender documents for
pre-qualified Contractors. Some time these are also referred to as Design drawings.
Approved for Construction Drawing: AFC – Approved for Construction or IFC –
Issued for Construction both terms are being used for drawings and documents
approved by authorities after review. IFC/AFC is a stamped or marked document, or
you can say one of the controlled documents. Even some people are using the term IFC
as Information for Construction or Instructions for Construction. Another name is IFR –
Issued for Information.
Client/Consultant/PMT issues these drawings to EPC, Contractors, Supplier, Vendors,
Sub-Contractor, or Manufacture.

Shop Drawings: IFC is What to do & Shop Drawing is How to do? It is a drawing
produced by the contractor, supplier, vendor, sub-contractor, or manufacture in a
simplified way to be understandable to the hand executers at site or staff.
These are the most detailed drawings on any project. But before going for construction,
approval is a must from the Clients. Any major change/minor should be addressed.

As-Built Drawings: It shows that how actually the final project has turned out. It
contains all suggested modifications required later on site. These are mainly used for
maintenance teams later on.
QUESTION-49: HAVE DO YOU APPLY FOR AN
EXTENSION OF TIME OR CONDUCT A DELAY
ANALYSIS?
Answer: First, I will gather delay events as per the contract. Like letters we have
sent/received for potential delays before 14 or 28 days of the event to occur (as per
contract), e-mails, minutes of meetings, or any legal document supporting is collected.
Second, I will use these events with facts and figures to perform delay analysis in
Primavera P6 as per the terms and conditions mentioned in the contract. There are
many Delay Analysis Techniques, namely, Impact as Planned, Time Impact Analysis,
Planned vs. As-Built, As-Built For, Windows Analysis, etc.

Once the second step is completed, I will evaluate overhead costs, Recheck Equipment
Warranties, Material Shelf Life, etc. Finally, present it to the concerned.

I will compile a summary like the one below for top management. All the backups will be
attached to this presentation.
QUESTION-50: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
RESOURCE LEVELING AND RESOURCE
SMOOTHING?
Answer: Both Resource Leveling and Resource Smoothing are Resource Optimization
Techniques. We use these techniques to get optimum results from our resources.
Every schedule is a resource constraint, and during the development, we may find
peaks like in one month/week we need 250 men-counts, but in others, we only need
around 150-200 men-counts. Hence, we will use resource optimization techniques to be
averaged and get a possible smooth graph. The same is applicable to deal with other
resources line Materials, Equipment, etc.

Resource leveling is a “Parent” technique and may be followed by Resource smoothing;

you may call it a “Child” technique.

During Resource Leveling, the Project’s overall duration may be changed as it is

Resource Constraint. Still, in Resource Smoothing, we use slack/float for distribution
and no change in Project Duration.
QUESTION-51: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE
STAKEHOLDERS OF ANY PROJECT?
Answer: The Project Stakeholder is any entity affected either positively or negatively by
that project.
For example, if a refinery is installed at a Sea, then the Sea-life will be negatively
affected, but the locals may get a huge rise in daily life quality. Both Sea-life and locals
are included as stakeholders.

We normally classify it as primary & secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders are

also called Key stakeholders—however, there are several classifications in textbooks.

On a construction project, we normally use the following terms for these key
stakeholders.

Client – Normally, the Sponsor, who provides finance to run a project.

PMC – Project Management Consultant, is hired by the Client.
PMT – Project Management Team
EPC – A contractor responsible for carrying out Engineering, Procurement &
Construction on a project
Contractor – Whoever wins a bid and is awarded the contract. Usually a part of a big
project.
Sub-Contractor – The contractor hires more resources to complete the project on time.
Further, suppliers, Vendors, and project teams have to deal with any construction
Project.

