COMPLETE

LEARNING VERSION
LESSON LEARNING DISCUSSION ACTIVITIES & LINKS &
OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES S DRILLS REFERENCES

READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
LESSON 3.0
STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY THROUGH THE USE OF
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

EAC-CAVITE RPH TEAM

1 st Semester, SY 2024-2025
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LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson is divided into two parts – Lesson 3.1 and
Lesson 3.2. The first part is identifying and using primary
sources in the study of Philippine history while the second
part will discuss about the secondary sources and the local
and international repositories.
Before the discussion, there is a Preparatory Activity
to set the tone of the discussion.
Discussion Time introduces the sub-topics and often
preceded by a guide question. Activities are provided at the
end of the lesson to check the student’s take away or
understanding; agreement between the students and the
facilitator as to the duration of each activity must be made at Manunggul jar
the session level. These drills will be graded either as
recitation or seat works.
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INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

The students will be able to differentiate, recognize,
evaluate, and analyze primary sources from secondary
and tertiary sources and locate historical
sources/materials through archives, repositories, and
studies centers.
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LESSON OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
a) differentiate primary sources from secondary sources;
b) appreciate sources through internal and external criticism;
c) enumerate different kinds of primary sources;
d) identify repositories of primary sources.
e) identify local and international repositories of primary and secondary sources for the study of
Philippine history;
f) describe the nature, sources, mode of acquisition, and status of primary and secondary sources
from select archives, museums, and centers in the Philippines and abroad; and
g) appreciate the value, importance, and relevance of primary and secondary sources from a
representative institution or repository.
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PREPARATORY ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTION:
Examine the cases presented below.
These cases have something to do with the
word “source”. You have 10 minutes to
finish the activity.
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Why the term ‘source’ is important using these
pictures as your point of reference?

Case No. 01
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PROCESSING TIME
Based on the pictures presented before, how will you explain
the meaning of the statement below?
Case No. 01 – Right ‘source’ yields positive result.
Teacher’s Input: Applying this statement in the study of history, it only tells us that
proper source will provide us good or positive result. When we are studying about
the thoughts of a particular person, the best way to gleam such thoughts is to
examine the person’s product of literary or creative expressions such as poem,
essay, speech, or any bits and pieces of information written, produced, or uttered by
the subject person.
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PROCESSING TIME

Case No. 03 - There is ‘a story’ in every aspect of the ‘source’; it

changes the course but the narrative remains.
Image Source: LinkedIn
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PROCESSING TIME
Based on the pictures presented before, how will you explain
the meaning of the statement below?
Case No. 03 - There is ‘a story’ in every aspect of the ‘source’; it
changes the course but the narrative remains.
Teacher’s Input: This is likened to the story of ten blind men describing the
elephant based from what they perceived from their location. One of the men said
that he is holding a snake because he happened to be holding the tail of the
elephant, the other one said that what he is holding is a fan because he happened
to be located near the elephant’s ear; and so all the other blind men described the
animal in many different way. But they are referring to the same animal – an
elephant.
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DISCUSSION TIME

What are primary

sources?
 an account of an event by a participant or
eyewitness at the time’ or as viewed by
University of Michigan Library, “is
closest to the event, person, idea, or
period’ under study or investigation.
PRIMARY Usually textual in form but it may take
SOURCES other forms in various research areas. –
Bowdoin Library

‘the raw materials of history – the

original documents and objects
which were created at the time
under study.” - Library of Congress
 are ‘generally considered to be the
first-hand account or the artifacts of
a historical event, person or
culture.’ – UDC Library
PRIMARY
SOURCES first-hand or contemporary account of an event
or topic, more direct evidence of a time or event
because they were created by people or things
that were there at the time or event. These
sources offer original thought and have not
been modified by interpretation. - University
Libraries, Seton Hall University
COMMONALITIES AMONG PRIMARY SOURCES
Diaries, Journals,
CONTEMPORARY
Memoirs
ACCOUNTS
Eyewitness Official Records
PERSONALLY accounts or Letters,
WRITTEN testimonies and Correspondences
personal
experience Videos
PERSONALLY
NARRATED before, during,
Audio Recordings
or immediately
ORIGINAL/MOSTL after the event
Photographs
Y UNPUBLISHED
Speeches,
CAPTURED Interviews
EVENTS
 KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Below are primary sources that provides ‘first hand
information’ that can be used by someone doing historical
research.

