Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology

Communication Systems (EE-361)

INTRODUCTION AND COURSE OUTLINES

Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Email : [email protected]
Course Books- Reference Books
Pre-requisite: Signals and Systems (EE351)
Textbook
B. P. Lathi & Z. Ding, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems. Int. 5th Ed., Oxford
University Press, 2018.
References
1.Hsu, H. P. (2009). Schaum's outline of signals and systems
(2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Education.
2.Haykin, S. (2009). Communication systems (2nd ed.).
John Wiley & Sons.
3.Couch, II, L. W. (2007). Digital and analog communication
systems (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4.Proakis, J. G., & Salehi, M. (2005). Fundamentals of
Communication Systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice
Main Course Book
Hall.

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute-Spring 2024
Program Learning Objectives

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 Tentative Grade Distribution

Assessment Tools Percentage

Quizzes (Surprise) 10%
Assignments/Flip Learning 10%
Midterm Examination 30%
Complex Engineering Problem 10%
Final Examination 40%

Students are encouraged to solve some assigned homework problems

using the available engineering software, such as MATLAB

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 Administrative Policies
▪ According to institute policy, 80% attendance is mandatory to
appear in the final examination.
▪ In any case, there will be no retake of (surprise) quizzes.
▪ Assignments are due as instructed. Late submission are not
allowed.
▪ NOTE: All Assignments/Quizzes/Attendance related issues to be
resolved within one week after result announcement/lecture taken.

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Tentative Lecture Breakdown
Week Topic Related Preparation
1 Introduction to Communication Systems Chapter 1&2 Text Book
2 Introduction to Signals Chapter 2 Text Book
3 Analysis and Transmission of Signals Chapter 3 Text Book
4 Analysis and Transmission of Signals Chapter 3 Text Book
5 Amplitude Modulation (AM), Baseband and carrier, Chapter 4 Text Book

Double Side Band (DSB)

6 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Chapter 4 Text Book
7 Single Side Band (SSB), Vestigial Side Band (VSB) Chapter 4 Text Book
8 Carrier Acquisition, Superheterodyne AM Receiver Chapter 4 Text Book

Mid Exam To be decided

9 Angle Modulation: Concept of Instantaneous Chapter 5 Text Book

Frequency
10 Bandwidth of Angle Modulated Waves, FM Chapter 5 Text Book

generation
11 Demodulation of FM, Interference in Angle Chapter 5 Text Book

Modulated Systems
12 FM receiver Chapter 5 Text Book
13 Sampling Theorem, Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Chapter 6 Text Book
14 PCM, Differential PCM (DPCM) Chapter 6 Text Book
15 Delta Modulation Chapter 6 Text Book

Final Exam To be decided

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Let’s Begin and Dive into
Communication Systems!!

Chapter:1 – Introduction

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Contents
• Communication Systems

• Analog and Digital Messages

• Channel effect, SNR and Capacity

• Modulation and its types

• Brief History of Modern Telecommunication

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What is Communication?

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 Comm & Tech are Related!!
• Communication has been the
cornerstone for development
of civilizations.
• Better communication
technology meant fast
advancements.
What’s NEXT…!!

2008-2024…

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 Communication Summarized
• Communication = Transfer of Information
• Old Forms of Communication (Non Electrical)
– Using Couriers; human messengers, carrier pigeons, post
– Using sound; drum beats, gun shots
– Using Fire; torches, smoke, SOS
– Using light; flashlight, flags
• Non-Electrical Communication: Slow and over short
distances
• Electrical Communication = Using electrical signals
– Long distances, Fast, Reliable, Economical
• Modes of Communication
– Simplex – One directional
– Half-Duplex- Two directional but at different times.
– Full-Duplex – Two directional simultaneously.

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Applications – Cell Phones
Emerging Technologies-Beyond 5G

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Analog Messages
Continuously varying overt time in a continuous range.
E.g. Atmospheric temperature. Music recorded by a pianist.

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Digital Messages
It is an ordered combination of finite symbols or codewords.
Printed English Language, Human Voice, Music notes.

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 A General Block Diagram for a Communication
System
Input Input Input Transmitter Transmitte Channel Received Receiver Output Output Output Destination
Source d
Message Transducer Signal Signal Signal Signal Transducer Message

Channel Impairments
• Delay
• Attenuation (loss of power)
• Distortion (system imperfections)
• Noise (usually from natural Message Input
sources)
• Interference (non-hostile human
sources)
Transducer
• Jamming (hostile human sources)
Human Voice Microphone

• Source: Printed Page Scanner

– Generates a message (often in a non-electrical
Photograph Digital Camera
form)
• Human voice (acoustic signal) Video Video Camera
• Printed page Text Message Keyboard
• Photograph
• Video
• Text message
• Input Transducer
– Converts the non-electrical message into an
electrical waveform that is called a baseband
signal.
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 A General Block Diagram for a Communication
System
Source Input Input Input Transmitter Transmitte Channel Received Receiver Output Output Output Destination
d
Message Transducer Signal Signal Signal Signal Transducer Message

Channel Impairments
• Delay
• Attenuation (loss of power)
• Distortion (system imperfections)
• Noise (usually from natural sources)
• Interference (non-hostile human sources)
• Jamming (hostile human sources)

