The process you use to put together your 3D model determines a lot - how easy it is to edit later, how

good it looks when lighting and shaders are applied, how easy it is to deform while animating, and much
more. A good model is crucial for all of the other parts of the CG pipeline to work well.

Messy topology, on the other hand, can make the rest of the process a disaster.

What can you do to keep that from happening? Here are 8 tips you can use right away.

Contents of this article:

 1. Understand Common Mesh Tools

 2. Know When to use N-gons, Triangles, and Quads
 3. Understand Edge Flow
 4. Use MatCaps "
 5. When to use Creases versus Holding Edges "
 6. Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS)
 7. Beware of Duplicates
 8. Always Check Your Normals

8 Tips For Great Blender Topology

1. Understand Common Mesh Tools

This is an obvious tip, but one that everyone venturing into 3d modeling in Blender needs to become
proficient in.

When modeling, understanding how to properly add/remove/modify the mesh s the most important
aspect. After all, 3d modeling is all about conforming faces/edges/vertices to form a visually pleasing
shape.

So let's take a look at some of the most common types of tools you'll use when modeling. (Note that most
of these tools can only be accessed when in edit mode in Blender .)

Adding Edge Loops

Adding edge loops is something you'd typically do to support the edges of a mesh to create a crisp-
looking edge, or just to provide additional geometry very quickly.

The shortcut for this is Ctrl + R.

When this is enabled, you need to hover over the mesh itself which will then reveal a yellow line to
project where this edge loop will be placed. To increase the number of edge loops, use your mouse
scroll wheel or type in the number of loops you want using the numeric keypad.

Inset

Inset allows you to create things like a window. If I click a face and press I (as in Inset) with a face
selected, I can then move my mouse to create a smaller version of that face within. This is incredibly
useful for creating something like a frame or an edge around a specific part of the mesh. Note that this
creates the face on the same surface as the face selected and does not change it's shape.

Extrude

Similar to Inset, Extrude also creates additional geometry but unlike Inset, it allows you to change the
shape of it by allowing you to take that extra geometry and move it around.

To extrude a face press E (as in Extrude) then move your mouse in the direction you want to extrude to.
Typically, this will default to the axis this face is pointing in, but you may also see that you can move the
extrusion in any direction you want. Left click again in order to stop moving.
Along with the basic extrude you also have a number of different wants to extrude. To access more
extruding options press the shortcut keys Alt + E which will open up the extrude menu. If you have
vertex selection mode enabled you'll see all the options available to you to extrude.

Vertex/Edge Slide

Often times you'll need to realign vertices to conform to a proper shape and while you can try to push and
pull verts this can lead to a frustrating process of trying to get vertices in line properly. Vertex
Slide allows you to move vertices in line with the edge(s) they are connected to. Think of it as being
connected to a rail and the rail is an edge. In order to enable this you can press G twice with a vertex
selected. If you accidentally slide a vertex, you can right click to cancel the movement.

The same can be done with edges to speed up the process. If you need to slide an edge into place while
keeping it along the same surface use the same shortcut key.

Knife Tool

As the name implies, the Blender knife tool allows you to cut into your mesh. You start by pressing K
which enables the tool to appear followed by a knife icon for the cursor. You select an edge to add a
vertex point to start off with, then connect it to another edge. Once you're done making your cut, hit enter
to save your changes.

By pressing C you can constrain your cut to 45-degree increments. This is useful for getting those
perfectly straight cuts in your mesh. Lastly, if you need to make multiple cuts (that are not connected) you
can press E to start a new cut. You'll still need to save your changes by pressing enter.

Connect

Connecting vertices is a common way to easily create an edge between two selected vertices. Select at
least 2 vertices and press J to connect them. This is similar to cutting through faces with the knife tool but
much quicker.

Fill

Similar to Connect, you can also fill in faces. Select the vertex points you want to connect with a face,
then press F. You can create an n-gon, triangle or quad with this method and you can also use this to
create an edge between two vertices.

Subdivide and Smooth Shading

These can be found under the same Right-Click Menu but are context-specific.

If you are in Object Mode, right clicking will reveal smooth shading, which will smooth out the mesh
and remove the faceted look. This is typically something you'd enable after applying some subdivisions
to the mesh. This is similar to adding a subdivision surface modifier with simple enabled. Subdividing
quickly adds in more geometry and evenly distributes this new geometry throughout your mesh.