QUESTION-52: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT

GLOBAL CHANGE IN PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: Global change is a function in Primavera P6 Professional used to do tedious
tasks in minutes. Like you can increase, decrease, or remove the cost of all activities in
one shot. You can do the same with durations. You can apply this to Activities,
Resource Assignment, and Project Expenses for making changes globally. A
convenient feature but should be used carefully.
QUESTION-53: WHY WE CALL PRIMAVERA “P6”?
Answer: From 1983 to 2004, Primavera used the P3 suffix for all kinds of releases like
P3 version 1.0, P3 version 3.0, etc., but this suffix changed to P6 to avoid confusion
among P3, SureTrak, and the Primavera. Later on, P6 is kept as a suffix permanently.
You can read more about different versions of history here, Primavera P6.
QUESTION-54: WHAT IS THE JOB OF A PLANNING
ENGINEER?
Answer: On any project, daily tasks depend where he/she works, like onsite or off-site.
But significant jobs of any planning engineers are preparing execution plans, Monitoring
& Controlling, coordinating, Integrating the stakeholders on one page. A planning
Engineer is a bridge between the client and contractors for smooth communication.
QUESTION-55: HOW TO BECOME A PLANNING
ENGINEER?
Answer: You must have a relevant degree in Engineering, then you better start your
career by analyzing site work to learn the sequence of actual work. After that, get some
software training like Primavera P6, MS Project, Asta PowerProjects, Tilos, etc. Prepare
plans, practice, and grab the opportunity you find without considering salary or other
perks at the start. Get some project management training like PMP, Prinace2, etc.
You can enter this field without an engineering degree, but employers always prefer to
have a project planner with a relevant degree. Hence, you may not fit in most of the big
organizations easily – Better avoid if you are not an engineer.

QUESTION 56: HOW DOES P6 CALCULATE TOTAL

FLOAT?
Answer: It’s the difference between the Late and Early Dates. Primavera P6 uses the
below formula to calculate total float.
Total Float = Late Start – Early Start 0r you can say Total Float = Late Finish – Early
Finish.
QUESTION 57: WHAT IS A CPM SCHEDULE?
Answer: Critical Path Methodology – CPM, or you can name it as a Critical Path
Method, is one of the most popular construction industry techniques. It uses a
mathematical algorithm that helps to find out major critical jobs on any project schedule.
Forward pass calculates the Early dates, and backward pass calculates the late dates
to all the activities. Early dates represent the most optimistic start and end dates of any
project schedule. On the other hand, late dates suggest that the latest activities can be
started and finished without impacting the project’s finish date.

QUESTION 58: IS CRITICAL PATH THE LONGEST OR

SHORTEST?
Answer: Critical path is the longest continuous chain of activities. It is the longest in
terms of path and shortest in terms of duration to complete a project from start to finish
than any other complete path on a schedule.
The Longest Path is for a project in its network from start to finish, and the Total
Duration is longer than any other path on that particular network.
The Critical Path is a path where you have critical activities defined on a project
schedule.
The Critical path establishes minimum project duration, and the longest path controls
project early completion.

You can read more in detail here. What is a Critical Path?

QUESTION 59: IF YOU HAD TO RATE YOUR
PRIMAVERA P6 SKILLS FROM 1-10, HOW WOULD
YOU RATE IT? (REAL QUESTION)
Answer: Well, as you know, Primavera P6 is a potent and versatile software. But I
would rate myself only 6 or 7 as compared to my working colleagues.
QUESTION 60: HOW DO YOU SPEND THE MOST TIME
DOING EACH DAY?
Answer: I use Facebook a lot – Kidding! On a normal day, I review reports of
contractors, site engineers, clients’ comments, and implementations. Daily construction
meeting and prepare Minutes of Meeting – MOM and send a summary to the
stakeholders.
QUESTION 61: WHAT IS THE REVISED PLAN & HOW
DOES IT DIFFER FROM THE RECOVERY PLAN?
Answer: If we get any change in scope (Change Order) or claim, that may lead to a
change in the finish date (either positive or negative). In Recovery Plan, that finish date
is fixed.
The Recovery Plan
When a contractor is behind schedule but can complete the project on time. The
contactor can use methodology like fast tracking or crashing to finish on time. This can
be done by redistribution of the remaining planned values (cost, manpower, material)
over the remaining period of the project.