Diaries, letters, memoirs, Scientific data and reports

autobiographies
Scholarly journal articles
Interviews, speeches, oral (depends on discipline)
histories, personal
narratives Statistical and survey data
 KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Original artistic creation or Maps
works of art, photographs, Minutes of organization
music, or literature (novel, meetings
poem, etc.)
Unpublished manuscripts
Archeological artifacts
Period newspaper and
Legal cases, hearings, magazine articles
laws (Contemporary
Official government observations)
documents and reports Video recordings
 TYPES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Literary Accounts Finding Finding Finding
or describing information information information
cultural people, about about places about
sources events, or idea people organizations
novels, plays, newspapers, census, obituaries, maps and atlases, archives (often held
poems chronicles or newspaper articles, census information, by libraries,
(published and historical accounts, and biographies. statistics, institutions, or
manuscript essays and photographs, city historical societies)
forms); television speeches; memoirs, directories, and the and search Library
shows, movies, diaries, and letters; local library or Catalog or WorldCat
or videos; and philosophical historical society
paintings or treatises or
photographs manifestos.
 CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
NUMERICAL ORAL
DOCUMENTS RELICS
RECORDS STATEMENTS

Written (manuscripts) Any type of Any form of Any object whose

or printed (published) numerical data in statement made physical or visual
materials that have printed or orally by someone characteristics can
been produced in one handwritten form provide some
form or another information about
sometime in the past the past.

Diary, journal, essay, Census of population, Speeches Archeological artifacts –

article, newspaper, book accounting records fossils, remains, shards
 How primary sources are
identified?
Based on the definitions previously provided, there are three
major elements that must be satisfied or considered in
identifying a primary source:
ORIGINALITY PROXIMITY SIGNIFICATION

First-hand Actor’s presence Unaltered

(or absence) (not an interpretation)
 IDENTIFYING PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES
Originality
YES Direct Product, First NO
Hand

Proximity SECONDAR
PRIMARY Presence or Absence
SOURCE Y SOURCES
YES of the Actor NO
S
NO Signification YES
Absence or Presence
of Interpretation or
Alteration
 Can a digitized document be
considered as primary source?

YES, it is still considered as primary

source.
According to the University Libraries of Seton Hall University, primary
sources are original materials, regardless of format’ because they
are record of the ORIGINAL words, images, text, or objects created by
people who were present at that time. Therefore, the resulting
document is still considered as primary source even though it was
transformed into digital file.
Can a secondary source be considered
as primary source?
YES, there are instances that secondary sources
may be considered as primary source.
For example, the annotated version of Sucesos delas Islas Filipinas written by
Antonio de Morga made by Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal is a primary source with respect
to the study of Rizal’s Life, Works, and Writings but still a secondary source with
respect to the subject of Philippine early colonization sources. The film about the
life, works, and writings of the national hero can also be considered as primary
sources when a historian works on the biography of its director or screenwriter.
 REPOSITORY
Physical Digital
REPOSITORIE
S OF PRIMARY
SOURCES a person … who a database or
a ‘place, a building, has a lot of central
or a receptacle information or location
where things are or detailed where data is
can be stored’ – knowledge’ – stored and
Oxford English Cambridge managed.
Dictionary (2023) Dictionary (2023)
 REPOSITORY
PHYSICAL
REPOSITOR Y Physical
It is a repository where primary
resources are kept, stored, and
preserved in its physical form and
access to these materials may be
limited or restricted depending on
a person … who
the nature, condition, and a ‘place, a building, has a lot of
importance of the material. or a receptacle information or
where things are or detailed
Physical repositories primarily can be stored’ – knowledge’ –
Oxford English Cambridge
include museums, archives, and Dictionary (2023) Dictionary (2023)
libraries.
 DIGITAL REPOSITORY
REPOSITORY
Digital
It is an emerging
trend in making
primary sources
more accessible to
general public using
high-resolution
a database or
scanners,
central
advanced imaging location
techniques, and where data is
secured stored and
databases. managed.
Image from
https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/digital-archiving-context-everything/
 DIGITAL REPOSITORY
REPOSITORY
Digital
Primary sources such as
rare and old manuscripts
are carefully scanned using
specialized book scanners
and converted them into
digital file (digitized
format) so that the original a database or
can be preserved longer, central
avoid further oxidation due location
to exposure to elements, where data is
and prevent damage due to stored and
improper handling. managed.
Image from
https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/digital-archiving-context-everything/
 DIGITAL REPOSITORY
REPOSITORY
Digital
Example:

Project Gutenberg is a
digital repository of over
70,000 free eBooks –
a database or
including digitized copies central
of resources about the location
Philippines. where data is
Website: stored and
https://www.gutenberg.org/ managed.
 DIGITIZATION OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Digitization of manuscripts and other materials whose copyright have
expired already makes them visually available as digital objects and by
doing this, textual heritage is protected and documented.
It aims to digitally preserve original manuscripts for posterity; promote
access and usage for scholars and researchers without tampering the
original copies; create a digital library as a resource base of digitized
copies of some of the significant manuscript collections; and to create
standards and procedures.
 DIGITAL ARCHIVING
The most important goal of digital archiving is intellectual
control – they have the vital knowledge about the primary
sources that they hold and not only the known information
about the collection.
Digitized record holds context that is important in
understanding its value as a historical or legal evidence.
Image from
https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/digital-archiving-context-everything/
FOUR CATEGORIES OF VALUE
DIGITAL
Preservati ARCHIVES
Protection of sources as textual heritage.

on Confers value on otherwise random,

Contextualizati unauthenticated pieces of information.
on
Presentati Offers digital file for the general public.
on
Enabling Provides ease of access and usage
usage
 EVALUATING PRIMARY SOURCES
INTERNAL CRITICISM
Checking the credibility of the document whether the
contents given in it are believable or not after it has

METHODS been subjected to external scrutiny.

Positive Criticism
Finds out whether it is telling the
truth
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
Applied through textual criticism, Negative Criticism
verification, and identification of dates;
Examines the source as to its
veracity of the source is questioned.
position to tell the truth
CIRCUMSTANCES PREVENTING HISTORIANS TO
TELL THE TRUTH
INTERNAL CRITICISM
Human tendency of having a habit of not
telling the truth

METHODS Incompetence to ascertain the truth

Ability to reach out the truth which is
dependent on time and space
Degree of attention and training
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
Important developments at time are ignored
Witness of the parties maybe of interest
parties of the author
Intention to gain favor from the leaders
 EVALUATING PRIMARY SOURCES

METHODS EXTERNAL CRITICISM

Chronology - a study of science to arrange
Textual criticism, originality of the text is extremely the significant events and fix the gap
important which can be checked with the authors, in-between.
language, ideas, versions, and styles of writing, the
passages, additions, and omissions.
Paleography - the study of handwriting,
Verification - determining the authorized describes the evolution of letters.
handwriting, the style, and the method of
presentation.
Sigiliography - study of seals to authenticate
Identification of dates and place - document or and describe them.
source’s origin including the physical properties,
quality of paper, color, weight, ink, and other Archaeology
materials.
 ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES
CONTENT ANALYSIS
Application of appropriate technique depending on the
source’s type (written, oral, or visual).

METHODS Author’s Main Argument or

Thesis
Author’s Point of View
CONTEXT ANALYSIS
Author’s Biases
Considers the historical context of the source
(time, place, and situation); author’s Author’s Claims Based on
background; intent (to the extent discernable); Presented Evidence
authority on the subject; relevance and
meaning in the present time.
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How do we classify materials that are

products of interpretation and analysis
of the past events where the author is
not an eyewitness to the event?
NON-PRIMARY, NON-CONTEMPORANEOUS,
AND NON-EYEWITNESS SOURCES
(SECONDARY SOURCES)
 SECONDARY SOURCES
‘Interprets, discusses, and analyzes’ the events related in
primary sources; usually in text formats and written by
someone who is distant geographically and in terms of time
to the event/s being interpreted, discussed, or analyzed. –
Bowdoin Library

May be based on other secondary sources also which in some

cases, these are categorized into tertiary sources which include
encyclopedias and textbooks because they are further removed or
often summaries of information found in primary and secondary
sources.
 SECONDARY SOURCES
For example, when Jose Rizal annotated Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas, his work is a secondary source on the context that he
interpreted, discussed, and analyzed the work of a person who visited
the Philippines scores of years before him. But his work can also be
re-interpreted, discussed, or analyzed by other authors – all these
works are considered secondary sources. However, Rizal’s annotated
version of the Sucesos can be a primary source also depending on
what the scholar is analyzing such as in the case of investigating
Rizal’s thoughts about the Philippines during the Propaganda period in
Spain.
 Books
Scholarly journal articles
KINDS OF (depends on discipline)
SECONDARY Magazine articles
SOURCES Encyclopedia entries
Reviews, criticisms, and
histories
 PRIMARY SOURCES
firsthand, contemporary accounts of events created by
individuals during that period of time or several years
Difference later (such as correspondence, diaries, memoirs and
personal histories)
between
original records can be found in several media such as
Primary print, artwork, and audio and visual recording e.g.
Sources and manuscripts, newspapers, speeches, cartoons,
photographs, video, and artifacts
Secondary
can be described as those sources that are closest to
Sources the origin of the information

