Relay and HV lab manual

Dr. AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

NEAR JNANABHARATHI CAMPUS, MALLATHAHALLY
BANGALORE – 560056
AFFILIATED TO VTU, BELGAUM

Relay and High Voltage Engineering Laboratory

FOR

Undergraduate Course

VII SEMESTER E & E

AS PER AUTONOMOUS SYLLABUS
Compiled by: Dr.Eranna and Dr.S.Vasudevamurthy, Department of EEE

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CONTENTS

Sl.No Description Page Nos

.

1 Vision Statement 3

2 Mission Statement 3

3 Programme Educational Objectives 3

4 Programme Specific Outcomes 3

5 Programme Outcomes 4

6 Course Objectives 5

7 List of Experiments 6 - 60

8 CO-PO and PSO Mapping. 61

9 References and Web links 62

10 Viva Voce questions 63

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VISION

Develop Electrical Engineers who have the ability and passion to work wisely, creatively
and effectively for the betterment of human kind.

MISSION

The mission of the Department is to

 Impart technical knowledge, practical skills, leadership qualities, team spirit and
ethical values.
 Motivate to combine the rigor of science, the power of engineering and thrill of
learning.
 Inspire students to be the knowledge seekers, novel solution providers to challenges.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

 PEO 1: To utilize the knowledge of Science and Engineering for problem

identification, investigation, analysis, design and solution.
 PEO 2: To inculcate leadership quality, team spirit, ethical principles and effective
communication.
 PEO 3: To exhibit professionalism, commitment towards society, environment and
adapt to technological changes.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

 PSO1 Apply knowledge of Mathematics & Science to identify, analyse,

interpret, formulate and investigate engineering problems in circuits, controls, power
systems, high voltage, power electronics & drives.
 PSO2 Utilize modern tools for design, simulation and analysis to engage in
lifelong learning for successful implementation in multidisciplinary environment.
 PSO3 Resolve ethically and professionally electrical and electronics
engineering problems in societal and environmental context and communicate
effectively by exhibiting project management skills.

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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
 PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
 PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
 PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs
with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,
societal, and environmental considerations.
 PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: The problems
 that cannot be solved by straightforward application of knowledge, theories and
techniques applicable to the engineering discipline.
 that may not have a unique solution. For example, a design problem can be
solved in many ways and lead to multiple possible solutions.
 that require consideration of appropriate constraints/requirements not explicitly
given in the problem statement. (like: cost, power requirement, durability,
product life, etc.) which need to be defined (modeled) within appropriate
mathematical framework.
 that often require use of modern computational concepts and tools.

 PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources,
and modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
 PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
 PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
 PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice.
 PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a
member or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
 PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities
with the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
 PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
the engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.

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 PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Course objectives:

1 To study the characteristics of various protection devices.

2 To analyze the flashover characteristics of air insulation subjected to HV AC

under uniform and non uniform field configuration.

3 To analyze the flashover characteristics of air insulation subjected to HV DC

under uniform and non uniform field configuration.

4 To study the field distribution in the conductor dielectric medium.

5 To study the generation of standard lightning impulse voltage wave

experimentally and to evaluate the front and tail times of the wave.

Course outcomes: Students will be able to

CO1: Present their knowledge for protection of various power system components.

CO2: Analyze the flashover characteristics of air insulation subjected to HV AC

under uniform and non - uniform field configurations.

CO3: Analyze the flashover characteristics of air insulation subjected to HV DC

under uniform and non uniform field configurations.

CO4: To analyze the field distribution in the dielectric medium through field
plotting.

CO5: To generate standard lightning impulse voltage wave experimentally and to

evaluate the front and tail times of the wave.

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SUBJECT TITLE : RELAY AND HIGH VOLTAGE LABORATORY

Subject Code: EEL75 No. of Credits : 1 No. of lecture hours/week : 2

Exam Duration : 3 CIE+SEE : 50:50 Total No. of lecture hours: 26

Expt. Experiments Blooms

No. No. of Taxonomy
Hours Level
1 Characteristics of Non-Directional Electro-Mechanical Type 2 L2-L3
Over Current Relay.

2 Characteristics of Fuses. 2 L2-L3

3 Break Down Strength uf Transformer Oil. 2 L1-L3

4 Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank. 2 L2-L3

5 Flash Over Characteristics of Air Insulation Subjected To HV 2 L1-L3

AC under Uniform And Nonuniform Field Conditions.

6 Flash Over Characteristics of Air Insulation Subjected To HV 2 L1-L3

DC under Uniform And Nonuniform Field Conditions.

7 3-Φ Induction Motor Protection using Simulation 2 L1-L3

Study Kit
8 Microprocessor based Over Voltage Relay 2 L2-L3

9 Numerical Over current Relay 2 L2-L3

10 Non Directional Electromechanical Type Over-voltage Relay 2 L1-L2

11 Measurement of HVAC using Sphere Gap Method 2 L2-L3

13 Measurement of HVDC Using Sphere Gap Method 2 L2-L3

14 (a) To determine 50% probability flashover voltage for air 2 L2-L3

insulation subjected to impulse voltage.
(b) Generation of standard lightning impulse voltage and to
determine efficiency and energy of impulse generator.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Department Lab Manual.
Web Link: Virtual High Voltage Lab

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Expt. No. 1: Characteristics of Non-Directional Electro-Mechanical Type

Over Current Relay

Aim: To study the operation of a non-directional electro-mechanical type over current relay
and hence to obtain it’s inverse definite minimum time characteristics.

Apparatus Required: One non directional over current relay, one auto-transformer, one (0-
5A) amps and one (0-25/50A) A.C ammeters, stop watch, one (10x4)Ω rheostat, SPST switch
and connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram:

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Details of the Relay:

1. Current rating- 5A
2. Setting range- 50-200% adjustable in seven equal steps of 10%
3. Starting current- 105-110% of current setting
4. Closing current- 120-130% current setting
5. Resetting currents- the disc will completely reset at 90% or more of the current
setting.
6. Thermal ratings- the relay will withstand twice the setting current continuously and
twenty times the maximum setting current for 3 seconds.
7. Auxiliary unit and operation indicator- auxiliary volts 220V DC.
8. Accuracy – The relay conforms to error class index 7.5 as per I.S.3231:1965
9. Application- This inverse time over current relay with a definite minimum time lag
is used for protection against phase and earth faults.

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the diagram.

2. Using the plug provided on the plug board of the relay, a plug setting current of 2.5
Amps and by rotating the knurled Bakelite disc mounted at the top of the relay
frame, a time multiplier setting (TMS) of 1.0 is set.
3. With the auto transformer at minimum position and the SPST and CT secondary
switch closed, both the supply switches are closed. The C.T secondary switch S is
kept closed throughout the experiment.
4. Now using the auto transformer and (10x4) Ω rheostat the (0-5) A ammeter is made
to indicate 0.65Amps which corresponds to the relay current of 0.65X5=3.25 Amps
(2.5x1.3) Amps.
5. The SPST switch is then closed, CT secondary switch is opened and simultaneously
the stop watch is started.
6. The operating time of the relay is found by stopping the stop watch when the relay
trips. This is indicated by glowing of the lamp and the operation of the indicator
flag provided at the top right corner of the relay.
7. The SPST switch is opened immediately after the relay trips and the indicator flag
is reset manually.
8. The experiment is repeated as explained in steps 4 to 7 for increased relay currents
as given in the tabular column.
9. The procedure explained in steps 4 to 8 is then repeated for plug setting of
3.75Amps and 5Amps respectively.
10. The time multiplier setting is now set at 0.8 and the experiment is repeated as
explained in steps 4 to 9.

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11. The time multiplier setting is then set at 0.6 and the experiment is repeated as
explained in steps 4 to 9.