The Revised Baseline

When the contractor is late and it becomes impossible to finish the project on time
therefore it is agreed to finish the project on another realistic and achievable finish date,
or in the case of approval of an EOT submitted by the contractor

You can learn more about Recovery Plan & how it is prepared here: How to Make a
Recovery Plan?
QUESTION 62: WHAT IS LEAD AND LAG IN
PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: Both are the time duration that we can put to wait or accelerate the successor
activity. A lag is a lazy start, and the lead is an acceleration for the successor activity. A
lead is just a negative lag.
QUESTION 63: WHAT IS FAST TRACKING &
CRASHING?
Answer: Both are schedule compression techniques. Once a project plan is lagging,
then we are asked to make a recovery plan. In the recovery plan, we use these
techniques/techniques. In fast-tracking, we put activities in parallel. This increases risk.
But in crashing, we add more resources to cover up the lag. This is not risky, but you
need more budget in this scenario. If you need to accelerate because of the other party
like the client-side, then being a contractor always ensures acceleration. That may have
a higher unit rate than in the actual contract.
QUESTION 64: DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN GANTT
CHART & NETWORK DIAGRAM?
Answer: Both are project management tools that help the teams to see the project at a
glance.

Gantt Chart displays activities, tasks, events plotted against time. It gives information
like activities start & finish, overlaps among activities. Start and end at the WBS level
and the whole project as summary bars. The length of the bars represents the duration
of any particular activity or task. The network Diagram explains the linkage of activities
that helps to understand the flow of work.
QUESTION 65: HOW MUCH FLOAT IS ALLOWED IN
ANY PLAN?
Answer: There is no hard and fast rule for this, but they say 10% of the total project
duration is allowed as a thumb rule. For example, if the total duration is 300 days, then
30 days float is OK to go. If it is higher, then you need to adjust your P6 logic to
decrease it to the optimum required level. By the way, it depends on the project of the
project.
QUESTION 66: HOW MUCH LAG IS ALLOWED IN ANY
PLAN?
Answer: Lag is undesirable in a plan, so does the lead. Sometimes, lag is allowed, but
they say any activity should be less than half of the total duration of that activity. For
example, if any activity duration is 14 days, then lag should be less than 7 days. Long
legs are highly undesirable. You can adjust by proper logic during sequencing activities.
QUESTION 67: NEW PROJECT MANAGER DID NOT
LIKE YOU DEFINED WBS IN THE APPROVED PLAN;
WHAT WILL YOU DO NOW?
Answer: No problem, I will use the Activity Codes function in Primavera P6 to get the

desired one for any division he/she likes

QUESTION 68: WHAT INFORMATION IS OF YOUR
CONCERN IN A PROJECT CHARTER?
Answer: The project Charter contains a high level of concise information about the
project like Project scope, governance, timeline, budget, constraints, and risk. It should
be a maximum of 6 pages document, and the team needs to read and grab all the
information included in there. You read more and see a Project Charter Example.
QUESTION 69: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
EARNED MANHOURS AND ACTUAL MANHOURS?
Answer: The Earned Man-hour is the achieved or completed man-hours, and the
actuals are the man-hours spent on an activity or project.
For Example: Say we have to build a wall through masonry block-work. We estimated
that it needs 100 man-hours, and it will take 5 days to complete the work.
If we hire 4 masons and at the end of 2 days, it is reported that 2 masons were working
on it, and 25% of work is done overall.
Therefore from the above scenario, we got 100 man-hours for 5 days of work
Productivity is 100/5 = 20 man-hours/day
Work completed 25%
Earned Man-hours = work completed X Total budget (man-hours)
= 25%X100
Earned Man-hours = 25 man-hours
QUESTION 70: HOW DO YOU COMPRESS (MAKE A
RECOVERY) A SCHEDULE IN PRIMAVERA P6?
Answer: First of all, I insert the column to see the Total Float then try to find the logic to
reduce the float. I have options like to make activities in parallel (Fast Tracking).
Otherwise;
 I filter the critical path.
 Reduce the duration of activities on the critical path
 Again filter the critical path and reduce the duration again – As the path may
change now.
 Apply the same steps until the required compression is got.
 This is called Crashing, as here, we need to add resources to get the job done.
This can be used for Recovery Plan, Mitigation Plan, Acceleration, etc., whatever is the
name. In the Recovery Plan, the project end date is fixed.

Make sure to align your team before performing any procedure.

QUESTION 71: WHY PLANNING IS IMPORTANT IN

ANY PROJECT?
Answer: Planning or the initiation phases are very prone to risk. If not done properly,
then the outcome of that particular project may be a drastic one. Below the graph is a
clear example.

