Class - CSE-HC Rol no- 023965027 22 Aeeignmert-1 uyi ohat are the laity them difrent typea of aignals.characdoisi be dassified based on vario, Arsi ionala can d- Continous time aignalp : Desined for ewey ingtant of tme and are also encoLon au analog ignal dinrde 2 Disaete tBme aignal: Definedu'ony at irnstarts oftime. heir amplitude cohtnuow,kut they are disrte in me. uncentainity in the Haye no 3. Deteuministie signay: irutart of time ad fave ampltude and phat requar ande ale or patexnike iHe orsquate avg aweg alnot their Hawe uncextainity. mathematical 4 Random signalaannot ccusence ad be epresented by 6e círcit. equatorA , such as thermal 'noise in aselectric s Periodic Signala: Repeat themaevey at reguwar intervale t time Apeiodie signals: Do not repeat at refular interva 6 not exhibit any periodiit ove time. and are they do (an take any value Analog signals: Thepe oigmala otthina contiruou range 8 Digtal Sienala: These aignals have disuete _levely often reprented ly binavý digits (o and n) 9g. UridirecHonal aionala: Thepe oinal propagaBe in one direction ony Bidirechona) aignalp:Ihepe algnala anise fom 1o- random om procene). F(S) and hence nd imgo Caug Prouve f(o) 2($+) fro) for fs 5 cfoentiatin propety of 2T As By time dx(t)st dt - Sf(S) - x(0) -
lt daltesttt + x(o) Sf)J dt s ’ of botthdide Taking imie S im Sf() =lim rdalt) dt e t + x(ot) (dxtt)(Lim dt eJolt +x(o) ot x(ot) [zlo) im $f(s) Cobcul ction F(s) > Sx 2(s+I)
im sf) lim S X 2s(t)
limsFs) 2s°(! t) Ain s F(s) = 2(14) (lt2+ im sf) = 2 (4 ) 2. (Itot) Sm sF(s) 22 Quw3-unit Defnestepfunctoh. transform. FAnd the z- rangfom of Auus he zz- ransform is a mathematical tool wed in disrete-time sional procesing to an alyze and rangfom osrte sienals.sls thedulete- tine Counter part of the laplace tansform. ohich is used for continouAme sighal het-tranvtorm dicrete-time x [n] u given by the ea" a n= - o
shee, zz ü a complex vaúcble
The witstep funchon,denoted au an],a defined ou n<o To find the z-traaform of the uitAtep finction ,oe auibstitute uln] ndo the transform e U(z) = no
Now,thçg Sum sa geometric ig:
n=
Using 3erieA r the fomala for thepeun on nfiuite geometic U(z) = 1-z hu the z-trongfom he nit dtep funcion ub]a
Out Cay Syntheaize the follouwing igna
24
2 2
(5) And the laplace transform of Kr)
e) Solve the x+ 3z' x o, x(0)= 2 , ( K
) f) Kr(t) - Kr (t-1) + Kr t-2)
Lohee kK ua a alope and slope -9y 2
t 2
C9 (t) - &r (t)- Qult-) - ult-8)
( the laplace tranform the unit atep fnchon hion ult) utt) u s,huy the oplace tranaform wilbe %, Lohere K) is the' witatep function at time t o .
3Xt22=( oe AstfAnd he charadistig eg by aubstitutig X= ert o the en: rt3r+ 2 O (t+)lrtI) =0 So, r= - 2 , r The generalAou is then, xlt) C,e + Cet Nou ue wse the particular solution initial cond;r (ot) =-3 from o)=2: from x(o+) = 3 2- C + C -3= -2C -G Solving thepe equations aimultaneeouly G=1 ohoue puting thege values ,the poti ta sputiar
find the coeffidert of exponential fowier seriu
ys to) given blous of the A
(b) Define LTI systen and dËscus st properties.
As (a) To find the coefficlert of the exponertial ourier sesdes for tHhogiven waveform, uoe need to compute he folleoit htega Chtse) e
Loheve T i peiod of the oaweform
" fus is the çiuet weform number " n uthe harmoric LOo - nu he fundamertal frequoney. Lets denote the întervala: Line .ntenal 4 o<t 1 dtratgynt honzontal ine at level A . inteval 2 " intewal 3: 2 < t<4L, A3 aastaiahtline inteal 4: 4 e hese letx calcul ate n for n=O,tl,12 -. for n 0; n 'O.edt t A-e'dt+ o.et. (A) edt
for no 6r (o.,jnotdt A t 27 fon
at/(A. ejnust () A -4n jnuo -jnw t-ejnco Cn -trjnénjnuo Caleulode a for gpeejf vadues jw n=2
juo n= -2 A An UTI (Linear Time Jnvariard )aytem å a fundam ental Concept in aignal procesing and cotrol theory' tere are ts key propeties ' ia inear t ifsatisfes ) Lineanty- The syptemmeaningHat the popbthom priiple , inptt acy) procuces output y) and input x,tt)a cndprodu ces b,he output g(t) the he for any constants a ay (t) by.le). input a,(t) +bx,tt prkbuces eutput 2) ime Invariance- The dyutemdignal stime- invarlant ffa time shift in he in plt resuts in the emahaly he butuional. Math Some ime hiftin correponoi to input t) if yt) i theotput corresponshuy ohe input lt-r) hen the output tiné dela ineanity. 3) Homo qeneity- Jts aApecial Caje of tdtemaal Loherehe syotem datiafiea theproperes Loherehe and ,e) procutes 1 additvity- f z,(t) prouces ylt) Ben ai lé) produce ayl3. An I yten oconsidened atable f bounded y) Stabily- outauta . Mathem aticialty? inputa prodlue bowtd împlies that lyl <C or al ( () < M forandallNt ae frite t conaanta. t, ohere M Convoluetion-The Otaut of 5) Tme- Invariantto an put x(t) ca be obtained yatem by convolwmg the input agnal oith the aystomk Pkikulpe reporge hlt). * Mahematicalby denote con1 x() * ht) ,ohere