The operating time for various plug setting and time multiplier setting are entered in the tabular
column as shown.

Tabular Column:

Plug setting: 2.5A

TMS =1.0 TMS = 0.8 TMS = 0.6

sl.no
Relay current, Operating Relay current, Operating Relay current, Operating
A time, sec A time, sec A time, sec

Plug setting: 3.75A

TMS = 1.0 TMS = 0.8 TMS = 0.6

Sl. No Relay current, Operating Relay current, Operating Relay current, Operating
A time, sec A time, sec A time, sec

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Plug setting: 5Amps

TMS = 1.0 TMS = 0.8 TMS = 0.6

Sl. Relay current, operating time, relay current, operating relay operating
No A sec A time, sec current(A) time, sec

NOTE:

1. As the relay currents are set with the SPST switch open, they will be less than
the set value when the switch is closed. Care should be taken to see that the relay
currents given in the tabular column are the currents when the switch is closed.
2. The auxiliary unit provided not only operates the operation indicator, but also reinforce
the main contacts as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Suitable tapping’s on the CT are to be selected depending upon the relay currents
required.

Graphs:

1. A graph of operating time v/s relay current for any one plug setting current (say 2.5A)
is drawn as shown in fig (a).
2. A common graph of operating time v/s multiples of plug setting current is drawn as
shown in fig (b). it can seen that for a given TMS, the operating time v/s multiples of
plug setting current characteristics is same irrespective of the plug setting.

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3. Determination of ‘Pick Up Current’ And ‘Resetting Current’:

The pick-up current of the relay which is defined as the current which is the threshold
value above which the relay will close its contact is determined as explained below.

1. With the plug setting set at the rated tap of 5 Amps and T.S.M = 1.0 is set.
2. With the auto transformer at the minimum position and SPST switch closed, both the
supply switches are closed.
3. Now, using the auto transformer the relay current is increased below 5 Amps such that
the disc starts rotating and the relay current is reduced to such a value that the disc
becomes stationary when the moving contact on the disc is close to the fixed contact.
4. The relay current is again increased slowly till the disc starts rotating. The minimum
relay current required for the closure of the contacts is noted as the pick-up current.

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The resetting current of the relay which is defined as the current which is the threshold

value below which the relay will open its contacts and return to normal position and is

determined as explained below.

1. Using the auto- transformer, the relay current is increased beyond 5 Amps such that
relay contacts just close.
2. The relay current is now reduced to such a value that the relay contacts not only open
but also, the disc traverses back to its normal position. The current is noted as ‘resetting
current’.
Pick- up current of the relay =………………………Amps
Resetting current of the relay =…………………...Amps

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Expt. No.2: Characteristics of Fuses

Aim: To obtain the characteristics of the fuse wires and hence to determine the fusing factor
and fuse constants.

Apparatus required: Auto transformer, 0-10/20A A.C ammeter, 18Ω rheostat, loading
rheostat, stop watch, fuse mounting board with fuse enclosure, SPST switch, fuse wires of
different capacities and connecting wires.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the figure. A fuse wire of current rating 3A
is fixed onto the fuse board. While fixing the fuse wire, the terminals are so selected
that the length of the fuse wire is 6cm. the fuse wire is then covered using the
enclosure.
2. With the SPST switch closed and 18Ω rheostat in cut in position the supply switch
is closed.
3. By using the auto transformer and loading rheostat a current about 10% more than
the current rating of the fuse wire is passed through the circuit.
4. Now, the SPST switch is opened and at the same instant, the stop watch is started.
The time taken for the fuse to blowout is noted. If the fuse wire blows, then the
above procedure is repeated with a slightly lesser current. If the fuse does not
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blowout, the above procedure is repeated with a slightly higher current. This way,
the minimum fusing current required to cause blowing of the fuse and also the
corresponding melting time are found. This is entered as the first reading in the
tabular column.
5. The current is now increased in steps, using the auto transformer, loading rheostat
and the SPST switch. At each step, the melting time is found using the stop watch.
The SPST switch is closed.
6. The procedure given in steps 3, 4 and 5 are repeated for the same fuse wire but for
the length of 9 cm.
7. The procedure given in steps 3, 4, 5 and 6 are now repeated for fuse wire of ratings
5A and 10A respectively.

Note: While finding the melting time for different fusing currents in case of 10A fuse wire,
care should be taken to see that the rheostats do not carry currents more than their rated
value that is 12A.

Tabular column:

Fuse Sl.No 30 mm 40 mm
rating
Fusing Melting time, Fusing current, Melting time,
current, A sec A sec

3A

5A

10A

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Note:

1. The fuse wire should always be covered using the enclosure before finding the melting
time.
2. Whenever the SPST switch is opened to pass the current through the fuse wire, the
current through the fuse wire will be less than the set current due to increase in the
resistance of the path considerably. Therefore, the fusing current is the current that
would be passing through the fuse wire just before it blows and not the set current.

To find the constant ‘K’:

From the above tabular column, another tabular column which gives the minimum current for
different fuse wires is prepared as given below.

Sl.No Fuse SWG Fuse Fuse Min Fuse Melting loged logeI
rating,A diameter, length, current, time (sec)
(d) mm cm A

1 3 38 0.1524
2 5 35 0.2133
3 10 29 0.3454

While preparing the above table, care should be taken to see that the minimum fusing
currents corresponds to the same length fuse wire (say 40 mm) and have approximately the
same melting time (say 30sec). the minimum fusing current according Schwartz and James, is
“The maximum current to fuse the wire in such a time interval as shall be necessary for the
wire to have attained its steady temperature”.

For a round wire, the approximate value of fusing current is given by I=Kd n where ‘K’ is
constant depending upon the metal of the fuse wire, ‘d’ is the diameter of the wire in mm and
‘n’ is called preece’s constant (≈ 3/2). Taking logarithms on both the sides of the above
equation,

logeI= logek +n loged

Therefore, if a graph of logeI v/s loged is drawn as shown, the interception on Y-axis will
give ‘logek’ from which the constant ‘k’ can be found. As the preece’s constant is known and is
approximately is 3/2 the slope tanѲ=n≈3/2. Hence the scale on x and y-axis should be so
chosen that the slope is -3/2 i.e. Ѳ= tan−1 3 /2= 630.

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Graphs:

Graph of fusing current v/s fuse diameter and another graph of fuse melting time v/s fusing
current are as shown. It can be seen that the characteristics are inverse type that is time of
operation is inversely proportional to fusing current.

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Fusing factor:

Fusing factor of a fuse can be determined from the time-current characteristic of the fuse. This
characteristic defines the operating time as a function of the fusing current. Fig (c) shows such
characteristics for a fuse of different current ratings. It may be seen that the characteristic are
inverse type, i.e. the time of operation is inversely proportional to the fusing current. The
maximum fusing current is the asymptotic value of the time current curve. For example the
minimum fusing current of a 60 A fuse is 100A and therefore, the fusing factor is 100/60=1.66

Therefore,

minimum fusing current

Fusing factor =
rated current

The fusing factor for the given fuse wires of 3A,5A and 10A rating are calculated for the same
length (say 40 cm).

Result:

‘K’ for the given fuse wire is =

Fusing factor for

1. 3A fuse wire =
2. 5A fuse wire =
3. 10A fuse wire =

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Expt. No.3: Break Down Strength of Transformer Oil

Aim: To determine the breakdown strength of transformer oil as per Indian standards
specification.

Apparatus required: One transformer oil testing kit, one oil test cell, two 500ml glass
containers, one glass rod, about 500ml of transformer oil.

