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CS3501 Compiler Design LAB

Computer Science and Engineering (Anna University)

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ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

REGULATION – 2013
CS3501 – COMPILER LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Using the LEX tool, Develop a lexical analyzer to recognize a few patterns in C. (Ex. identifiers,
constants, comments, operators etc.). Create a symbol table, while recognizing identifiers.
2. Implement a Lexical Analyzer using LEX Tool
3. Generate YACC specification for a few syntactic categories.
a. Program to recognize a valid arithmetic expression that uses operator +, -, * and /.
b. Program to recognize a valid variable which starts with a letter followed by any number of letters
or digits.
c. Program to recognize a valid control structures syntax of C language (For loop, while loop, if-
else, if-else-if, switch-case, etc.).
d. Implementation of calculator using LEX and YACC
4. Generate three address code for a simple program using LEX and YACC.
5. Implement type checking using Lex and Yacc.
6. Implement simple code optimization techniques (Constant folding, Strength reduction and Algebraic
transformation)
7. Implement back-end of the compiler for which the three address code is given as input and the 8086
assembly language code is produced as output.

TOTAL: 30 PERIODS

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EX. NO: 1
DATE:

IMPLEMENTATION OF SYMBOL TABLE

AIM:

To write a C program to implement a symbol table.

INTRODUCTION:

A Symbol table is a data structure used by a language translator such as a compiler or

interpreter, where each identifier in a program’s source code is associated with information
relating to its declaration or appearance in the source
Possible entries in a symbol table:
• Name : a string
• Attribute:
1. Reserved word
2. Variable name
3. Type Name
4. Procedure name
5. Constant name
• Data type
• Scope information: where it can be used.
• Storage allocation
SYMBOL TABLE

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ALGORITHM:

1. Start the Program.

2. Get the input from the user with the terminating symbol ‘$’.
3. Allocate memory for the variable by dynamic memory allocation function.
4. If the next character of the symbol is an operator then only the memory is allocated.
5. While reading , the input symbol is inserted into symbol table along with its memory
address.
6. The steps are repeated till”$”is reached.
7. To reach a variable, enter the variable to the searched and symbol table has been checked
for corresponding variable, the variable along its address is displayed as result.
8. Stop the program.

PROGRAM: ( IMPLEMENTATION OF SYMBOL TABLE)

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

#include<malloc.h>

#include<string.h>

#include<math.h>

#include<ctype.h>

void main()

int i=0,j=0,x=0,n,flag=0; void *p,*add[15];

char ch,srch,b[15],d[15],c;

//clrscr();

printf("expression terminated by $:");

while((c=getchar())!='$')

b[i]=c; i++;

n=i-1;

printf("given expression:");

i=0;

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while(i<=n)

printf("%c",b[i]); i++;

printf("symbol table\n");

printf("symbol\taddr\ttype\n");

while(j<=n)

c=b[j]; if(isalpha(toascii(c)))

if(j==n)

p=malloc(c); add[x]=p;

d[x]=c;

printf("%c\t%d\tidentifier\n",c,p);

else

ch=b[j+1];

if(ch=='+'||ch=='-'||ch=='*'||ch=='=')

p=malloc(c);

add[x]=p;

d[x]=c;

printf("%c\t%d\tidentifier\n",c,p);

x++;

} j++;

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printf("the symbol is to be searched\n");

srch=getch();

for(i=0;i<=x;i++)

if(srch==d[i])

printf("symbol found\n");

printf("%c%s%d\n",srch,"@address",add[i]);

flag=1;

if(flag==0)

printf("symbol not found\n");

//getch();

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the C program to implement the symbol table was executed and the output is verified.

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EX. NO:2
DATE:
DEVELOP A LEXICAL ANALYZER TO RECOGNIZE
A FEW PATTERNS IN C
AIM:

To Write a C program to develop a lexical analyzer to recognize a few patterns in C.