2. Know When to use N-gons, Triangles, and Quads

N-gons are polygons that contain 5 or more sides. For example, a pentagon is considered an N-gon.
Because of their odd shape N-gons can be difficult to subdivide and you may see odd shading artifacts.
This becomes an even bigger issue when animating an object; if you try to bend a face in half you'll get
unexpected results.

But N-gons are not always going to be avoided, so you might as well get familiar with them.
 Top face of a cylinder is an N-gon

N-gons are good for complex, flat shapes that won't be animated or have subdiv. It's pretty niche, but
that's where they can beat quads because they're faster to work with. Just be careful to convert them to tris
or quads before UV unwrapping.

Triangles aka three connected vertices are the simplest way to create a face. Because of their simplicity,
you'll find that games utilize meshes as triangles. If you imported a model made entirely of Quads into
Unity, you'll see it gets converted into triangles. Triangles introduce poles for just about every vertex.
(Poles are 3, 5 or more edges connected to a vertex and these produce their own problems which we'll
discuss later.)

Icosphere is made entirely of Triangles

Lastly, we have Quads. Quads have 4 edges and 4 vertices making it easy to subdivide. This also
makes them great for things like sculpting or utilizing them within a game engine which will
eventually convert these quads into triangles.

Along with using quads, ensure that these are properly scaled. Elongated faces will result in
stretched textures and can deform your mesh topology. Quads not only make for clean topology -
they also help display the proper shape and "flow" of your mesh.
 UV Sphere is made mostly of Quads

3. Understand Edge Flow

We talked about N-gons before along with triangles and these could introduce something known
as a Pole. As I mentioned above, Poles exist when we have a vertex with 3, 5 or more edges
connected to it.

Why is this important? Because poles essentially control the direction of your topology.
Understanding how to control the "flow" of your topology is vital to getting specific details in
place. Moving and placing poles down to control the flow yourself is highly dependent on the
model you're working on.

If you're interested in learning more about how to control poles and edge flow, I'd highly
recommend watching this lesson on Edge Loops in Blender by Jonathan Lampel from his
Mesh Modeling Bootcamp.

In that course, Jonathan also discusses All Quad Junctions which includes this graphic to better
understand how poles could affect your topology:
4. Use MatCaps

MatCap (short for Material Capture) is a complete material that allows for proper lighting and
reflections. MatCaps help us see how light and reflections react to your mesh topology. It's a
very easy and quick way to determine if your mesh is distorted due to bad topology.

Below, we have a scene with traditional shading. While we do have some lighting and shadows,
it may be difficult to see distortions in something like a reflection. Instead of creating a reflective
material and shader in Blender we can quickly change the viewport shading to using a MatCap.

I've applied a MatCap that includes a very glossy and reflective surface. Now I can quickly tell if any
distortion appears within the smooth curved surfaces of this object.

To add a MatCap you'll need to access the viewport shading menu:

Ensure you have Solid as the display method (the solid white circle) and when you open this up you
should immediately see an option to switch between Studio, MatCap and Flat for the lighting. With
MatCap selected I can also change out the type by clicking on the preview of the material:

5. When to use Creases versus Holding Edges

There will come a time when you add a subdivision surface modifier to a mesh with flat surface
and you'll see those edges start to droop or lose their crisp edge.

There are a few ways you can keep the smoothness of the modifier while still keeping those
edges crisp. The first method: using a crease.

Creases are applied directly to an edge and you can make these sharp by increasing their crease
value, sometimes also known as their weight (which is a value between 0 and 1). Select the edge
in edit mode, then use the keyboard shortcut CTRL + E (same as the edge menu) then move
your mouse in or out to adjust the crease weight.

As you may have guessed, creases can only be applied to specific edges. If you have a very
smooth mesh but want specific parts of it extra sharp (such as the body lines on a vehicle), using
creases might be just the thing you need. Here's an example of a basic cube with a subdivision
modifier applied and the top 4 edges have Edge Crease enabled with a value of 1.
Holding edges are typically recommended due to the amount of influence you can have on the
mesh in general.

Similar to a tent, the more support poles you provide, the more distinct the shape will be.
Holding edges, also known as support loops, allow you to create extra geometry around edges to
ensure they don't droop. More geometry in one area leaves less room to "blend" between edges.
The downside to this is that added geometry can cause issues with the rest of the mesh topology.

Take a look at a similar example, a cube with a subdivision modifier - but this time, we have
holding edges supporting each corner:

Here is another example of both, but with the cube on the left containing nothing but creases.
This means less geometry which may be useful if you're really tight on how much geometry you
can include in a scene or object but has it's downsides as you can see:

6. Keep It Simple, Stupid (KISS)

This is largely dependent on your mesh, but often you can break it up to ensure that detailed
pieces don't make the rest of your mesh denser than it needs to be.