contain raw information and thus, must be interpreted

by researchers
 SECONDARY SOURCES

closely related to primary sources and

Difference often interpret them
between
Primary documents that relate to information that
originated elsewhere
Sources and
Secondary often use generalizations, analysis,
Sources interpretation, and synthesis of primary
sources e.g. textbooks, articles, and
reference books
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LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SOURCES
 National Archives of the Philippines
It is a repository of archival records
featuring Erección de Pueblos among
other collections, a bundle of 236
manuscripts, drawings, maps,
illustrations, and plans dealing with
the establishments of towns during
the Spanish colonization and over 60
million documents since then.
Link: https://nationalarchives.gov.ph/.
National Museum of the Philippines
Started as Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas (1887)
established by a royal order; opened on October
24, 1891 and expanded throughout history, the
NMP is a government trust for educational,
scientific, and cultural acquisition, documentation,
preservation, exhibition, and fostering scholarly
study and public appreciation of art, specimens,
and cultural and historical artifacts representative
of the unique cultural heritage of the Filipino
people and the natural history of the Philippines.
Link: https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/.
 National Library of the Philippines (NLP)
Official national library of the country with more
than 210,000 books; over 880,000 manuscripts
(Filipiniana Division); more than 170,000
newspaper issues from Metro Manila and across
the Philippines; around 66,000 theses and
dissertations; 104,000 government publications;
3,800 maps; and 53,000 photographs.
(https://web.nlp.gov.ph/)
 National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP)

National Memory Project – an online platform that

(started in 2020) can hold a great number of
high-resolution digitized materials concerning
Philippine national and local history with a vision of
democratizing Philippine history materials, especially
the rare collections, unique items, and public domain
materials found in the NHCP library, archives, or
museums.
https://memory.nhcp.gov.ph/
 University Libraries
Ateneo de Manila University Rizal Library. It is the main university of the ADMU which mainly
serves and supports teaching and research in Loyola schools.

De La Salle University. It features a collection of almost 10,000 books. Its collection includes 21,218
titles and 33,741 volumes on language and literature as of 2008,[110] 3,751 titles and 4,898 volumes
on fine arts and music as of 2006, and 17,999 titles and 26,526 volumes on philosophy and religion
as of 2005. A 2001 assessment places its number of periodicals at 14,362 titles.
University of the Philippines Main Library.
Collections: Special Collections of the Main Library consists of rare books and other types of Filipiniana
materials. They usually do not fall into any of the conventional categories like books and serials. They may be
rare, unique, out of print, unpublished and non-textual. They supplement or offer information on various
subjects not readily available in the Book and Serials Section.
Link: https://mainlib.upd.edu.ph/
 University Libraries
UST Miguel de Benavidez Library.
Collections: The Heritage Library is a depository of the vast printed collections of the University of
Santo Tomas of approximately 30,000 volumes of historical materials such as: Rare Books from 1492
through 1900; Filipiniana Rare; Rare Periodicals; Rare Legal Collections, Medical Books and Books
on Pharmacy.
Link: https://library.ust.edu.ph/heritage-library.html
 Local and Private Museums
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
Collections: Museums
Link: https://nhcp.gov.ph/museums/

Ayala Museum. It houses archaeological, ethnographic, historical, fine arts, numismatics, and
ecclesiastical exhibits.

Bahay Tsinoy, Museum of Chinese in Philippine Life. It houses the Kaisa-Angelo King Heritage
Center, a museum documents the history, lives and contributions of the ethnic Chinese in the
Philippine life and history.
 Local Studies Centers
Dedicated for the enrichment and study of local history,
culture, and related studies.
Cebuano Studies Center (University of San Carlos, Cebu City) -
https://www.cebuanostudiescenter.com/
Cavite Studies Center (De La Salle University – Dasmariñas) -
https://www.dlsud.edu.ph/csc.htm
Bahay-saliksikan ng Bulacan (Bulacan State University) -
https://www.facebook.com/BahaySaliksikanngBulacan/
Cordillera Studies Center (UP Baguio) - https://csc3.upb.edu.ph/
Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies (Holy Angel University) -
https://www.hau.edu.ph/advocacies/center-for-kapampangan-studies
Tayabas Studies and Creative Writing Center (Tayabas City) -
https://www.facebook.com/atagantayabas/
 International Repositories
Michigan State University Library
Collections: The United States and its Territories 1870 to 1925: Age of Imperialism is a digitized
collection of printed materials such as books, dictionaries, journals, etc. from US territories
including the Philippines from 1870 to 1925.
Link: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/