Description of the test set: The test set, which operates on 230V, 50Hz supply has mainly two
transformers. One is a torroidal wound autotransformer used to apply steeples continuously
variable voltage to the other H.T. transformer. The H.T. transformer operates at low flux
density ensuring distortions free output voltage. It is a 60KV, 0.5KVA capacity transformer. It
is so designed that the short circuit current of the secondary is more than 20mA at all voltages
above 10KV. The maximum short circuit current does not exceed 200mA thus preventing the
unnecessary pitting of the electrodes. The test set consists of an over-load relay which trips and
disconnects the H.T. transformer when the breakdown occurs across the gaps. The oil or the
insulating material to be tested has to be put up in the cells only after removing a plastic
enclosure provided. When the enclosure is removed, it actuates a micro-switch shutting off the
supply to the unit. A zero return interlock arrangement makes it obligatory to bring the H.T.
voltage after every breakdown test. The panel board of the test consists of a voltage control
knob. A moving iron voltmeter to indicate the voltage applied in KV, three indicator lamps to
indicate mains ‘ON’, H.T. ‘ON’ and H.T. ‘OFF’. It also consists of mains switch, a H.T. ‘ON’
switch and a H.T. ‘OFF’ switch.

Test cell for transformer oil:

As per IS 6792/1972, the test cell and the electrodes should be as follows:

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Preparation of the sample: The IS 6792/1972 states as under

1. The sampling vessel containing the test oil shall be gently agitated and turned over
several times in such a way as, to ensure as far as possible. A homogeneous distribution
of the impurities contained in the oil without causing the formation of air bubbles.
2. Immediately before use, the cell shall be cleaned by rising with the test oil before
proceeding to final filling.
3. Immediately after this, the sample should be poured down into the test cell, slowly in
order to avoid air bubbles forming (a clean glass rod may be used).
4. The oil temperature at the time of test shall be same as that of the ambient air,
preferably in the neighborhood of 27 degree Celsius and noted.

Precautions during sampling: BS-148/1972 suggests the following precautions necessary for
sampling:

1. The utmost care should be taken to avoid contamination of the samples with traces of
external impurities such as dust and moisture.
2. The hands of the sampler should not come into contact with the sample.
3. Test should not be carried out on the sample unit it is at least as warm as the
surrounding air.
4. Only glass sample containers should be used.
5. Cotton waste or the fibrous material should not be used to wipe containers or test cell.

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Testing of Transformer Oil:

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. The leads for the H.T transformer are connected to electrodes and the plastic chamber
is closed.
2. The mains cord is then connected to the 230V a.c supply and the toggle switch on the
panel is put in ‘ON’ position. The ‘MAINS ON’ as well as ‘H.T OFF’ indicator lamps
light up.
3. The ‘H.T START’ button is then pressed and the voltage control knob is turned in full
anticlockwise direction. This will result in the excitation of the primary of the H.T.
transformer. Make sure that ‘H.T OFF’ lamp goes off and ‘H.T ON’ lamps light up.
4. The voltage drop knob is then advanced in clockwise direction slowly, the rate of
increase of the voltage is uniform and equal to approximately 2KV/sec. this
corresponds to an approximate speed of half minute for the full turn.
5. The voltage knob is advanced till the breakdown occurs, watching the voltmeter
throughout. Immediately after the breakdown, the ‘H.T ON’ lamp goes off and ‘H.T
OFF’ lamp lights up.
6. The above test is carried out again five times on the same cell fitting.

The first application of the voltage is made as quickly as possible after the cell has been filled
provided there are no longer any air bubbles in the oil. After each breakdown, the oil is gently
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stirred between the electrodes by means of a clean dry glass rod, avoiding as far as possible of
air bubbles. For the subsequent five tests, it is necessary to wait for five minutes before a new
breakdown test is started. The electric strength of the oil is in the arithmetic mean of the six
results which have been obtained and tabulated as shown.

Tabular Column:

Test Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6
No
Break
Down
voltage

Therefore,

Breakdown strength =

=……………………kV/cm.

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Expt. No.4: Field mapping using electrolytic tank

Aim:

1. To plot the equipotential points and hence field lines for the given co-axial cable
model.
2. To determine the capacitance of the given co-axial cable model.
3. To determine the voltage gradient.

Apparatus Required:
One electrolytic tank with pantograph arrangement, one isolating transformer, 1φ
autotransformer, one drawing sheet, pencil, eraser and the given co-axial cable model.
Introduction: A measure of the electric stress of a dielectric is the electric field strength, the
determination of which is therefore an important task in high voltage technology. A
mathematical solution is possible only in cases of simple arrangements, but for more
complicated arrangements met with in practice; a solution can be obtained by plotting the
potential distribution in an electrolytic tank. Conduction of current in an electrolytic tank is
used as an analogue in high voltage dielectrics. The electrolytic tank is used for plotting the
equipotential lines and from these electric strength at any point can be determined.
For equipotential plots, the model is so constructed that they have the same shape and
position as those in the original structure. The most convenient electrolyte used in the
electrolytic tank is the ordinary tap water for most of the problems. For the two-dimensional
field model (one in which the conductor configuration can be shown by a single cross section,
all cross section parallel to it being same). With more than one dielectric, shallow tanks are
used where different dielectric constants are stimulated by different heights of electrolyte.
Three dimensional fields with circular symmetry can be readily stimulated in wedge shape tank
(sloping bottom). To obtain equipotential lines of low voltage (about 10V) at 50Hz is applied
across the electrodes. D.C voltage gives rise to much polarizing at the electrodes, which is a
source of error. Polarization is greatly reduced when ac is used.

While plotting the field lines the following points must be remembered:

1. The field lines leave and enter the electrodes at right angles, because cannot be voltage
drop and therefore no current flow, along an electrode. Near a corner in an electrode
surface, a field line bisects the included angle.

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2. Field lines are perpendicular to the equipotential lines (because there is no voltage drop
along an equipotential and therefore can be no component of field line along it).
3. In a uniform field, the potential varies linearly with distance.
4. All meshes (called a filed cell) formed by two field lines and two equipotential have the
same shape or ratio of length to width equal to the mesh factor `a’ and all are squares or
curvilinear squares (Refer fig. A). But curvilinear square is meant an area that tends to
yield true squares as it is subdivided into smaller areas by successive halving of the
equipotential internal and the flux per tube.

Fig a, shows the cross section of two sheet conductors with completed map.
Fig b, three dimensional view of a field cell.

5. The field cells are obtained in the uniform field region.

6. It can be shown that, for a two dimensional field with one dielectric, if
a. lf = distance along field lines
b. le = distance along equipotential lines
c. nf= number of flux tubes corresponding to cells in parallel
d. ne= number of equipotential spaces corresponding to cells in series
e. c0= capacitance per unit depth of a field cell
f. d= depth of the field cell i.e. the depth of the electrodes
g. a= mesh factor (lf/ le)
h. The total capacitance per unit length (into the plane of the diagram) is given by,
nf є0 єr
i. C=C0* = *(nf/ne) = є0 єr (le/ lf) (nf/ne) Farads/meter
ne a
7. The capacitance of any field is same.

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Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. The given co-axial cable model mounted on the non-conducting base is placed
inside the electrolytic tank taking care to see that the model as well as the surface
inside the tank are clean and free of dust. If the water in the tank is not clean, then
this water is drained out using the tap water provided in tank and the inside surface
of the tank is cleaned.
2. Clean water is then added into the tank up to the tip of the given co-axial cable
model.
3. Using the pantograph arrangement, the probe is moved along the surface of the
water to ensure that the water surface is perfectly horizontal. The leveling screws at
the base of the tank can be used to obtain perfectly horizontal position the tank.
4. The drawing sheet is now placed on the glass plate of the tank. Care must be taken
in doing this and ensuring that the sheet is well anchored. A small undetected slide
of the sheet during the plot will give an incorrect plot.

