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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING UNIT-5

UNIT-5
Array
Array: Array is a user defined datatype. Array is group of elements, these elements are
homogeneous. Each element shared common name elements are variable with their index
value.
Syntax: datatype arrayname[size];
Use of arrays:
1. Storing more than one value at a time under a single name.
2. Reading, processing and displaying the array elements is easy.
3. Some logics can be implemented only through arrays.

Declaration of arrays:
Syntax: datatype arrayname[size];
Example: int a[10];

Declaration of arrays with datatype, arrayname and size of the array. Size denotes the
maximum number of elements that can be stored in the array.
Accessing elements (initialization of array elements)
Access the array elements in two ways:
1. Design time initialization
2. Run time initialization

Design time accessing:

Declaration and initialization at a time.
Syntax: datatype arrayname[size]={list of values};

int a[10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
Organization of the elements in memory

elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
address 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

The index begin with 0(zero) and ends with one less than the size of the array.
Runtime accessing:
Read the array elements at time of execution from the keyboard using input
statements.
Example:
int a[10];
for(i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}

The above loop execute 10times and input the different array elements. For example
entered elements are 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50.

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Organization of the elements in memory.

Elements
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

address 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218

How to read and write the array elements.

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[10],i;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“Display the array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
}
getch();
}

Storing elements:
Declaration and definition only reserve space for the elements in the array. No values
are stored. If we want to store values in the array, we must initialize the elements, read values
from the keyboard or assign values to each individual element.
int sample[5]={22,55,33,77,88};
Sample array have five space for store the five different elements. The elements are
stored in array based on the index. For example 22 stored at sample[0], 55 stored at
sample[1], 33 stored at sample[2], 77 stored at sample[3] and 88 stored at sample[4].

Types of arrays: There are three types‟ arrays.

1. One-dimensional array(1-D)
2. Two-dimensional array(2-D)
3. Multi dimensional array

One-dimensional array:
In one dimensional array, the organization of data is only one direction, because 1-D
has only one dimension.
Example: datatype arrayname[size];

1-D integer array:

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int a[10];
In the above statement array name „a‟ has 10 integer locations, „a‟ occupied memory
is 20 bytes (2*10).
Organization of the elements in memory.
a[0] a[1] --------- a[9]

elements
26 14 93 6 7 9 13 43 12 54
index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
address 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118

1-D character array(string):

A group of characters can be stored in a character array. 1-D character arrays are also
called as strings
char str[20];
Above statement, arrayname str has 20 character elements. str occupied memory is 20
bytes(1*20).

Example1: char str[20]={„v‟,‟i‟,‟j,‟a‟,‟y‟,‟a‟};

Example2: char str1[20]=”vijaya Prasad”;

Organization of elements in memory for str

str[0] str[19]

elements M O T H I „\0‟ ------

index 0 1 2 3 4 5
address 100 101 102 103 104 105

Organization of elements in memory for str1

str[0] str[19]
Elements
M o t h i l a l \0 - - - - - - -
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Declaration and initialization of 1-D:

Declaration:
Syntax: datatype arrayname[size];
Example: int a[10];
Initialization:
Designtime: dataype arrayname[size]={list of values};
int a[10]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,20};
Runtime:
int a[5],i;
printf(“Enter array elements”);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);

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Examples for 1-D:

Write a c-program to read and print array elements.

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[10],i;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“Entered array elements are\n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf(“4%d”,a[i]);
}
getch();
}

Write c-program to read and print your name.

main()
{
char name[20]=”vijaya”;
clrscr();
printf(“My name is : %s”, name);
getch();
}

Two dimensional array(2-D):

Many application require that data be stored in more than one dimension. One
common example is a table. Which is an array that consists of rows and columns.
Syntax: datatype arrayname[row-size][column-size];
Example: int a[2][3];

a[0][1]
a[0][0] a[0][2]

1
0 1 2 a[1][2]
a[1][0] a[1][1]

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Declaration of 2-D:

Syntax: datatype arrayname[row-size][column-size];

Example: int a[2][3];

rows columns

Have 12 bytes(6*2 integers) gets allocated to „a‟ initializing a 2-D array.