Perry-Castañeda Map Collections, Philippine Maps, University of Texas at Austin,

University of Texas Libraries
Collections: Among the digital collections are the historical maps of Manila in 1851 taken from
Diccionario Geografico-Estadistico-Historico De Las Islas Filipinas. Madrid 1851; Manila in 1898
from Plano de Manila y sus Arrables, Francisco J. de Gamoneda; imp. lit. de Ramon Montes,
original scale 1:10,000, 1898; and other maps.
Link: https://library.ust.edu.ph/heritage-library.html
 International Repositories
Archivo General de Indias (General Archives of the Indies)
Collections: Extremely valuable archival documents about the rich history of the
Spanish Empire in the Americas and in Asia from 16th to 19th century.
Link: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/
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ACTIVITY NO. 01
INSTRUCTION: Read the situation below and tell whether the resulting
document is a primary source or not. What made you believe or decide
that it a primary source?

Situation 1. A university library was able to secure the

oldest extant copy of a manuscript with profound
historical significance. The university officials, in
coordination with the appropriate government agencies
decided to digitize the manuscript to preserve its brittle
and yellowing pages.
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Situation 2. During his final years, Gen. Emilio

F. Aguinaldo wrote his memoir about the
revolution recalling all the details of his
pursuits, challenges, and moments of living an
almost desolate life for his country covering
events from the eve of the revolution up to his
capture in Palanan, Isabela.
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Situation 3. In 2015, a group of students from

a university conducted an ethnographic
research about the indigenous farming
methods and practices of certain cultural
community in the Sierra Madre. They
interviewed the oldest members of the
community and recorded their responses
though audio cassettes.
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Situation 4. Before he left for a UN

Peacekeeping Mission, a Filipino soldier
wrote a letter to his sisters and relatives.
These letters tell about his sorrows in
departing with them and hopes to see
them well again.
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Situation 5. A university professor

conducted an inquiry about the cultural
significance of Sanghiyang of Alfonso,
Cavite through the interviews conducted by
a group of cultural education students in
2012 and published the results in a
newspaper.
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ACTIVITY NO. 02
INSTRUCTION: Tell whether the artefact provided below is a
primary source or not.
1) Love letter ________________________

2) Video footage of an event ________________________

3) Accomplished survey forms ________________________

4) Literary criticism ________________________

5) Historical re-enactment ________________________

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LESSON 3.0 LEARNING DISCUSSIONS

Discussion 1 – Primary Sources

Discussion 2 – Secondary Sources

Discussion 3 – Repositories
 ACTIVITIES & DRILLS

Preparatory Activity
Activity No. 01
Activity No. 02

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REFERENCES
Anglia, Nord. “Why is it Important to Study History?” Nord Anglia Education, 29 April 2020,
https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/news/2020/04/29/why-is-it-important-to-study-history. Accessed 05 April 2023.

Asuncion, Nestor M. & Cruz, Geoffrey Rhoel C. (2022). Readings in Philippine History 2 nd Ed., C & E Publishing, Inc.:
Quezon City.

Ateneo de Zamboaga University. Repositories of Primary Sources.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/31769799/Repositories-of-Primary-Sourcesdocx/. Accessed 30 August 2023.

Centre for the Study of Historical Consciousness. “Historical Perspectives,” The Historical Thinking Project – Canadian
Heritage, https://historicalthinking.ca/historical-perspectives. Accessed 30 July 2023.

Faculty of Philosophy. “Historical Methodology.” University of Heidelberg, 2023,

https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en/study/all-subjects/historical-methodology. Accessed 29 July 2023.

Government of Western Australia – School Curriculum and Standards Authority. “HAS P-10 Key Concepts Exemplification.”
PDF Copy.
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REFERENCES
History Skills. “How to determine a source’s perspective,” History Skills Website, 2023,
https://www.historyskills.com/source-criticism/analysis/perspective/. Accessed 30 July 2023.

History Skills. “The problem of ‘perspective’ in the History classroom: we cannot seem to Agree on what it means.”
https://www.historyskills.com/2020/04/21/the-problem-of-perspective-in-the-history-classroom-we
-cannot-seem-to-agree-on-what-it-means/. Accessed 30 July 2023.

Llewellyn, Jennifer and Thompson, Steve. “Historical concepts,” 03 June 2015,

https://alphahistory.com/history-concepts/. Accessed 29 July 2023.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines. “Ending the Limasawa Controversy.” National
Quincentennial Committee Philippines, 27 March 2021,
https://www.nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/ending-the-limasawa-controversy/. Accessed 28 July 2024.
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REFERENCES
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Mandaluyong City.

University of the People. “Why is history important and how it can benefit your future?’ University of the People
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Vanham, Peter. “A brief history of globalization.” World Economic Forum, 17 January 2019,
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