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5. The trace of the electrodes `X’ and `Y’ (shown in fig. b) is then obtained on the
sheet, placed above the glass plate, by moving the probe along the electrode
surfaces.
6. The electrical connections are then made as shown in the circuit diagram and a
small voltage of 10 volts (with the probe touching the electrode `X’) is applied to
the electrodes using the auto-transformer.
7. Guiding the probe along a circle corresponding to 2 volts from the reference
electrode `Y’ and using the DVM, the equipotential line corresponding to 2 volts is
obtained. Alternatively, various points which are at 2 volts with respect to the
reference electrode ‘Y’ are first marked using the probe and the DVM. The
equipotential line is then obtained by joining smoothly all these points.
8. The equipotential lines corresponding to voltages of 4V, 6V and 8V with respect to
the reference electrode ‘Y’ are similarly plotted.

Calculations:
Details of the model:
A single core co-axial cable with an inner conductor having a diameter of 3.5cms. The
outer conductor having an inside diameter of 19cms. The insulation is paper with
permittivity єr = 3.

After obtaining a family of equipotential lines on the drawing sheet, the electrode X
and Y are divided into few parts (say 12) and the field lines are drawn as shown.

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Alternatively, field lines are drawn by drawing straight lines passing through the center
in such a way that the angle subtended by the two neighboring field lines is 30 0 . As this
is the case of cylindrical geometry having an axis of symmetry the equipotential lines
and field lines drawn will be such that the mesh factor ‘a’= (l f/ le) will be the same for
all the fields cells. Measuring the length l e and lf of any of the field cells, the total
capacitance per meter length of the cable is calculated using the equation.
C= є0 єr (le/ lf) (nf/ne) F/m
Where, nf= 12, ne= 5 and єr= 3
The capacitance calculated above can be verified using the well known equation for
the capacitance of co-axial cable given by
єr
C=24.2 * pF/m where b=9.5cm and a=1.75cm
log ⁡¿ ¿
Electric stress:
It can be seen from the field map that the voltage gradient is not uniform and is
maximum near the conductor. The maximum stress can be found by considering the
field cell close to the conductor.

dv
∴ Max stress Emax= = (2/lf )v/mm
dx
Where, lf is measured is mm between 10V and 8V lines. From this the max stress under
normal working voltage can be found. Also, the max operating voltage can be found for
a given dielectric whose dielectric strength is known.

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Expt. No.5: Flash over Characteristics of Air Insulation Subjected to HVAC under

1. Uniform electric field configuration

2. Non uniform electric field configuration

Aim: To study the behavior of plane – plane and point – plane electrodes for measurement of
HVAC voltages.

Apparatus required: The given HV test set consists of 1Φ, 230V/30KV and 10mA
transformer, control panel for test set, a sphere-gap(15cm diameter) arrangement with vertical
axis, a current limiting resistor, plane- plane and point-plane electrodes, earthing rod, gauges of
different thickness, barometer, thermometer, one multimeter and IS 1876-1961 book.

Circuit diagram:

To study the behavior of different electrode configurations:

Procedure:

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The HV terminal of the transformer is connected to one of the two plane electrode. The other
plane electrode is grounded.

1. Using the operating gear and the graduated scale provided on the supporting frame, a
gap distance of 20mm is set between the flat surfaces of the plane - plane electrodes
taking care to see that axis of both electrodes are same.
2. The main switch in the control unit is switched ‘ON’.
3. With the dimmerstat at zero position, the ‘HV ON’ button is then pressed and the ‘HV
ON’ indicator lamp glows.
4. By varying the knob of dimmerstat slowly, the AC voltage is applied to the HV
terminal of the electrode and it is increased till the spark over occurs. In the event of
spark over, the supply to the electrode is cut off. The fault indicator lamp will glow and
all the meters indicate zero values.
5. The memory push on button is then pressed and the AC spark over voltage ‘V in’ (RMS)
shown by the HVAC voltmeter connected on the HV side of the transformer but
calibrated for secondary voltage is noted.
6. The mains switch is then switched off and the fault reset button is pressed and also all
the HV points in the circuit is grounded using the earthing rod.
7. The procedure given is noted in the each case. The average value of the five readings
Vin(RMS) is entered in the tabular column.
8. The above procedure is repeated for the different gap spacing.

Point- plane electrode:

The ungrounded plane electrode connected to the Hv side of transformer is now

replaced by a point electrode and the experiment as explained for plane-plane electrode
is repeated for different gap spacing.

Tabular column:

Gap Vin (RMS), kV Mean Vin V at RTP, % Error

BDV,
Spacing 1 2 3 4 5 kV (peak), kV
kV
(mm)

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Graph:

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Expt. No.6: Flash over Characteristics of Air Insulation Subjected to HVDC in air under

1. Uniform electric field configuration

2. Non uniform electric field configuration

Aim: To study the behavior of plane – plane and point – plane electrodes for measurement of
HVDC voltages of positive and negative polarities.

Apparatus required: The given HV test set consists of 1Φ, 230V/30KV and 10mA
transformer, control panel for test set, a sphere-gap(15cm diameter) arrangement with vertical
axis, a current limiting resistor, plane- plane and point-plane electrodes, earthing rod, gauges of
different thickness, barometer, thermometer, one multimeter and IS 1876-1961 book.

Circuit diagram:

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To study the behavior of different electrode configurations:

Procedure:

Plane-Plane electrodes:

1. The HVDC output of rectifier unit which was connected to electrode is now connected
to one of the two plane electrode. The other plane electrode is grounded.
2. Using the operating gear and the graduated scale provided on the supporting frame, a
gap distance of 5mm is set between the flat surfaces of the plane - plane electrodes
taking care to see that axis of both electrodes are same.
3. The voltage is increased with DC positive polarity, the flash over occurs and that
voltage is tabulated.
4. After a minute gap four more trails are conducted and the values are tabulated.
5. The same procedure is repeated for different gap spacing.

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Point- plane electrode:

The ungrounded plane electrode connected to the HV side of transformer is now

replaced by a point electrode and the experiment as explained for plane-plane electrode
is repeated for different gap spacing.

HVDC Negative Polarity:

Plane-Plane electrodes:

1. The HVDC output of rectifier unit which was connected to electrode is now connected
in the reverse direction to get negative polarity DC voltage.
2. Using the operating gear and the graduated scale provided on the supporting frame, a
gap distance of 20mm is set between the flat surfaces of the plane - plane electrodes
taking care to see that axis of both electrodes are same.
3. With the polarity switch in the control unit, push it to the negative side indicated on the
unit and then the MAIN switch in the control unit is switched ON.
4. The voltage is increased till flashover occurs and that voltage is tabulated.
5. After a minute gap four more trails are conducted and the values are tabulated.
6. The same procedure is repeated for different gap spacing.

Point- plane electrode:

The ungrounded plane electrode is connected to the HV side of transformer is now

replaced by a point electrode and the experiment as explained for plane-plane electrode
is repeated for different gap spacing.

Tabular column:

Plane-Plane electrodes

Gap Vin, kV Mean Voltage

gradient,
Spacing, 1 2 3 4 5 Vin, kV
kV/Cm
mm

Positive 10

polarity 15

20

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10

Negative 15
polarity
20

Point- plane electrode:

Gap Vin, kV Mean Voltage

gradient,
Spacing, 1 2 3 4 5 Vin
kV/Cm
mm

Positive 10

polarity 15

20

10

Negative 15
polarity
20

Graphs:

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Expt. No 7: 3-Φ Induction Motor Protection

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Circuit diagram:

Pre-test observations and settings:

1. Set-up the experiment as shown in the power circuit diagram, with all the switches
under off condition.
2. Measure the input voltage at the source terminals and ensure clean power supply
A.C 3φ 415V/50Hz.
3. Switch ON the 3φ power supply at the source and MCB with power ON indication.
4. Observe ‘O’ display in the voltmeter and ammeter and the LED display in the
motor protection relay, minor error if any after decimal may be neglected.

