Numerical Analysis

Chapter 7

FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATION

Dr. Pham Minh Tuan

 Lagrange interpolating polynomial
Lagrange interpolating polynomial is used to approximate a given
function within range [x0, xn] as follows:
n n x − xj
n ( x ) =  Li ( x ) f ( xi ) ; where Li ( x ) = 
i =0 j = 0 xi − xj
j i
To interpolate a polynomial through n+1 points, a n-order
polynomial is required.

Characteristics of Lagrange interpolating polynomial :

1, x = xi
Li ( x ) = 
0, x  xi
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 Interpolation & Shape function
Interpolation is to devise a continuous function expressing a field
quantity for an element, which satisfies the nodal values of the field
quantity at a finite number of nodes of the element.
Interpolation generally provides approximate values.
Interpolating function is almost always a polynomial, can be
represented by shape function.
Shape function can be formulated based on Lagrange polynomials
or the general form of displacement function in an element.
Characteristics of shape function:
1; i j n
( )
Ni  j =  Ni (  j ) = 1
0; i j i =1

2nd order shape function: N i ( ,) = Li  Li

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 Shape function of 1-D element
Reference element Real element

1 2 3 1 2 3
ξ x
−1 0 1 x1 x2 x3

(  − 0)(  − 1) = 1   − 1 ( x − x2 ) ( x − x3 )
N1 (  ) = ( ) N1 ( x ) =
( −1 − 0)( −1 − 1) 2 ( x1 − x2 ) ( x1 − x3 )
  − ( −1)  (  − 1) ( x − x1 ) ( x − x3 )
N 2 ( ) = = − (  + 1)(  − 1) N2 ( x) =
0 − ( −1)  ( 0 − 1) ( x2 − x1 ) ( x2 − x3 )
  − ( −1)  (  − 0 ) 1 N3 ( x ) =
( x − x1 )( x − x2 )
N 3 ( ) = =  (  + 1) ( x3 − x1 )( x3 − x2 )
1 − ( −1)  (1 − 1) 2

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 Shape function of 2-D element
η
Reference bilinear quadrilateral element:
4 1 3
−1 1 ξ
0
 −1  −1 1
N1 ( ,) = L1  L1 =  = (1 −  )(1 − ) 1 −1 2
−1 − 1 −1 − 1 4
 − ( −1)  − 1 1
N 2 ( ,) = L2   L2  =  = (1 +  )(1 − )
1 − ( −1) −1 − 1 4
 − ( −1)  − ( −1) 1
N 3 ( ,) = L3  L3 =  = (1 +  )(1 + )
1 − ( −1) 1 − ( −1) 4

 − 1  − ( −1) 1
N 4 ( ,) = L4   L4  =  = (1 −  )(1 + )
−1 − 1 1 − ( −1) 4
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 Shape function of 2-D element
y
Real bilinear quadrilateral element:
b 4 3

1 2 x
0 a
x − a y − b ( a − x )( b − y )
N1 ( x, y ) = L1x  L1 y =  =
0−a 0−b ab
x − 0 y − b x (b − y )
N 2 ( x, y ) = L2 x  L2 y =  =
a−0 0−b ab
x − 0 y − 0 xy
N 3 ( x, y ) = L3 x  L3 y =  =
a − 0 b − 0 ab
x − a y − 0 (a − x) y
N 4 ( x, y ) = L4 x  L4 y =  =
0−a b−0 ab
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 Shape function of 2-Dyelement
Real bilinear quadrilateral element:
b 4 3
General form of displacement function:
u = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
1 2 x
Substituting coordinates of nodes:  A = u 0 a
1
 u −u
 u1 = A B = 2 1
u = A + Ba  a
 2
  u4 − u1
 u3 = A + Ba + Cb + Dab C = b
u4 = A + Cb 
 D = u1 − u2 + u3 − u4
 ab
Substituting back into the equation and simplifying to the form:
u = N1 ( x, y ) u1 + N 2 ( x, y ) u2 + N 3 ( x, y ) u3 + N 4 ( x, y ) u4
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 Shape function of 2-D element
Reference bilinear triangular element:

General form of displacement function: η

u = A + B + C 
1 3

Calculate and derive the shape functions:

1 2
N1 ( ,) = 1 −  −  0 1
ξ

N 2 ( ,) = 
N 3 ( ,) = 

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 Shape function of 2-D element
y
Real bilinear triangular element:
3
1 x1 y1 
A = det 1 x2 y2 
1
2   1
1 x3 y3  2
x
0

( x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + x ( y2 − y3 ) + y ( x3 − x2 )
N1 ( x, y ) =
2A
( x3 y1 − x1 y3 ) + x ( y3 − y1 ) + y ( x1 − x3 )
N 2 ( x, y ) =
2A

N 3 ( x, y ) =
( x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + x ( y1 − y2 ) + y ( x2 − x1 )
9
2A
 Coordinate transformation
Mapping

Real element
Reference element

n n n
x =  N i ( ,, )  xi ; y =  N i ( ,, )  yi ; z =  N i ( ,, )  zi
i =1 i =1 i =1

where Ni(ξ, η, ς) is shape function.