INTRODUCTION:

Lexical analysis is the process of converting a sequence of characters (such as in a

computer program of web page) into a sequence of tokens (strings with an identified
“meaning”). A program that perform lexical analysis may be called a lexer, tokenize or
scanner.

TOKEN

A token is a structure representing a lexeme that explicitly indicates its categorization

for the Purpose of parsing. A category of token is what in linguistics might be called a part-of-
speech. Examples of token categories may include “identifier” and “integer literal”, although
the set of Token differ in different programming languages.
The process of forming tokens from an input stream of characters is called tokenization.

Consider this expression in the C programming language:

Sum=3 + 2;

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Tokenized and represented by the following table:

Lexeme Token category

Sum “identifier”
= “assignment operator”
3 “integer literal”
+ “addition operator”
2 “integer literal”
; “end of the statement”

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program

2. Include the header files.
3. Allocate memory for the variable by dynamic memory allocation function.
4. Use the file accessing functions to read the file.
5. Get the input file from the user.
6. Separate all the file contents as tokens and match it with the functions.
7. Define all the keywords in a separate file and name it as key.c
8. Define all the operators in a separate file and name it as open.c
9. Give the input program in a file and name it as input.c
10. Finally print the output after recognizing all the tokens.
11. Stop the program.

PROGRAM: (DEVELOP A LEXICAL ANALYZER TO RECOGNIZE A FEW PATTERNS IN C)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fi,*fo,*fop,*fk;
int flag=0,i=1;
char c,t,a[15],ch[15],file[20];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the File Name:");
scanf("%s",&file);
fi=fopen(file,"r");
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fo=fopen("inter.c","w");

fop=fopen("oper.c","r");
fk=fopen("key.c","r");
c=getc(fi);
while(!feof(fi))
{
if(isalpha(c)||isdigit(c)||(c=='['||c==']'||c=='.'==1))
fputc(c,fo);
else
{
if(c=='\n')
fprintf(fo,"\t$\t");
else fprintf(fo,"\t%c\t",c);
}
c=getc(fi);
}
fclose(fi);
fclose(fo);
fi=fopen("inter.c","r");
printf("\n Lexical Analysis");
fscanf(fi,"%s",a);
printf("\n Line: %d\n",i++);
while(!feof(fi))
{
if(strcmp(a,"$")==0)
{
printf("\n Line: %d \n",i++);
fscanf(fi,"%s",a);
}
fscanf(fop,"%s",ch);
while(!feof(fop))
{
if(strcmp(ch,a)==0)
{
fscanf(fop,"%s",ch);
printf("\t\t%s\t:\t%s\n",a,ch);
flag=1;

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} fscanf(fop,"%s",ch);
}
rewind(fop);
fscanf(fk,"%s",ch);
while(!feof(fk))
{
if(strcmp(ch,a)==0)
{
fscanf(fk,"%k",ch);
printf("\t\t%s\t:\tKeyword\n",a);
flag=1;
}
fscanf(fk,"%s",ch);
}
rewind(fk);
if(flag==0)
{
if(isdigit(a[0]))
printf("\t\t%s\t:\tConstant\n",a);
else
printf("\t\t%s\t:\tIdentifier\n",a);
}
flag=0;
fscanf(fi,"%s",a); }
getch();
}
Key.C:
int
void
main
char
if
for
while
else
printf
scanf
FILE

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Include
stdio.h
conio.h
iostream.h
Oper.C:
( open para
) closepara
{ openbrace
} closebrace
< lesser
> greater
" doublequote ' singlequote
: colon
; semicolon
# preprocessor
= equal
== asign
% percentage
^ bitwise
& reference
* star
+ add
- sub
\ backslash
/ slash

Input.C:
#include "stdio.h"
#include "conio.h"
void main()
{
int a=10,b,c;
a=b*c;
getch();
}

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the above program for developing the lexical the lexical analyzer and recognizing
the few pattern s in C is executed successfully and the output is verified.