Settings of motor protection relay:

The four types of settings done on the ‘Motor Protection Relay’ are:
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 Over current setting(O.C)

 Delay time setting(D.T)
 Operating time setting(O.T)
 Alert setting
i. Over current setting: (50%-200%) of full load current
The current setting should be set for 50% to 200% of full load current.
Eg. Taking a 3HP IM into considerations, we get a F.L current of ≈3.5 amps.

3∗0.746∗1000
Full load current= ≈ 3.5 amps
1.732∗415

Now if we take 50% - 200% of If1 (3.5 amps) as O.C settings, then the current range would
come up to 1.75-7 amps. But since motor protection simulation study unit is used for
demonstration application, in order to avoid the destruction of the loading equipment, as a
precautionary measure, O.C setting may be conducted from 50% to 100% of F.L current.

Example: consider a 3HP Induction motor

We know that full load current If1=3.5 amps
Now 50% of full load current (3.5A) i.e 1.5A may be
assumed as full load current.
Hence relay setting for O.C= 1.5*4 (C.T ratio) = 6A
Similarly for 2A= 2*4 = 8A
2.5A=2.5*4 =10A
3A = 3*4 =12A
Therefore, the relay setting for O.C would range from 6A-12A.

ii. Delay time setting:

As a behavior of IM during the initial conditions there is a sudden inrush of current, lasting
for a short duration (5-10s). The magnitude of this current will be four times the normal
operating current. The relay should be insensible to this current and avoid tripping hence
the delay time setting is set for 5-10s.
iii. Operating time:
The induction motor when subjected to intermittent loads which lasts for a short
duration of time (5-10s), the motor protection relay should be insensible and avoid
tripping. Therefore, the operating time of the relay should be set in the range of 5-10s.
iv. Alert setting:
As a precautionary measure for the operating person while working on
Over-current/Overload tests, it is necessary to set 75-100% of full load current.

Procedure:
Over current protection:

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1. Connect the 3 phase supply to the input terminals and a 3HP, 3.5A IM at the output
terminals.
2. Check for the settings on the motor protection relay.
3. Now switch ON the power supply and MCB and ensure that all meters are
energized with clean power supply.
4. Switch ON the CB and wait for the appropriate displays.
5. As the current exceeds the OC setting i.e. 50-100% of the load, the trip indicator
glows.
6. The relay trips and indicates as ‘O-current’ in the LED display.
7. Note down the meter readings.

Phase Loss Protection/Phase Failure:

1. Ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. For a phase failure, remove the fuse (F1/F2/F3 on the kit) of one of the phases.
3. Now switch ON the power supply with the induction motor connected at the output
terminals.
4. As you switch ON the C.B the trip indicator glows and the relay trips, with a Led
display ‘PL’.
5. The operating time of the relay would approximately be within 4 sec.
Phase Reverse protection:
1. Ensure that the power supply is OFF.
2. Reverse the terminals of any two phases, and switch on the supply.
3. Now switch ON the CB.
4. The trip indicator glows and the relay trips after an operating time of approximately
0.1sec.
5. The LED displays ‘RP’.
Locked Rotor Protection:
Settings:
For Locked Rotor Protection, set the current of the motor protection relay to
5amps (i.e. 1.25*4=5amps), where 4 is the CT ratio and load the motor
equivalent to 300% of 1.25amps which is equal to 3.75ampsxCt
ratio=3.75ampsx4=15amos in the motor protection relay.
Where, 1.25A is the assumed Locked Rotor current for a 3HP I.M.
1. Switch on the power supply and MCB
2. Switch on the C.B
3. Block the rotor by manually holding the rotor/load the motor equivalent the load
current 3amps
4. As the current reaches the set value, the trip after the set delay time.
5. The LED displays ‘L- current’
Phase Unbalanced:
1. Ensure that the supply is OFF, and connect the output terminals to a lamp load.

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2. Now switch ON the power supply and ensure clean power supply.
3. Switch ON the C.B
4. Ensure that the phase currents in all the phase are balanced by observing the LED
display
5. Now increase the loading at the output terminals at one of the phases, by switching
on the lamps hence creating an unbalance.
6. In case of over 50% of current difference between the phases, the relay operates
approximately after 8 seconds, and the Led displays ‘U-current’.

Note: The unbalanced can be created either by reducing the voltage of one of the phases or
reducing the load current in one of the phase of star connected resistive or lamp load.

Motor Protection

The following abnormal conditions existing in a motor necessitates the usage of motor
protection relay.

 Over loading
 Single phasing
 Voltage unbalanced
 Reversed phase sequence
 Under voltage

These abnormalities are explained as follows:

Over loading:
The load on the induction motor is a mechanical load. Increase in mechanical load
will decrease the speed of the motor and hence slip will increase. Reference to equation
(8.6) shows that I2 the rotor current, will increase as slip increases. The stator current, I 1
will consequently increase as is clear for fig 8.1(a). For a given load the value of slip, I 2
and I1 can be determined. With the rated load the rated stator current I 1 will flow
through the stator winding. The heat generated due to this current is equal to I 12R1*t
where‘t’ is the time for which the current is passed. The insulation gets deteriorated due
to the temperature rise and can eventually fail, due to thermal breakdown mechanism.

Single Phasing-Phase Failure:

In case, one phase conductor develops an open circuit fault or in the case of one
pole of circuit breaker (controlling the I.M) not making the contact, while an induction
motor is running a condition known as “single phasing” gets developed. If the motor is
loaded to its rated full load, it will draw excessive currents on single phasing, the
windings are overheated and hence insulation may be damaged.
The single phasing causes unbalanced currents also. The negative sequence
component of this unbalanced current causes the rotor to overheat. This is because the
rotating magnetic field produced due to negative phase sequence current rotates with
synchronous speed in the opposite direction to the actual rotor movement, hence the

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slip for this component, has a value nearly equal to 2.0 frequency f 1 (equ 8.3) will be
nearly double the supply frequency and hence the iron losses in rotor will increase to a
very great extent (we had neglected it in normal condition, f 1 being small). The flow
negative sequence current increases the rotor copper losses also. The total effect is the
overheating of the rotor due to losses generating heat in the rotor.
Voltage Unbalanced:
Single phasing is a worst and a particular case of voltage unbalance. However, it has
been treated here first as it is a common condition encountered in practice. Voltage
unbalance causes unbalanced currents and hence negative sequence currents about
which we have discussed. Unbalanced currents and hence negative sequence voltage to
be developed and the negative sequence currents generated will be approximately six
times the negative sequence voltage. Unbalanced voltage and hence unbalanced current
can be caused unsymmetrical fault within the motor or such a fault on the feeder
feeding the motor.
Reversed Phase Sequence:
The phase sequence in the supply circuit of induction motor is reversed, only the
negative sequence currents are taken by the motor and motor will run in opposite
direction when started. The motors may be designed to run in one direction only and
also the loads like fans or pumps cannot run in the other direction than the one for
which they are meant to run. Since the reverse rotations would cause damage to the
device.
Under Voltage:
If the voltage drops when the motor is running at rated full load, the current taken by
the motor increases. This is because the power to be delivered remains constant and
voltage is reduced from normal rated voltage. The effect of increased motor current can
cause damage to the insulation of the motor windings have been discussed earlier.

Sensitivity of Motor Protection Relay

When the stator of the induction motor is connected to a 3 phase supply, a rotating
magnetic field is set up by the stator currents which when cut by rotor conductors; an
emf is set up in the rotor conductors because these rotor conductors are short circuited,
rotor currents circulates through then which is given by,
SE 2
I2= ………………. (1)
√ R 2+ SX 2
Hence initially, before the rotor starts rotating, the slip is unity and the rotor and stator
current will be very high of the order of 4 to 10 times the rated current of motor as the
motor develops speed in courses of time, slip decreases, current I 2 and in turn stator
current I1 will reduce and settle down to its rated value. The time for which the starting
current passes through the induction motor depends upon the time within which the
motor gains the rated speed (or rated slip). In other words, the value of acceleration of
the motor decides the starting time. Generally starting time is of the order of 5 to 6
seconds but it can be high as 20 to 30 sec for motor having loads with high inertia.