• Transmitter:
– Modifies the baseband signal into a form suitable for the channel, for
efficient transmission
• Channel
– is the medium of transmission
• e.g. wire, coaxial cable, optical fiber, air, free space, etc.
– Can cause many types of impairment to the signal
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KhanSethi-
Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Institute-Spring 2024Khan Institute-Spring 2024
Ghulam Ishaq
 A General Block Diagram for a Communication
System
Source Input Input Input Transmitter Transmitte Channel Received Receiver Output Output Output Destination
d
Message Transducer Signal Signal Signal Signal Transducer Message

Channel Impairments
• Delay
• Attenuation (loss of power)
• Distortion (system imperfections)
• Noise (usually from natural
sources)
• Interference (non-hostile human Message Output
sources) Transduce
• Receiver:
• Jamming (hostile human sources)
r
Human Voice Loudspeaker
– “Recovers” the input signal from the received
signal by undoing the signal modifications made
Printed Page Printer
by the transmitter and the channel
• Output Transducer Photograph Printer/Stil
– Converts the output electrical signal into its l Monitor
original form (message) Video Video
• Destination Monitor/T
V
– The unit to which the message is communicated, Text Message Text Printer, e.g.
e.g., the user of the information telex machine

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Break Down of Communication System
with a Real-life Example

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Khan Institute-Spring 2024
Input Transducer

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Transmitter

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 Channel-Noise
• Noise is a random and unpredictable signal, usually, from natural sources
– External noise; lightning, solar noise, interference
– Internal noise; thermal motion of electrons in conductors, random emission, diffusion
and recombination of electrons and holes.
• Proper care can minimize or even eliminate external noise
• Proper care can reduce the effect of internal noise but can never eliminate it
• Noise is one of the basic factors that fundamentally limits the
communication rate.
• The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is defined as the ratio of signal power to noise power
• The SNR is continuously decreasing along the length of the channel.
• Amplification of the received signal to compensate for attenuation cannot help
improve the SNR, because the noise will be amplified in the same proportion. On the
contrary, an amplifier may decrease the SNR.

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Analog vs Digital Signals

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 24
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 25
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Sampling and Quantization

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Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

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 Modulation
• Modulation is the process by which the baseband signal is included in the properties
of a high-frequency carrier.
• A carrier is a high-frequency sinusoid and it has the following parameters:
– Amplitude
– Frequency
– Phase
• Modulation is performed by varying one of the carrier parameters in proportion
to the baseband signal.
• Accordingly, we have
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
• At the receiver, the inverse operation is performed. This is called
“Demodulation.”
• Demodulation is the process of recovering the baseband signal from the modulated
carrier.

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Modulation

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Phase Modulation

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 Why do we need modulation?
• We need modulation for three main reasons:
1. Efficient Radiation:
• For efficient radiation, the length of the antenna must be at least one tenth of the
wavelength
• For practical antenna size, the signal frequency must be “high”
• For speech signal, most of the power is concentrated in the frequency range of 100-
3000 Hz. Audible signals have content in the frequency range of 20-20000 Hz. These
frequencies correspond to wavelengths in the range of 15 km to 1500 km. Thus, a
speech signal cannot be radiated from an antenna of a practical size.
• Using a carrier frequency of 500 kHz (MW range), an antenna of length 60 m is needed
(AM Broadcast Station). Frequency Wavelength Minimum
Antenna
• Using a carrier frequency of 800 MHz, an Length
60 Hz 5000 km 500 km
antenna of length 3.8 cm is needed (Mobile
20 kHz 15 km 1.5 km
Phone)
450 kHz 666 m 66.6 m
1 MHz 300 m 30 m
100 MHz 3m 30 cm
1 GHz 30 cm 3 cm
Why do we need modulation?
• We need modulation for three main reasons:
2. Simultaneous Transmission of Several Signals:
• To transmit several signals using the same channel without interference,
these signals must occupy separate frequency bands
• This can be achieved by modulating the signals using different carrier
frequencies, so that the modulated carriers occupy separate frequency
bands.
• This can allow many users to share the same channel.
• This is called Multiplexing or Multiple Access.
• In multiplexing, all the signals are modulated, combined and then transmitted
using the same transmitter. This is used in telephony systems.
• In multiple access, the signals are modulated and transmitted using
separate transmitters. The modulated signals are then combined in the
channel. This is the case in radio broadcasting.

Prepared by: Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute-Spring 2024
Why do we need modulation?
• We need modulation for three main reasons:
3. Obtaining Better Tradeoff between SNR and B:
• Modulation can be used to obtain better SNR at the expense of bandwidth.
• Some types of modulation provide better SNR vs. bandwidth tradeoff.

• More reasons:
– Moving the signal to a better frequency slot (e.g. for lower attenuation or
interference)
– Shifting the signal to a more suitable frequency (e.g. optical range for optical
fibers)
– etc.
➢ SHANON CAPACITY

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Channel Capacity & Data Rate

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Shanon Capacity
Nyquist Theorem for a Channel

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 That’s all Folks

EXTRA INFO
RESEARCH SUGGESTIONS
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Electromagnetic Laws
Voltage relationship with Electric Field
Multiplexing vs Multiple Access