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EX.NO:3
DATE:

IMPLEMENTATION OF LEXICAL ANALYZER USING LEX TOOL

AIM:

To write a program to implement the Lexical Analyzer using lex tool.

INTRODUCTION:

THEORY:

➢ A language for specifying lexical analyzer.

➢ There is a wide range of tools for construction of lexical analyzer. The majority of
these tools are based on regular expressions.
➢ The one of the traditional tools of that kind is lex.
LEX:
➢ The lex is used in the manner depicted. A specification of the lexical analyzer is
preferred by creating a program lex.1 in the lex language.
➢ Then lex.1 is run through the lex compiler to produce a ‘c’ program lex.yy.c.
➢ The program lex.yy.c consists of a tabular representation of a transition diagram
constructed from the regular expression of lex.1 together with a standard routine that
uses table of recognize leximes.
➢ Lex.yy.c is run through the ‘C’ compiler to produce as object program a.out, which is
the lexical analyzer that transform as input stream into sequence of tokens.

LEX SOURCE:

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ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program

2. Lex program consists of three parts.
3. Declaration %%
4. Translation rules %%
5. Auxiliary procedure.
6. The declaration section includes declaration of variables, main test, constants and
regular
7. Definitions.
8. Translation rule of lex program are statements of the form
9. P1{action}
10. P2{action}
11. …..
12. …..
13. Pn{action}
14. Write program in the vi editor and save it with .1 extension.
15. Compile the lex program with lex compiler to produce output file as lex.yy.c.
16. Eg. $ lex filename.1
17. $gcc lex.yy.c-11
18. Compile that file with C compiler and verify the output.

PROGRAM: (LEXICAL ANALYZER USING LEX TOOL)

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
char vars[100][100];
int vcnt;
char input[1000],c;
char token[50],tlen;
int state=0,pos=0,i=0,id;
char *getAddress(char str[])
{
for(i=0;i<vcnt;i++)
if(strcmp(str,vars[i])==0)

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return vars[i];
strcpy(vars[vcnt],str);
return vars[vcnt++];
}
int isrelop(char c)
{
if(c=='+'||c=='-'||c=='*'||c=='/'||c=='%'||c=='^')
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
int main(void)
{
clrscr();
printf("Enter the Input String:");
gets(input);
do
{
c=input[pos];
putchar(c);
switch(state)
{
case 0:
if(isspace(c))
printf("\b");
if(isalpha(c))
{
token[0]=c;
tlen=1;
state=1;
}
if(isdigit(c))
state=2;
if(isrelop(c))
state=3;
if(c==';')
printf("\t<3,3>\n");
if(c=='=')

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printf("\t<4,4>\n");
break;
case 1:
if(!isalnum(c))
{
token[tlen]='\o';
printf("\b\t<1,%p>\n",getAddress(token));
state=0;
pos--;
}
else
token[tlen++]=c;
break;
case 2:
if(!isdigit(c))
{
printf("\b\t<2,%p>\n",&input[pos]);
state=0;
pos--;
}
break;
case 3:
id=input[pos-1];
if(c=='=')
printf("\t<%d,%d>\n",id*10,id*10);
else{
printf("\b\t<%d,%d>\n",id,id);
pos--;
}state=0;
break;
}
pos++;
}
while(c!=0);
getch();
return 0;
}

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OUTPUT

RESULT:

Thus the program for the exercise on lexical analysis using lex has been successfully
executed and output is verified.

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EX.NO:4
DATE:

GENERATE YACC SPECIFICATION FOR A FEW

SYNTACTIC CATEGORIES.

AIM :
To write a c program to do exercise on syntax analysis using YACC.
INTRODUCTION :
YACC (yet another compiler) is a program designed to produce designed to compile a
LALR (1) grammar and to produce the source code of the synthetically analyses of the
language produced by the grammar.