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The high starting current is harmful because it causes voltage dip. In practice,
there will be many consumers at whose premises induction motor and are installed. If
induction motor draws high current, the consequent voltage dip causes inconvenience
to other consumers and in many cases their induction motors may come to a halt.
Hence the methods to control the starting currents have to be employed.
This behavior of induction motor necessitates the motor protection relay to be
insensible to such inrush currents in induction motors.
It is mandatory that the relay should be sensitive to continuous loads and
insensitive to intermittent loads. So the operating time of the relay should be set in the
range of 5-10 seconds.

Expt. No.8: Microprocessor Based Overvoltage Relay

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Aim: To study the voltage-time characteristics of an overvoltage relay.

Apparatus required: Microprocessor based over voltage relay module, patch chords.

Circuit diagram:

Pre- test observations and settings:

1. Set up the experiment as shown on the power circuit diagram through

interconnection of TEST terminals with all the switches under OFF condition.
2. Measure the input voltage at the source terminals and ensure clean power supply
AC 220V, 50Hz.
3. Switch on single phase power supply at the source and MCB with power ON
indication.
4. Observe ‘0’ display in the time interval meter and voltmeter, minor error if any in
the voltmeter after decimal may be neglected.
5. Test the time interval meter for its working condition through ON command from
the timer switch with rotary switch in test mode condition, timer starts measuring
time and reset the value.

Settings for relay:

i. Reference voltage settings:110V

Reference voltage may be selected through jumper available on the PCB inside the
relay.
For example: For reference voltage of 110V, Jumper position is 1.

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ii. Over voltage/Under voltage settings:

 To select over voltage setting (Default setting), select the dip switches as ON OFF
OFF inside the PCB of the relay.
 To select under voltage setting, select the dip switches as OFF OFF OFF OFF.

iii. Selection of trip time characteristics:

 Default (Over voltage): Normal Inverse- 3.5 seconds
Switch position ON OFF OFF OFF
Dip switches are available on the PCB of the relay.
 Under voltage: Normal Inverse- 5.7 seconds
Switch position OFF OFF OFF OFF
High set features must be disabled.

iv. Setting of fault voltage level:

 Vs=1± (0.05+Σa)Vn
Where Vs= set voltage level (fault voltage level) in volts
And a = weight of switch in ON position.
Vs=1+ (0.05+Σa)Vn for Over voltage
Vs=1+ (0.05+Σa)Vn for Under voltage
 Default fault voltage level setting: 105% of Vn
 Position of the switches: OFF OFF OFF OFF

Procedure:

1. Switch on power supply and ensure that all the meters and relays are energized with
auxiliary power supply.
2. Switch on the CB with “ON” push button.
3. Regulate the voltage with voltage regulator to a fault voltage level of 105% of
reference voltage (110V)
4. Now the trip indicator will start blinking as an indicator of fault command initiated
on the relay to trip.
5. Keeping the regulator in the same position, switch off the circuit breaker.
6. Test the time interval meter for its working condition by keeping the rotary switch
in test mode.
7. Reset the timer to zero.
8. Switch on the CB and time interval meter simultaneously.
9. Note down the voltmeter and time interval meter reading after the tripping of the
relay.
10. Switch off the circuit breaker and timer and repeat the experiments for different
fault voltage levels increased in steps of 10 volts.
11. Tabulate the meter readings as shown in the tabular column and plot the graph.

Graph:
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Tabular column:

Voltage, Volts Operating time, sec

Expt. No 9: Numerical Over/Under Voltage Relay

Aim: Operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over/under voltage relay.

Circuit diagram:

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Procedure for setting the relay:

 Accessing the relay-Press SET/F-RST and START key simultaneously ,then release
SET key F-RST then release START key, display show options for setting system

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voltages- select system voltage as 380V( phase voltage- 220V) and enter SET/F-RST
key to save the selected value.
 After selecting the system voltage relay gives option for setting over voltages Display
shows-
o Over voltage[O>]
o 0.00[1.01-1.3]
o No changes need to be made; default values can be used press SET/F-RST key
till relay gives option for setting Under voltages
o When the display shows
o Over voltage [O>]
o 0.50[0.99-0.5]
o Select value say 0.8 and press SET/F-RST key to save the value.
o Now select IDMT curve and press SET/F-RST key to save, for the IDMT
curve select TMS as 1 and press SET/F-RST key to save.

After this relay gives options for the following:

 High set for UV-U<< set this as 0.5
 Time for high set- Inst. Time <<-set this as 5.0 sec
 % age negative sequence- set this as 25%
 N sq Def Time- time for operation of negative sequence- set this as 300 sec
 TIME for operation for Negative sequence more than 25% - set this as – 5.0
 After the display shows
Updating
Please wait……
This message indicates that relay has saved all the changed settings. The
sequence has to be followed correctly to make setting for the relay.

Procedure:

Refer the diagram- Numerical Under voltage relay with test panel.

1. Connect the terminals marked 3ph,415V AC supply (4-R,Y,B, & N) to respective

dimmer inputs in star- that is to terminal near Dimmer input- name plate. This
forms the star connection for the input sides of the three dimmers.
2. Connect the Dimmer output – terminals in star.
3. Connect the Dimmer output to the relay input terminal marked as- 3ph, 4-wire
output, relay input and voltmeter inputs in star. Connect common of dimmer output,
relay input and voltmeter input together that is common neutral.
4. Keep dimmer to their minimum; connect 3Ph input to the panel via Terminal 3Ph,
415V Ac input.
5. Switch ON the MCB, press FT- switch to apply voltage to relay and make settings
for the relay.

Graphs:

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Tabular column:

PSM TSM = 1 TSM = 0.8

Voltage, V Time, sec Voltage, V Time, sec

Over voltage

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Under voltage

Calculation:

 System voltage selected---- 380V (220V—phase voltage)

 Set under voltage—0.8
 Curve selected – IDMT
 TMS -1
The equation for UV—is
k
T= sec−−−−−−−−−−−−−−eq 1−TMS
log ( 2−uvf )
uvf-under voltage function.

Apply under voltage phase R, and keep Y & B phase at 220V.

Apply 160V to R phase, and then uvf is calculated as

applied voltage
uvf =
set voltage X system voltage− p h ase voltage

160V
= = 0.909
(0.8∗220 V )

Substituting k=1, uvf=0.909 in equation 1, we get T=26sec

Tabular column:

Y=B=220V, set under voltage= 0.8, system voltage= 380V, curve- IDMT, TMS for the
IDMT curve – 1.0

R- Phase voltage Tripping time in sec

160V 26.68
150V 16.68
140V 12.34
130V 9.89
120V 8.3

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Expt. No 10: Numerical Over Current Relay

Aim: To study the operating characteristics of microprocessor based (numeric) over –current
relay.

Circuit diagram:

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Procedure for setting the relay:

1. Accessing the relay: Press START and SET (F-RST) key simultaneously, then release
START key and then release SET (F-RST).
NOTE: use SET (F-RST) key to save a value and to move next cursor position.
Use < and > key to change values.
2. Enter the password- refer over current relay manual for more details – 1000.
3. Display shows
Phase current
1>=0.00[ .5- 2 ]
Now enter the value of required phase current { 1> } say 0.5, also known as plug
setting.
4. After setting the plug setting relay gives the option for selecting the IDMT and DEFT
(Definite time) time characteristic.
Select IDMT – Normal Inverse Curve. NI- Curve.
5. After IDMT- curve selection- Time multiplier has to be entered.
Time Multiplier
0.0 [.025 – 1.6]
Select TMS as 1.00
6. After selecting TMS display shows options for disabling High Set.
High set disable
[>] YES/NO [<]

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Disable the high set by pressing the [>] key.