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 Jacobian matrix
Coordinate transformation:
n n n
x =  N i ( ,, )  xi ; y =  N i ( ,, )  yi ; z =  N i ( ,, )  zi
i =1 i =1 i =1
where Ni(ξ, η, ς) is shape function.
Relationship between reference and real elements:
    x y z    
         x 
     
    x y z    
 =    where [J] is Jacobian matrix
        y 

    x y z    
    
         z 
J  11
 η Example 1
1  1 1
1 N1 ( ,) = ( )( )
1 −  1 −   N1  0,  =
4 3 4  2 8
1/2 B 1  1 1
−1 1 ξ N 2 ( ,) = (1 +  )(1 − )  N 2  0,  =
0 4  2 8
1  1 3
1 2 N 3 ( ,) = (1 +  )(1 + )  N 3  0,  =
−1 4  2 8
y 1  1 3
N 4 ( ,) = ( )(
1 −  1 +  )  N 4  0,  =
4 3
4  2 8
3 4
B' xB
1 1 3 3
=  N i xi =  2 +  4 +  4 +  2 = 3
i =1 8 8 8 8
2 1 2 4
x 1 1 3 3
0 2 4 y B =  N i yi =  2 +  2 +  3 +  3 = 2 ,75
i =1 8 8 8 8

Find coordinate of B in (x, y) frame.  B  ( 3 ; 2 ,75)

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 Example 2
y Determine the position of A in the real
3
5 frame (x, y) and Jacobian matrix.

3
3 2
2
1 1 A
3
1
2 4 5 x 0 1 2
0
3 
3 3
x =  N i ( ,)  xi ; y =  N i ( ,)  yi
i =1 i =1
N1 ( ,) = 1 −  −  ; N 2 ( ,) =  ; N 3 (  ,) = 
1 1
With: x1 = 2, y1 = 2, x2 = 5, y2 = 3, x3 = 4, y3 = 5,  = ,  =
3 3
 11 10 
 A  , 
3 3 13
 Example 2 (Cont.)
 x y 
     J11 J12   3 1
J  =  =  J  = 
J 22  
Jacobian matrix:
 x y   J 21  2 3
   

  3  
J11 =   N i ( ,) xi  =  2 (1 −  − ) + 5 + 4 = 3
  i =1  
  3  
J12 =   N i ( ,) yi  =  2 (1 −  − ) + 3 + 5 = 1
  i =1  
  3  
J 21 =   N i ( ,) xi  =  2 (1 −  − ) + 5 + 4 = 2
  i =1  
  3  
J 22 =   N i ( ,) yi  =  2 (1 −  − ) + 3 + 5 = 3
  i =1  
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 Interpolation
Assuming ui is a physical quantity at node ith, the value of such
physical quantity at an arbitrary point in the element can be
estimated by interpolation.

In reference element with n nodes:

n
u ( , ,  ) =  N i ( , ,  )  ui
i =1
where Ni(ξ, η, ς) is shape function in reference frame.

In real element with n nodes:

n
u ( x, y, z ) =  N i ( x, y, z )  ui
i =1
where Ni(x, y, z) is shape function in real frame.
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 y Example 3
4 3 Temperature at nodes is given as:
3
A T1 = 100°C, T2 = 60°C, T3 = 50°C, T4 = 90°C
2 1 2 Interpolate the temperature at A(2,5; 2,5)
x
0 2 4
Assuming the frame’s center is at node 1, shape functions are:
N1 ( x, y ) =
( a − x )( b − y ) ; N x, y = x ( b − y ) ; N x, y = xy ; N x, y = y ( a − x )
2( ) 3( ) 4( )
ab ab ab ab
where a = 2 and b = 1.
a b
Relative coordinate of A referring to node 1: A  , 
4 2
a b 3 a b 1 a b 1 a b 3
Substitution: N1  ,  = ; N 2  ,  = ; N 3  ,  = ; N 4  ,  =
4 2 8 4 2 8 4 2 8 4 2 8
4
3 1 1 3
 TA =  N iTi =  100 +  60 +  50 +  90 = 85 (C )
i =1 8 8 816 8
 Example 4
Node displacement (mm):
u1 = -0,0100, v1 = 0,1000
u2 = -0,0200, v2 = 0,1000
u3 = -0,0200, v3 = 0,2000
where ui, vi represent displacements along
the x and y axes respectively
Displacement at A(300, 250) = ?
( x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + x ( y2 − y3 ) + y ( x3 − x2 )
N1 ( x, y ) =
x2 y3 − x3 y2 − x1 y3 + x1 y2 + x3 y1 − x2 y1
( x3 y1 − x1 y3 ) + x ( y3 − y1 ) + y ( x1 − x3 )
N 2 ( x, y ) =
x2 y3 − x3 y2 − x1 y3 + x1 y2 + x3 y1 − x2 y1

N 3 ( x, y ) =
( x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + x ( y1 − y2 ) + y ( x2 − x1 )
x2 y3 − x3 y2 − x1 y3 + x1 y2 + x3 y1 − x2 y1
3 3
u A =  N i ( x A , y A ) ui = −0,0150 ( mm ) v A =  N i ( x A , y A ) vi = 0,1250 ( mm )
i =1 17
i =1
End of Chapter 7

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