Think about a car door handle. The car door itself can be relatively simple geometry-wise, but a
door handle has a key hole, handle and frame around that handle.
The handle will be more intricate. But why should the entire door provide supporting loops and
geometry for a smaller piece? It makes sense to create the car door and the handle separately.
You can get as detailed as you want with the door handle, while the door keeps it's low polygon
count.

Along with that, determine the bare minimum of edge loops needed to form the shape you're
looking for. It may be tempting to add in a ton of loops early on to make something look better,
but the more geometry you add, the harder it becomes to work with. Limit your loops early on to
create what is needed, then add more where necessary.

7. Beware of Duplicates
When you start using tools like Inset and Extrude you may forget to move the added geometry
which leaves duplicates in the exact same place. Depending on what was duplicated it may be
difficult to really see the changes made, but will become apparent when you try to manipulate
the mesh in those areas. Take a look at the image below: can you spot the duplicate vertices?

Here, I extruded the top face by pressing E but then hit enter. Sometimes you may accidentally
hit enter or think you canceled the operation when all you really did was leave it in place. I can
select the top face and move it up:
If you suspect you may have duplicate vertices, you can select the entire mesh and use shortcut
key Alt + M to pull up the Merge menu. You'll be provided options to merge vertices (assuming
you have more than one selected) based off the center point, 3d cursor, or to collapse them into
one. The last option is By Distance which was previously known as "doubles". If vertices are
close enough, they will be merged together.

8. Always Check Your Normals

Similar to duplicate geometry, you may notice that your mesh appears darker than normal.

First off - what is a normal in Blender?

Normals refer to the direction of the faces. Here you can see blue lines indicating the direction
each face is pointing in:

If you want to enable this yourself you can find this setting under overlays at the bottom where it
says Normals. You can select Vertex, Split or Face normals along with a size for the length of
the blue line:
If you want to enable this yourself you can find this setting under overlays at the bottom where it
says Normals. You can select Vertex, Split or Face normals along with a size for the length of
the blue line:
If you want to enable this yourself you can find this setting under overlays at the bottom where it
says Normals. You can select Vertex, Split or Face normals along with a size for the length of
the blue line:
If you want to enable this yourself you can find this setting under overlays at the bottom where it
says Normals. You can select Vertex, Split or Face normals along with a size for the length of
the blue line:
 If you want to enable this yourself you can find this setting under
overlays at the bottom where it says Normals. You can select
Vertex, Split or Face normals along with a size for the length of the
blue line:

From time to time you may be working on a mesh and end up in a situation where your normals
are flipped in the opposite direction. While this mostly affects the rendering of your object, it
may confuse you into trying to fix the issue by adding more edge loops or modifying the mesh.

Below is an example of a couple faces of our mesh flipped. The faces still exist but because
they're pointing in the opposite direction they result in weird shading. In rare instances you may
also have issues creating edge loops through these areas. By enabling the normals display you
can see which faces have issues.

In general, flipping normals is done all at once. To open up the normals menu use shortcut
Alt+N. Next, you can recalculate outside to have the normals pointing outward.
In rare cases, you may be building a model where the inside is rendered in which case you'd want
to recalculate the inside. This is also important when working with games. You may export a
model and notice that mesh looks transparent and only the inner portions are rendered:

This is due to the normals being flipped. Typically you only render one side of a mesh as there's
no point in rendering parts of a mesh you won't actually see (which also helps with
performance). If you experience this when importing into a game engine you'd have to
recalculate the normals to the outside in Blender and reimport that once again. Make sure to
check out my article on Maximizing Your Unity Game Performance as well.

Retopology Tools
Once you get to a point where you are working with higher density mesh models on a regular
basis you will want to speed up your retopology workflow.

Retopology is the process of turning dense topology into simpler, lower poly topology. This is
especially useful when working with game assets or animations, where sculpted objects will be
too costly to utilize or provide improper deformations.
RetopoFlow

RetopoFlow is retopology suite created in house by Jonathan Williamson and Jonathan Denning
and can be found on the Blender Market. You can watch a free course on how to use
RetopoFlow addon - prepare to have your mind blown!

DynRemesh/AutoFlow

DynRemesh 2.5 is a quad-based remesher for Blender 2.8, assisting in retopology for your
dyntopo sculpts & 3dscans containing too many triangles.
Tesselator

Tesselator is a remeshing addon that helps you create regular quad and triangle meshes easily out
of sculpts.