QUESTION 72: WHAT IS THE RELATION BETWEEN

PLANNING AND COST CHANGE?
Answer: As already said, the project is prone to risk at the initial stages and will impact
the out the most, or even project termination occurs at these stages.
But the cost change is minimum at the start of the project and maximum as the project
progresses. This is the reason why Planning is one of the most important phases of any
project.
QUESTION 73: WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT THE
EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?
Answer: In the Earned value management system, we use historical data to forecast
the future.
Here, we draw curves to find out the project situation but not limited to;

 The project is on budget.

 The project is on schedule.
See this graph to understand more about CPI, SPI, BCWS, BAC, Schedule Slippage,
Variance, EV, AC, and PV, as we have discussed earlier.
QUESTION 74: WHAT ARE THE BASIC DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PERT & CPM?
Answer: PERT is a project management technique that we apply to manage any
project’s uncertain activities. On the other hand, a Critical Path method – CPM is a
statistical technique where we have a set of well-determined project activities.
In CPM, we do a one-time estimate, while in PERT, we use a three-time estimate like
Optimistic, Most Likely & Pessimistic.

Both PERT and CPM help the project manager of the stakeholders manage and control
the project outcomes systematically.

We use PERT if we have time priority and cannot delay any. But we use CPM to control
both Time & cost simultaneously.
QUESTION 75: WHAT IS A BANANA CURVE?
Answer: During planning, we load a program with resources like Manhours, Quantities,
and or Cost. Software like Primavera P6, MS Project, etc., can give us two types of
curves for early and late dates. When we combine these curves, it gives us a shape like
a banana. That’s why it is called Banana Curve.
If the project slips below the Red zone, then it is an alarming thing that should be fixed
immediately without any delay.

QUESTION 76: HOW CAN WE MANAGE A PROJECT

PORTFOLIO AS A PLANNER/SCHEDULE? |
PLANNING TEAM 2/4 WHATSAPP GROUP
Answer: Yes, as a planner, I can help Project Portfolio Manager provide high-level
information that I will take from Rolling Up my plan to the desired level as per
requirement. This will help the Portfolio Manager find out outcomes and forecasts, and
we can further dig deeper into the activity level if needed. – Prem Prakash
QUESTION 77: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE COST S CURVE AND CASH FLOW?
Answer: Cash flow is in a month-wise table format on actual, tentative cash receipts
and expenditure for the whole project duration, including subcontractor expenses. Cash
flow also covers the contingency part.
S curve, generally the actual and tentative cash receipt from the client. Some
companies using the above cash flow format and use the data to represent in the S
curve, which gives a better understanding than the tabular format. – Adnan Khan

QUESTION 78: IS THE MITIGATION AND RECOVERY

SCHEDULE THE SAME?
Answer: Mitigation Schedule – Mitigation strategies are intended to stem the flow of
expected slip in the forward pass (negative-float). Just like a recovery schedule, a
mitigation schedule should necessitate a narrative and report of changes made.
Recovery Schedule – Since a recovery schedule is to formulate the project/contractor’s
plan to recover time, the project PMC/ contractor creates the recovery schedule. As with
the approved progress schedule, the recovery schedule is created and managed by the
contractor’s responsibility. – Adnan Khan

QUESTION 79: WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY THE

EARNED SCHEDULE?
Answer: It is an extension of earned value. In earned value, usually, the schedule is
compared against $ value wherein earned schedule compares with time duration. That
makes more sense where we talk about progress in terms of time, not in $ value. –
Adnan Khan
QUESTION 80: WHEN YOU NORMALLY ASK THE
CONTRACTOR TO SUBMIT A RECOVERY SCHEDULE
Answer: When we see a progress deviation/lagging of around 20%, we immediately
ask for a recovery schedule. – Adnan Khan
QUESTION 81: WHAT IS CPLI CRITICAL PATH
LENGTH INDEX?
Answer: CPLI is the concept adopted in DCMA 14 point schedule assessment
principle.
That is Project critical path length + project float/project critical path.

If the above ratio = 1, it gives them confidence that the critical path is real and project
completion is intact.

If the ratio is <1, the critical path that we derived is consistent. There is a high chance;
the project may fail.
If the ratio >1, the project is in good health, will get completed ahead of schedule.

QUESTION 82: WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

SCHEDULE % COMPLETE & PERFORMANCE %
COMPLETE?
Answer: Once we update a schedule then we need to compare it with the approved
baseline with the help of these % performance;
 Schedule % Complete = Planned Value divided by Budget at Completion
 Performance % Complete = Earned value divided by Budget at Completion