This completes the setting of the relay to operate as over current relay.

Procedure:

1. Connect terminals marked 230V AC supply to AUX 230V AC supply, this acts as Aux
required for the relay and timer.
2. Connect terminals marked 230V AC supply to terminals marked as Dimmer input, this
is the input for the dimmer; initially keep the dimmer to its minimum position.
3. Connect terminals marked 0-20 Amps output to terminals marked as S1 and S2 these
are the terminals through which are current is injected in to the relay.
4. Connect terminals NC(normally closed) and C(common) {below S1 & S2} these are
the terminals to NC and C near FT and RST switches, this acts as stop signal to timer.
5. Now energize the panel by connecting the 230V AC supply to the panel terminals
230V AC input. After connecting the supply switch the MCB and on the switch near
230V AC supply. This energizes the panel and it is ready for operation.
6. Press FT- switch to inject the current and to start the timer simultaneously, when the
relay operates it stops the timer and cuts of the current to the relay.
7. Press RST switch to reset the timer, and reset the relay by operating the SET/FRST key
on the relay.
8. Repeat the procedure for different values of the injected current( by varying the
dimmer) and note down the corresponding time recorded by the timer.

Tabular column:
PSM =

Current (A) TSM = TSM =

PSM =

Current, A TSM = TSM =

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Calculation:
1. To plot the IDMT characteristics- relay need the following data to be entered by the
user.
2. Phase current (1>) also known as Plug setting.
3. Select the characteristics IDMT or DEFT.
a. Select IDMT- normal Inverse Curve- NI curve.
4. Select the Timer multiplier also known as time multiplier setting (TMS) for the selected
IDMT curve.
5. Plug setting/Phase current(1>)
a. This has the range [.5-2] of the relay rating.
b. Select the value within the range say 0.5 i.e 50% of 1A w.r.t to In-relay rating
and secondary of the protection class- 1A CT to be used with the relay.
6. Select normal Inverse curve-IDMT curve this is defined by the
0.14∗K
t= sec .
I 0.02 – 1
wh ere, K-time multiplier (TMS)
i. I-Plug setting the multiplier (PMS)
ii. T=tripping time the relay in seconds.
7. After selecting the IDMT curve select TMS for the same. Select TMS as 1.0

Definition of PSM:

PSM= fault current (secondary in amps)/(relay rating * plug setting(1>))

= injected secondary current /0.5

Tripping time for this (PSM=4) is evaluated as

0.14∗K
T=
( I 0.02−1 ) sec

0.41∗1
= =5sec
( 4 0.02 – 1 ) sec

Tabular column:

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Curve selected – NI

Plug setting- 1>0.5

Sec. current(A) PSM Tripping time Tripping time Tripping time

TMS=1.0 TMS=1.6 TMS=0.1
1 2 10.02 16.03 1
2 4 5 8 0.5
3 6 3.84 6.14 0.384
4 8 3.29 5.26 0.329
5 10 2.97 4.75 0.297
6 12 2.74 4.38 0.274
7 14 2.58 4.12 0.258
8 16 2.45 3.92 0.245
9 18 2.35 3.76 0.235
10 20 2.26 3.61 0.226

Graph:

Expt. No. 11: Non Directional Electromechanical type Overvoltage Relay

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AIM: To study the operation of a non-directional electro-mechanical type over voltage relay
and hence to obtain its inverse definite minimum time characteristics.

Apparatus required: Relay unit, auto transformer, SPST, Voltmeter (0-300V)

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the diagram.

2. Using the plug provided on the plug board of the relay, a plug setting voltage of
121 volts and by rotating the knurled Bakelite disc mounted at the top of the relay
frame, a time multiplier setting (TMS) of 1.0 is set.
3. With the auto transformer at minimum position and the SPST switch open, both the
supply switches are closed. S is kept closed.
4. Now using the auto transformer voltage is set at 140V.
5. The SPST switch is then closed and simultaneously the stop watch is started.
6. The operating time of the relay is found by stopping the stop watch, when the relay
trips. This is indicated by glowing of the lamp and the operation of the indicator
flag provided at the top right corner of the relay.
7. The SPST switch is opened immediately after the relay trips and the indicator flag
is reset manually.

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8. The experiment is repeated as explained in steps 4 to 7 for increased relay currents

as given in the tabular column.
9. The procedure explained in steps 4 to 8 is then repeated for plug setting of 132
volts.
10. The time multiplier setting is now set at 0.8 and the experiment is repeated as
explained in steps 4 to 9.
11. The time multiplier setting is then set at 0.6 and the experiment is repeated as
explained in steps 4 to 9.

The operating time for various plug setting and time multiplier setting are entered in the tabular
column as shown.

Tabular column:

TMS =1.0 TMS = 0.8 TMS = 0.6

PSM
Relay Operating Relay Operating Relay Operating
Current(A) time(sec) current(A) time(sec) Current(a) time(sec)

Graph:

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Expt. No12: Measurement of HVAC using Sphere Gap Method

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Aim: To obtain sphere gap and hence to determine the given unknown HVAC voltages.

Apparatus required: The given HV test consists of 1φ, 230V/100KV and 10mA transformer
control panel for the test set, a sphere gap arrangement with vertical axis, a current limiting
resistor, earthing rod, gauges of different thickness, barometer and thermometer IS 1876-1961.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the figure by connecting HV terminals of the
transformer to the top HV sphere through a current limiting resistor to avoid pitting
of spheres.
2. The surfaces of both the sphere are cleaned using a cloth.
3. The barometer pressure in mm of Hg and room temperature is noted.
4. Using the operating gear of the shank of the bottom sphere and the plastic gauges,
the gap between the two spheres is adjusted to 1cm, taking care to see that the axes
of the two spheres lie in the same vertical plane.
5. The mains switch in the control unit is switched ON.
6. With the dimmerstat at zero position, the ‘HT ON’ button is then pressed. Observe
the ‘HT ON’ indicator lamp glow.
7. By turning the knob of the dimmerstat slowly the AC voltage applied to the HV
terminal of the sphere gap is increased till the spark over occurs. In the event of
spark over, the supply to the fault sphere is cut off. The fault indicator lamp will
glow and all the meters indicated zero values.
8. The memory push button is then pressed and the AC spark over voltage
‘Vin’(RMS) shown by the HVAC voltmeter connected on the LV side of the
transformer but calibrated for secondary voltage is noted.
9. The dimmerstat is brought to zero position and the ‘fault reset’ button is pressed.
10. The mains switch is then switched ‘OFF’ and all the HV points in the circuit is
grounded using the earthing rod.

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11. The procedure given in steps 5 to 10 is now repeated four times and the spark over
voltage is noted in each case. The average values of the five readings Vin is entered
in the tabular column.
12. The procedure given in steps 4 to 11 is then repeated for sphere gap spacing of 2
and 3 cms.

Tabular column:

Gap Vin( RMS), kV Mean Vin V at RTP, % Error

BDV,
Spacing 1 2 3 4 5 kV (peak), kV
kV
(mm)

Calculation:

For 1cm, Vact at STP =31.7

k∗Vact(STP)
V=
h

0.386 P
Relative air density, δ=
273+t

Where, k = air density correction factor

T = room temperature

h = humidity correction factor

Vin (peak) = Vin(RMS)*√ 2

Vact−vin
%Error= *100
Vact

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Graph:

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Expt. No 13: Measurement of HVDC using Sphere Gap Method

Aim: To obtain sphere gap and hence to determine the given unknown HVDC voltages.