ALGORITHM :
1. Start the program.
2. Write the code for parser. l in the declaration port.
3. Write the code for the ‘y’ parser.
4. Also write the code for different arithmetical operations.
5. Write additional code to print the result of computation.
6. Execute and verify it.
7. Stop the program.
PROGRAM TO RECOGNIZE A VALID ARITHMETIC EXPRESSION THAT USES
OPERATOR +, - , * AND /.

PROGRAM:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{ char s[5];
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter any operator:");
gets(s);
switch(s[0])
{
case'>': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\n Greater than or equal");
else
printf("\n Greater than");
break;

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case'<': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\n Less than or equal");
else
printf("\nLess than");
break;
case'=': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\nEqual to");
else
printf("\nAssignment");
break;
case'!': if(s[1]=='=')
printf("\nNot Equal");
else
printf("\n Bit Not");
break;
case'&': if(s[1]=='&')
printf("\nLogical AND");
else
printf("\n Bitwise AND");
break;
case'|': if(s[1]=='|')
printf("\nLogical OR");
else
printf("\nBitwise OR");
break;
case'+': printf("\n Addition");
break;
case'-': printf("\nSubstraction");
break;
case'*': printf("\nMultiplication");
break;
case'/': printf("\nDivision");
break;
case'%': printf("Modulus");
break;
default: printf("\n Not a operator"); } getch(); }

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed
successfully and Output is verified.

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EX.NO:5
DATE:

PROGRAM TO RECOGNISE A VALID VARIABLE WHICH STARTS

WITH A LETTER FOLLOWED BY ANY NUMBER OF LETTERS OR
DIGITS
PROGRAM :

variable_test.l

%{
/* This LEX program returns the tokens for the Expression */
#include "y.tab.h"
%}
%%
"int " {return INT;}
"float" {return FLOAT;}
"double" {return DOUBLE;}
[a-zA-Z]*[0-9]*{
printf("\nIdentifier is %s",yytext);
return ID;
}
return yytext[0];
\n return 0;
int yywrap()
{
return 1;
}

variable_test.y

%{
#include
/* This YACC program is for recognising the Expression*/
%}
%token ID INT FLOAT DOUBLE
%%
D;T L
;
L:L,ID
|ID
;
T:INT
|FLOAT
|DOUBLE
;
%%
extern FILE *yyin;
main()

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{
do
{
yyparse();
}while(!feof(yyin));
}
yyerror(char*s)
{
}

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed
successfully and Output is verified.

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EX.NO.6
DATE:

IMPLEMENTATION OF CALCULATOR USING LEX AND YACC

PROGRAM:

%{

#include<stdio.h>

int op=0,i;

float a,b;

%}

dig[0-9]+|([0-9]*)"."([0-9]+)

add "+"

sub "-"

mul"*"

div "/"

pow "^"

ln \n

%%

{dig}{digi();}

{add}{op=1;}

{sub}{op=2;}

{mul}{op=3;}

{div}{op=4;}

{pow}{op=5;}

{ln}{printf("\n the result:%f\n\n",a);}

%%

digi()

if(op==0)

a=atof(yytext);

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else

b=atof(yytext);

switch(op)

case 1:a=a+b;

break;

case 2:a=a-b;

break;

case 3:a=a*b;

break;

case 4:a=a/b;

break;

case 5:for(i=a;b>1;b--)

a=a*i;

break;

op=0;

main(int argv,char *argc[])

yylex();

yywrap()

return 1;

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OUTPUT:

Lex cal.l

Cc lex.yy.c-ll

a.out

4*8

The result=32

RESULT:

Thus the program for the exercise on the syntax using YACC has been executed

Successfully and Output is verified.

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EX.NO:7
DATE:

IMPLEMENTATION OF TYPE CHECKING

AIM:

To write a C program for implementing type checking for given expression.