At design time:
datatype arrayname[r-size][c-size]={list values};

int a[2][3]={5,10,15,20,25,30};
Or
int a[2][3]={{5,10,15},{20,25,30}};
At runtime:
datatype arrayname[r-size][c-size];
int a[2][2],i,j;
for(i=o;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
2-D character arrays:
2-D chaarater arrays are nothing but an array(collection) of strings.
Declaration:
char str[5][30];

max. no.of names max. size of each name

Initialization:
char str[3][30]={“Lakshmi”,”Ramya”,”Kalyani”};
Stored on:

0 L a k s h m i \0 --------------
1
R a m y a \0 --------------
2
K a l y a n i \0 --------------
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 29

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Examples on Two-dimensional array:

1. Read and print array elements using 2-D
main()
{
int a[2][2],i,j;
printf(“Enter array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“Entered elements are \n”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf(“4%d”,a[i][j]);
}
}
getch();
}
 Multidimensional arrays:
Multidimensional arrays can have three, four or more dimensions below diagram
shows an array of three dimensions. Note the terminology used to describe the array. The first
dimension is called a plane which consists of rows and columns. Arrays of four or more
dimensions can be created and used but they are difficult to draw c language takes the three
dimensional array to be an array of two dimensional arrays. It considers the two dimensional
array to be an array of one dimensional arrays. In other words a three dimensional arrays in c
is an array of arrays of arrays.
 Declaring multidimensional arrays:
Declaration tells the compiler the name of the arrays,
the type of each element and size of each dimension. The size of the fixed length array is a
constant and must have a value at compilation time.
int table[planes][rows][cols];

Initialization:
Declaration and definition only reserve space for the elements in the array.
No values will be stored in the array. If we want to store values, we must either initialize the
elements, read values from the keyboard or assign values to each individual element.
int table[3][5][4]=
{
{{0,1,2,3},{10,11,12,13},{20,21,22,23},{30,31,32,33},{40,41,42,43}}
{{100,101,102,103},{200,201,202,203},{300,301,302,303},
{400,401,402,403},{500,501,502,503} }
{{110,111,112,113},{210,211,212,213},{310,311,312,313},{410,411,412,413},
{510,511,512,513}}
};

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1. Finding number of words in a sentence.

void main()
{
char str[128];
int i,count=0;
clrscr();
puts(“Enter a sentence”)
gets(str);
for(i=0;str[i]!=0;i++)
{
if(str[i]==‟ „)
count++;
}
printf(“Number of words=%d”,count+1);
}

2. sample program
main()
{
int a[10],i;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“Elements\t Index \t Address \n”);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
printf(“%d\t %d\t %d\t\n”,a[i],I,&a[i]);
}
getch();
}

3.Asending order:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,k;
float n[10],t=0;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter any 10 number: \n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf(“%f”,&n[i]);

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}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
{
if(n[i]>=n[j])
{
t=n[i];
n[i]=n[j];
n[j]=t;
}
}
}
printf(“The asending order of the given number is : \n”);
for(i=0;i<=9;i++)
printf(“%7.5f”,n[i]);
getch();
}

4. Write c-program to generate first 10 fibonacci numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,fib[10];;
clrscr();
fib[0]=0;
fib[1]=1;
for(i=2;i<10;i++)
{
fib[i]=fib[i-1]+fib[i-2];
}
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
printf(“%d\n”,fib[i]);
}
getch();
}

5. Read array elements and print them into reverse order.

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a[10],i;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{

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scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
printf(“The elements in reverse order\n”);
for(i=9;i>=0;i--)
{
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
}
getch();
}

6. Largest and smallest.

main()
{
int number[10],i,large=0,small=32767;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter array elements \n”);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(number[i]>large)
large=number[i];
}
for(i=0;I,=10;i++)
{
if(number[i]<small)
small=number[i];
}
printf(“Largest value is %d”,large);
printf(“Smallest value is %d”,small);
getch();
}

7.
#include<stdio.h>
#include< string.h>
main()
{
char str[20];
int i;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter a string in uppercase”);
gets(str);
for(i=0;str[i]!=‟\0‟)
{
if(str[i]>=‟A‟&&str[i]<=‟2‟)
str[i]=str[i]+32;

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}
printf(“The converted string is %s”,str);
getch();
}

C – Strings:
A c-string is a variable length array of characters that is delimited by the null
character.