Apparatus required: The given HV test consists of 1φ, 230V/100KV and 10mA transformer
control panel for the test set, rectifier unit, a sphere gap arrangement with vertical axis, a
current limiting resistor, earthing rod, gauges of different thickness, barometer and
thermometer IS 1876-1961.

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram taking care to see that the
rectifier unit is connected as shown.
2. The surfaces of both the sphere are cleaned using a cloth.
3. The barometer pressure in mm of Hg and room temperature is noted.
4. Using the operating gear of the shank of the bottom sphere and the plastic gauges,
the gap between the two spheres is adjusted to 6mm, taking care to see that the axes
of the two spheres lie in the same vertical plane.
5. The dimmerstat switch in the control unit is switched ON.
6. With the dimmerstat at zero position, the ‘HT ON’ button is then pressed. Observe
the ‘HT ON’ indicator lamp glow.
7. By turning the knob of the dimmerstat slowly the DC voltage applied to the sphere
gap is increased till the spark over occurs. The spark over voltage (Vin) shown by
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HVDC voltmeter connected in the resistance divider circuit is noted. Care should be
taken while noting the voltmeter reading as in the event of spark over, the supply to
the HV transformers is cut off and all the meters indicate zero values and the fault
indicator lamp will glow.
8. The dimmerstat is brought to zero position and the ‘fault reset’ button is pressed.
9. The mains switch is then switched ‘OFF’ and all the HV points in the circuit is
grounded using the earthing rod.
10. The procedure given in steps 5 to 9 is now repeated four times and the spark over
voltage is noted in each case. The mean values of the five readings Vin is entered in
the tabular column.
11. The procedure given in steps 4 to 10 is then repeated for sphere gap spacing of 2
and 3 cm.

Tabular column:

Gap Vin (RMS), kV Mean Vin V at RTP, % Error

BDV,
Spacing 1 2 3 4 5 kV (peak), kV
kV
(mm)

Calculation:

For 1cm, Vact at STP =31.7

k∗Vact(STP)
V=
h

0.386 P
Relative air density, δ=
273+t

Where, k= air density correction factor

t= room temperature

h= humidity correction factor

Vin (peak) = Vin(RMS)*√ 2

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Vact−vin
%Error= *100
Vact

Graph:

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COURSE OUTCOMES MAPPING WITH PROGRAMME OUTCOMES & PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTC

Programme
Cours Level
Program Outcomes specific
e Out of
outcomes
Comes CO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3
CO1. 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
CO2. 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2
CO3. 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2
CO4. 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1
CO5. 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2

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Question Bank
Sl.No
1 Conduct a suitable experiment to draw IDMT characteristics of the given non
directional Electro mechanical over current relay choosing PSM 205A and TSM
1.0

2 Obtain current time characteristics for the given fuse wire of ratings 5A and 10A.

3 You are given fuse wires of ratings 5A and 10A conduct suitable experiments to
determine their fusing factor and constant K

4 Operate the given microprocessor based over/under voltage relay(numerical) as

both over voltage relay(numerical) as both over voltage and under voltage to obtain
their IDMT characteristics. Select suitable values for Voltage setting and TMS.
Operate the given microprocessor based (numerical) under voltage relay as both
over Voltage and under voltage relay to obtain their IDMT characteristics under the
following setting.
a) A voltage setting of 0.90% and TMS=1.0
b) A voltage setting of 110% and TMS=1.0.

5 Determine the breakdown voltage of the given transformer oil by conducting

suitable experiment as per BIS 335 and hence find the breakdown strength of that
oil.

6 Obtain the breakdown voltage v/s gap distance characteristics in air under the
application of HVAC for plane electrode configuration (b) point –plane electrode
configuration.

7 Obtain the electric stress versus gap distance characteristics in air under the
application of HVDC for +ve polarity for plane-plane electrode configuration.

8 Obtain the electric stress versus gap distance characteristics in air under the
application of HVDC for -ve polarity under
a) Plane – plane electrode configuration.
b) Point –plane electrode configuration with plane electrode being grounded.
9 For a given 10cm diameter sphere and a voltage of 31.7 kV at STP, find the gap
distance from the relevant standard and using this gap distance conduct suitable
experiment to find the breakdown voltage at RTP for HVAC.

10 For a given 10cm diameter sphere and a voltage of 59 kV at STP, find the gap
distance from the relevant standard and using this gap distance conduct suitable
experiment to find the breakdown voltage at RTP for HVDC. (+ve polarity)
11 Obtain IDMT characteristics for the given microprocessor based (numerical) over
current relay choosing a plug setting of 0.5% and T.M.S of 0.8.

12 Conduct suitable experiment to obtain the IDMT characteristics of the given

electromechanical over voltage relay for two different PSM values and TMS
values.

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13 Conduct a suitable experiment on a 3ph. Induction motor. Simulation study unit to

demonstrate for i) phase failure ii) over load iii) unbalanced load.

14 Conduct a suitable experiment on a 3ph. Induction motor. Simulation study unit to

demonstrate for i) phase failure ii) over load iii) unbalanced load

15 For a given 10 cm diameter sphere and a voltage of 31.7 kV at STP; find the gap
distance from the relevant standard using this gap distance, conduct suitable
experiment to find BDV at RTP for HVAC.

16 Operate the given numerical over/under voltage relay as both over voltage and
under voltage to obtain IDMT characteristics under the following settings
a) A voltage setting of 110% & TMS=1.
b) A voltage setting of 90% & TMS=0.8.

17 Determine the BDV of the given transformer oil by conducting suitable experiment
as per BIS 335 & hence find the breakdown strength of that oil.

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Viva Questions
Sl.N Description
o
1 Mention the materials of the Fuse and their melting points.

2 Define Fuse and explain its purpose in electric circuits.

3 Distinguish between Fuse and circuit Breaker.

4 Define rated current, Fusing current and Fusing factor of the Fuse.

5 What do you mean by Relay? What are the basic requirements of protective Relay?

6 What is meant by IDMT characteristics? Explain the same with respect to over current
Relay.

7 Define Pick –up and Reset value of a Relay.

8 What do you mean by Distance Relay and Mho Relay?

9 What do you mean by Plug setting multiplier and Time setting multiplier w.r.t to
Relays?

10 What are the advantages of Numerical Relays over Electromechanical Relays?

11 Mention the applications of Under –voltage Relays.

12 What is Merz-Price Protection? Mention the application of such Relay.

13 How Current transformers and Potential transformers play their role in protection &
measurement of current and voltages?

14 What do you mean by Dielectric strength of insulation? What is the break down
strength of good transformer Oil?

15 What are equipotential Lines? Justify the electric field lines are orthogonal to the
surface of electrodes.

16 Define Critical disruptive voltage and Visual critical disruptive with reference to
Corona.

17 Explain the terns: Flash over voltage, 50% Flash over voltage and 100 % Flash over
voltage with reference to Impulse voltage.

18 Explain the different correction factors applied to the measured voltages under test
conditions to obtain correct values of voltages under standard atmospheric conditions.

19 How does irradiation affect the Break down voltage?

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20 Distinguish between Uniform field and non-uniform field electrode configurations?

21 What do you mean by Surge Impedance loading? Explain its significance w.r.t to
power transmission.

22 Explain the standard Lightning impulse voltage waveforms according different

international standards.

23 Mention the advantages of Series Resonance Transformer to obtain power frequency

ac high voltages.

24 How do the atmospheric conditions affect the Break down voltage?

25 Explain the terms: Self restoring insulation and non-self restoring insulation.

26 What are Partial discharges? How partial discharges do influences the life of
insulation?

27 What are electronegative gases? Mention the break down strength of SF6.
28 What are Potential Dividers? List out the sources of errors common to all the potential
dividers.

29 What are the different methods by High DC voltages can be generated?

30 Bring out the ISS specifications which refers to measurement of high ac, dc and
impulse voltages.

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