INTRODUCTION:

The type analysis and type checking is an important activity done in the semantic
analysis phase. The need for type checking is
1. To detect the errors arising in the expression due to incompatible operand.
2. To generate intermediate code for expressions due to incompatible operand

Role of type checker

Source parse tree Type checker parse tree Intermediate

parser
program code

ALGORITHM:

1. Start a program.
2. Include all the header files.
3. Initialize all the functions and variables.
4. Get the expression from the user and separate into the tokens.
5. After separation, specify the identifiers, operators and number.
6. Print the output.
7. Stop the program.

PROGRAM: ( TYPE CHECKING)

#include<stdio.h>
char str[50],opstr[75];
int f[2][9]={2,3,4,4,4,0,6,6,0,1,1,3,3,5,5,0,5,0};
int col,col1,col2;
char c;
swt()
{
switch(c)
{

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case'+':col=0;break;
case'-':col=1;break;
case'*':col=2;break;
case'/':col=3;break;
case'^':col=4;break;
case'(':col=5;break;
case')':col=6;break;
case'd':col=7;break;
case'$':col=8;break;
default:printf("\nTERMINAL MISSMATCH\n");
exit(1);
}
// return 0;
}
main()
{
int i=0,j=0,col1,cn,k=0;
int t1=0,foundg=0;
char temp[20];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter arithmetic expression:");
scanf("%s",&str);
while(str[i]!='\0')
i++;
str[i]='$';
str[++i]='\0';
printf("%s\n",str);
come:
i=0;
opstr[0]='$';
j=1;
c='$';
swt();
col1=col;
c=str[i];
swt();
col2=col;

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if(f[1][col1]>f[2][col2])
{
opstr[j]='>';
j++;
}
else if(f[1][col1]<f[2][col2])
{
opstr[j]='<';
j++;
}
else
{
opstr[j]='=';j++;
}

while(str[i]!='$')
{
c=str[i];
swt();
col1=col;
c=str[++i];
swt();
col2=col;
opstr[j]=str[--i];
j++;
if(f[0][col1]>f[1][col2])
{
opstr[j]='>';
j++;
}
else if(f[0][col1]<f[1][col2])
{
opstr[j]='<';
j++;
}
else
{
opstr[j]='=';j++;

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}
i++;
}
opstr[j]='$';
opstr[++j]='\0';
printf("\nPrecedence Input:%s\n",opstr);
i=0;
j=0;
while(opstr[i]!='\0')
{
foundg=0;
while(foundg!=1)
{
if(opstr[i]=='\0')goto redone;
if(opstr[i]=='>')foundg=1;
t1=i;
i++;
}
if(foundg==1)
for(i=t1;i>0;i--)
if(opstr[i]=='<')break;
if(i==0){printf("\nERROR\n");exit(1);}
cn=i;
j=0;
i=t1+1;
while(opstr[i]!='\0')
{
temp[j]=opstr[i];
j++;i++;
}
temp[j]='\0';
opstr[cn]='E';
opstr[++cn]='\0';
strcat(opstr,temp);
printf("\n%s",opstr);
i=1;
}
redone:k=0;

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while(opstr[k]!='\0')
{
k++;
if(opstr[k]=='<')
{
Printf("\nError");
exit(1);
}
}
if((opstr[0]=='$')&&(opstr[2]=='$'))goto sue;
i=1
while(opstr[i]!='\0')
{
c=opstr[i];
if(c=='+'||c=='*'||c=='/'||c=='$')
{
temp[j]=c;j++;}
i++;
}
temp[j]='\0';
strcpy(str,temp);
goto come;
sue:
printf("\n success");
return 0;
}

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OUTPUT:

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RESULT:

Thus the program has been executed successfully and Output is verified.

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EX.NO:8
DATE:

IMPLEMENT CONTROL FLOW ANALYSIS AND DATA FLOW

ANALYSIS

AIM:

To Writs a C program to implement data flow and control flow analysis.