Storing strings:
In c, a string is stored in an array of characters. It is terminated by the null characters
(„\O‟)

H E L L O \0

String delimiter:
Why do we need a null character at the end of a string?
Answer is that a string is not a data type but a data structure. This means that its
implementation is logical, not physical.
Difference between the strings and character arrays

H E L L O \0 HELLO

String literals: A string literal is a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.

Example:
“Have a nice day”
“Hello”
“Hai”
“Prasad”
Strings:
Strings concepts :

String

Fixed length Variable length

Length Delimited
controlled

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Fixed length strings: When implementing a fixed length string format the first decision is
the size of the variable. If we make it too small, we can‟t store all the data. If we make it too
big, we waste memory.

Example: 1. char str[15]=”Have a nice day”;

2. char str[100]=”Hai”;

Variable length strings: In variable length strings the user can use the required memory
only. So reduce the memory wastage and data losses.

Example: char str[]=”good day”;

1. Length controlled strings: Length controlled strings add a count that specifies the
number of characters in the string.
2. Delimited strings: Another techniques used to identify the end of the string is the
delimiter at the ends of delimited strings.

Strings and characters: Data can be stored in two ways.

1. Data as character literal.
2. Data as string literal.

Data stored as character literal, we can use single quote marks.

Data stored as character literal, we can use double quote marks.

Example:
„a‟ a as character
“a” a as string
„ „ empty character
“ “ empty string

Declare strings: String declaration defines memory for a string when it is declared as an
array in local memory.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Syntax: 1. char str[9]; str
Syntax: 2. string pointer declaration.
char *pstr; pstr 

Initializing strings: We can initialize a string the same way that we initialize any storage
structure by assigning a value to it when it is defined.

char str[9]=”good day”;

char name[ ]=”Prasad”;
String initialized as a character pointer.
char *pstr=”good day”;
String initialized as an array of characters.
char str[9]={„g‟,‟o‟,‟o‟,‟d‟,‟ „,‟d‟,‟a‟,‟y‟};
char str[10]={„n‟,‟I‟,‟c‟,‟e‟,‟ „,‟d‟,‟a‟,‟y‟,‟\O‟};
Strings are end with null character.

String input and output functions:

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C provide two basic ways to read and write strings. First, we can read and write
strings with the formatted input/output functions.
scanf/fscanf and printf/fprintf
Second, we can use a special set of string only functions.
getstring (gets/fgets)
putstring (puts/fputs)

Formatted string input:

scanf(): scanf is the general input statement. It is used to read character data or
numeric data from the keyboard.

Syntax: scanf(“format specifier”, variablename);

Example: char str[9];
scanf(“%s”,str);
Formatted string output:
printf(): printf is the general output statement. It is used to write character data or
numeric data on the output units.

Syntax: printf(“Format specifier”,variablename);

Example: char str[9];
str=”Hai”;
printf(“%s”,str);

Example program:
main()
{
char str[9];
clrscr();
printf(“Enter your string”);
scanf(“%s”,str);
printf(“Your string is %s”,str);
getch();
}

String functions (input and output):

String input: gets()
The function gets accepts the name of string as a parameter, and fills the
string with characters that are input from the keyboard, till a newline character is
encountered, at the end, the function gets appends a null terminator as must be done for any
string and returns. The new line character is not added to the string.
Syntax: gets(variable);

String output: puts()

This function is used to print the string message on to the output screen and
also display the stored string in variable.
Syntax: puts(“string message”);
puts(variable);

Example on gets() and puts():

#include<string.h>

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main()
{
char str[10];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter your name”);
gets(str);
puts(“Entered name is “);
puts(str);
getch();
}
Output: Enter your name
Prasad
Entered name is
Prasad.
Character input and output functions:
Character input functions:
1. getchar()
2. getche()
3. getch()
Above three statements used for read a single character from keyboard at a time.

getchar(): getchar() function is used read a character from the keyboard and assigned the
character to variable, the variable stored the character.
Syntax: variable=getchar ();
Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char c;
printf(“Enter your character\n”);
c=getchar();
printf(“Entered character is \n”);
putchar(c);
getch();
}

getch():
It is also read the characters from the keyboard and passes it immediately to the
program with echoing on the screen.

Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();
printf(“enter a character\n”);
ch=getch();
printf(“enter character is %c”,ch);
getch();

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getche():
Accepts a character and passes it to the program and echos(displays) the same
character on the screen also.

Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch;
printf(“Enter your character \n”);
ch=getche();
printf(“Entered character is \n”);
putchar(ch);
getch();
}

Character output function:

putchar(): putchar() is the character output function it is used to print the stored
character in the variabale on to the screen.

Syntax: putchar(variable);

Example program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();
printf(“Enter your character \n”);
ch=getchar();
printf(“Your character is \n”);
putchar(ch);
getch();
}

Standard C string library functions:

Function Description

strlen() Determines length of a string

strcpy() Copy the string from one to another
strncpy() Copies characters of a string to another string upto specified length
strcmp() Compares two strings
stricmp() Compare two strings(function does not discriminates between small
and capital letter)
strlwr() Converts uppercase letters to lowercase letters
strupr() Converts lowercase letters to uppercase letters
strdup() Duplicate a string

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strchr() First character of the given string

strrchr() Last character of the given string
strstr() Determines first occurrence of the given string in another string
strcat() String concatenation, means second string appends to the first string.
strncat() Appends source string to destination string up to specified length.
strrev() String reverse, reverse the all character of a string
strset() Sets all characters of string with a given argument or symbol
strnset() Sets specified numbers of characters of string with a given number or
symbol
strspn() Finds up to what length two strings are identical
strpbrk() Searches the first occurrence of a character in a given string and then it
displays the string starting from that character.

strlen(): This functions returns the number of character of a string data as an integer.
Syntax: strlen(variable);
Example program:
#include< string.h>
main()
{
char str[20];
int i;
clrscr();
puts(“Enter your string”);
gets(str);
i=strlen(str);
printf(“Length of the given string is %d”,i);
getch();
}

strcpy(): This function is used to copy the data of one string to another string variable.

Syntax: strcpy(stringvariable,stringvariable1);

The string in the second position is the source string that contains the data to be
copied. The string in the first position is destination string that receives the data.

Example program:
#include< string.h>
main()
{
char str[20],str1[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter ur string”);
gets(str);
strcpy(str1,str);
puts(str);
puts(str1);
getch();
}

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strcat(): This function is used concatenate two strings.

Syntax: strcat(stringvariable,stringvariable1);

The string in the first position is called destination string and the string in the second
position is called source string the source is joined with the destination and the combined
string is stored the destination itself.
Example program:
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char str1[20],str2[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter both string1 and string2”);
gets(str1);
gets(str2);
strcat(str1,str2);
puts(str1);
puts(str2);
getch();
}

strcmp(): This function is used to compare two strings.

Syntax: strcmp(stringvariable1,stringvariable2);

The strcmp() functionreturn an integer value as the result.

1.result +ve : String variable1 is greater than string variable2.
2.result –ve : String1is lessthan string2.
3.result is zero : Both strings are equal.

Example program:
#include< string.h>
main()
{
int i;
char str1[20],str2[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter both strings”);
gets(str1);
gets(str2);
i=strcmp(str1,str2);
printf(“Difference is %d”,i);
getch();
}

strrev(): This function is used to get the reverse string of a given string.
Syntax: strrev(string);

Example program:
#include< string.h>

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main()
{
char str[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter a string”);
gets(str);
strrev(str);
puts(“Reverse string of the given string is”);
puts(str);
getch();
}

strlwr(): This function is used to convert the uppercase string to lower case string.
Syntax: strlwr(string);

Example program:
#include< string.h>
main()
{
char str[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter the string in uppercase”);
gets(str);
strlwr(str);
puts(str);
getch();
}

strupr(): This function is used to convert the lowercase string to uppercase string.
Syntax: strupr(string);

Example program:
#include< string.h>
main()
{
char str[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter the string in lowercase”);
gets(str);
strlwr(str);
puts(str);
getch();
}

Sample programs on Strings:

1. To check the given string is palindrome or not.

#include< string.h>
main()

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{
char str[20]str1[20];
clrscr();
puts(“Enter a string ”);
gets(str);
strcpy(str1,str);
strrev(str);
i=strcmp(str,str1);
if(i==0)
puts(“Given string is palindrome”);
else
puts(“Given string is not palindrome”);
getch();
}

2. Find a word in a string using string function.

#include< string.h>
main()
{
char str[20]str1[20];
clrscr();
Ppts(“Enter a string ”);
gets(str);
puts(“Enter find string”);
gets(str1);
if(strstr(str,str1))
puts(“Yes it is in the string ”);
else
puts(“Not found”);
getch();
}

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