INTRODUCTION:

➢ Data flow analysis is a technique for gathering information about the possible set of
value calculated at various points in a computer program.
➢ Control flow analysis can be represent by basic blocks. It depicts how th program
control is being passed among the blocks.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program

2. Declare the necessary variables
3. Get the choice to insert, delete and display the values in stack
4. Perform PUSH() operation
a. t = newnode()
b. Enter info to be inserted
c. Read n
d. t ->info= n
e. t ->next=top
f. top = t
g. Return
5. Perform POP() operation
a. If (top=NULL)
b. Print”underflow”
c. Return
d. X=top
e. Top=top->next
f. Delnode(x)
g. Return
6. Display the values
7. Stop the program.

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PROGRAM: (DATA FLOW AND CONTROL FLOW ANALYSIS)

#include<conio.h>
struct stack
{
int no;
struct stack *next;
}
*start=null
typedef struct stack st;
voidpush();
int pop();
voiddisplay();
voidmain()
{
char ch;
int choice, item;
do
{
clrscr();
printf(“\n1:push”);
printf(“\n2:pop”);
printf(“\n3:display”);
printf(“\n enter your choice”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case1:push();
break;
case2:item=pop();
printf(“the delete element in %d”,item);
break;
case3:display();
break;
default:printf(“\nwrong choice”);
};

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printf(“\n do you want to continue(y/n”);

fflush(stdin);
scanf(“%c”,&ch);
}

while(ch==’y’||ch==’y’);
}
Void push()
{
st*node;
node=(st*)malloc(sizeof(st));
printf(“\n enter the number to be insert”);
scanf(“%d”,&node->no);
node->next=start;
start=node;
}
intpop();
{
st*temp;
temp=start;
if(start==null)
{
printf(“stack is already empty”);
getch();
exit();
}
else
{
start=start->next;
free(temp);
}
return(temp->no);
}
void display()
{
st*temp;
temp=start;
while(temp->next!=null)
{

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printf(“\nno=%d”,temp->no);
temp=temp->next;
}
printf(“\nno=%d”,temp->no);
}

OUTPUT:

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 lOMoARcPSD|28387418

RESULT:

Thus the C program to implement data flow and control flow analysis was
executed successfully.

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 lOMoARcPSD|28387418

EX.NO: 9
DATE:
IMPLEMENT THE BACK END OF THE COMPILER
AIM:

To implement the back end of the compiler which takes the three address code and produces
the 8086 assembly language instructions that can be assembled and run using a 8086
assembler. The target assembly instructions can be simple move, add, sub, jump. Also
simple addressing modes are used.
INTRODUCTION:
A compiler is a computer program that implements a programming language specification to
“translate” programs, usually as a set of files which constitute the source code written in
source language, into their equivalent machine readable instructions(the target language, often
having a binary form known as object code). This translation process is called compilation.
BACK END:
➢ Some local optimization
➢ Register allocation
➢ Peep-hole optimization
➢ Code generation
➢ Instruction scheduling
The main phases of the back end include the following:
➢ Analysis: This is the gathering of program information from the intermediate
representation derived from the input; data-flow analysis is used to build use-define
chains, together with dependence analysis, alias analysis, pointer analysis, escape
analysis etc.
➢ Optimization: The intermediate language representation is transformed into
functionally equivalent but faster (or smaller) forms. Popular optimizations are
expansion, dead, constant, propagation, loop transformation, register allocation and
even automatic parallelization.
➢ Code generation: The transformed language is translated into the output language,
usually the native machine language of the system. This involves resource and storage
decisions, such as deciding which variables to fit into registers and memory and the
selection and scheduling of appropriate machine instructions along with their
associated modes. Debug data may also need to be generated to facilitate debugging.

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ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program

2. Open the source file and store the contents as quadruples.
3. Check for operators, in quadruples, if it is an arithmetic operator generator it or if
assignment operator generates it, else perform unary minus on register C.
4. Write the generated code into output definition of the file in outp.c
5. Print the output.
6. Stop the program.

PROGRAM: (BACK END OF THE COMPILER)

#include<stdio.h>

#include<stdio.h>

//#include<conio.h>

#include<string.h>

void main()

char icode[10][30],str[20],opr[10];

int i=0;

//clrscr();

printf("\n Enter the set of intermediate code (terminated by

exit):\n");

do

scanf("%s",icode[i]);

} while(strcmp(icode[i++],"exit")!=0);

printf("\n target code generation");

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printf("\n************************");

i=0;

do

strcpy(str,icode[i]);

switch(str[3])

case '+':

strcpy(opr,"ADD");

break;

case '-':

strcpy(opr,"SUB");

break;

case '*':

strcpy(opr,"MUL");

break;

case '/':

strcpy(opr,"DIV");

break;

printf("\n\tMov %c,R%d",str[2],i);

printf("\n\t%s%c,R%d",opr,str[4],i);

printf("\n\tMov R%d,%c",i,str[0]);

}while(strcmp(icode[++i],"exit")!=0);

//getch();

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the program was implemented to the TAC has been successfully executed.

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 lOMoARcPSD|28387418

EX.NO:10
DATE:

IMPLEMENTATION OF SIMPLE CODE OPTIMIZATION

TECHNIQUES
AIM:

To write a C program to implement simple code optimization technique.

INTRODUCTION:

Optimization is a program transformation technique, which tries to improve the code by

making it consume less resource (i.e. CPU, memory) and deliver high speed.

In optimization, high-level general programming constructs are replaced by very efficient low
level programming codes. A code optimizing process must follow the three rules given
below:

The output code must not, in any way, change the meaning of the program.

➢ Optimization should increases the speed of the program and if possible, the program
should demand less number of resources.
➢ Optimization should itself be fast and fast and should not delay the overall compiling
process.

Efforts for an optimized code can be made at various levels of compiling the process.

➢ At the beginning, users can change/rearrange the code or use better algorithms to write
the code.
➢ After generating intermediate code, the compiler can modify the intermediate code by
address calculations and improving loops.
➢ While producing the target machine code, the compiler can make use of memory
hierarchy and cpu registers.

Optimization can be categorized broadly into two types: Machine independent and Machine
dependent.

Machine independent optimization

In this optimization, the compiler takes in the intermediate code and transforms a part of the
code that does not involve any CPU registers and/or absolute memory locations.

For Example:

do

{
item=10;

value=value+item;

}while(value<100);

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This code involves repeated assignment of the identifier item, which if we put this way:

item=10;

do

value=value+item;

}while(value<100);

Should not only save the cpu cycles, but can be used on any processor.

Machine dependent optimization

Machine dependent optimization is done after the target code has been generated and when
the code is transformed according to the target machine architecture. It involves CPU registers
and may have absolute memory references rather than relative references. Machine-
dependent optimizers put efforts to take maximum advantage of memory hierarchy.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the program

2. Declare the variables and functions.
3. Enter the expressionand state it in the variable a, b, c.
4. Calculate the variables b & c with ‘temp’ and store it in f1 and f2.
5. If(f1=null && f2=null) then expression could not be optimized.
6. Print the results.
7. Stop the program.

PROGRAM: (SIMPLE CODE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE)

Before:

Using for :

#include<iostream.h>

#include <conio.h>

int main()

int i, n;

int fact=1;

cout<<"\nEnter a number: ";

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cin>>n;

for(i=n;i>=1;i--)

fact=fact *i;

cout<<"The factoral value is: "<<fact;

getch();

return 0;

OUTPUT:

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After: (SIMPLE CODE OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE)

Using do-while:

#include<iostream.h>

#include<conio.h>
void main()

clrscr();
int n,f;

f=1;

cout<<"Enter the number:\n";

cin>>n;

do

f=f*n;

n--;

}while(n>0);

cout<<"The factorial value is:"<<f;

getch();

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the Simple Code optimization technique is successfully executed

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