1.

Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by

teachers, counselors, and other professionals to answer questions they have
and to specifically help them solve local problems?

*A. action research*

B. basic research

C. predictive research

D. orientation research

2. Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the
"same variables but different people" is which of the following?

A exploration

B. hypothesis

*C. replication*

D. empiricism

3. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its

findings?

A. quantitative research

*B. qualitative research*

C. mixed research

D. none of the above

4. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories

is called

A. a constant

*B. a variable*

C. a cause-and-effect relationship

D. a descriptive relationship

5. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called

a (n):

A.categorical variable

B. dependent variable
*C. independent variable*

D. intervening variable

6. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as

A. experimental research

*B. historical research*

C. replication

D. archival research

7. Sources of researchable problems can include.

A. Researchers' own experiences as educators

B. Practical issues that require solutions

C. Theory and past research

*D. All of the above*

8. A review of the literature prior to formulating each questions allows the

researcher to do which of the following?

A. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest

B. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area

C. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of

interest

*D. All of the above*

9. Which of the following is not true?

A. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest

*B. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect*

C. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect

D. Breaking confidentiality is not a problem

10. Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?

*A. Nominal*

B. Ordinal
C. Interval

D. Ratio

11. Which of these is not a method of data collection.

A. Questionnaires

B. Interviews

*C. Variables*

D. Observations

12. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally
collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?

A. Primary data

*B. Secondary data*

C. Experimental data

D. Field notes

13. Researchers use both open-ended and closed-end questions to collect

data. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Open-ended questions directly provide data based on the researcher's

predetermined response categories

B. Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data in the participant's own

words

*C. Open-ended questions provide qualitative data in the participant's own

words*

D. Closed-ended questions directly provide qualitative data in the

participants' own words

14. The researcher has secretly placed him or herself (as a member) in the
group that is being studied. This researcher may be which of the following?

A. A complete participant

B. An observer-as-participant

*C. A participant-as-observer*

D. None of the above

15. When constructing a questionnaire, there are 15 principles to which you
should adhere. Which of the following is not one of those principles?

A. Do not use "leading" or "loaded" questions

B. Avoid double-barreled questions

C. Avoid double negatives

*D. Avoid using multiple items to measure a single construct*

16. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?

A. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate

B. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from

within each ethnic group at random.

*C. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a
random number table to pick cases from the table.*

D. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the

school.

17. Which of the following statements are true?

A. The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error

*B. The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data
analysis, the larger the sample needed*

C. The fewer categories or breakdowns you w t to make in your data

analysis, the larger the sample needed

D. As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval

18. Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a

number between I and k, and including each kth element in your sample are
the steps for which form of sampling?

A. Simple Random Sampling

B. Stratified Random Sampling

*C. Systematic Sampling*

D. Cluster sampling

19. Which of the following is not an example of a nonrandom sampling

technique?
A. Purposive

B. Quota

*C. Convenience*

D. Cluster

20. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the

researcher ask the research participants to identify other potential research
participants?

*A. Snowball*

B. Convenience

C. Purposive

D. Quota

21. The type of qualitative research that describes the culture of a group of
people is called

B. Grounded theory

*C. Ethnography*

D. Case study

22. A graph that uses vertical bars to represent data is called a

A. Line graph

*B. Bar graph*

C. Scatterplot

D. Vertical graph

23. The most frequently occurring number in a set of values is called the

A. Mean

B. Median

*C. Mode*

D. Range

24. When referencing other works you have cited.

A. State the first and last name of the au

*B. Use the author, date citation method*

C. Use an asterisk and a footnote

D. Insert the complete citation in parenthesis

Use the following information for Questions 25

In a recent survey, subjects were asked to report the Internet. The following
responses were observed:

12 10 8 4 30 13 3 6 8 7 11 12 12

25. What is the mean number of hours that subjects used the internet (round
to the nearest number)

A. 10

*B. 12*

c. 20

D. 17

26. What is the median?

A. 10

*B. 12*

c. 20

D. 17

27. What is the mode?

A. 10

*B. 12*

C. 20

D. 17

28. Which of the following type of question yield the response from interview
participant?

*A. Open*

B. Closed
C. Directive

D. Reflective

29. A sampling frame is:

A. a summary of the various stages involved designing a survey.

B. an outline view of all the main clusters in a sample.

*C. a list of all the units in the population from, which a sample will be
selected.*

30. Hypothesis refers to

A. the outcome of an experiment

B. a conclusion drawn from an experiment

C. a form of bias in which the subject tries to outguess the experimenter

*D. a tentative statement about the relationship*

31. What is the final step of a scientific investigation?

A. analyze data

B. collect data

*C. report the findings*

D. determine whether the hypothesis was supported

32. What is the variable called, in an experiment that is manipulated by the

researcher?

A. Stimulus

B. Control

C. Dependent

*D. Independent*

33. Mensah goes to a fast food restaurant and records how many people
order Fried rice versus Banku and whether or not they order a coke versus a
diet coke. Mensah is involved in a

A. case study

*B. naturalistic observation*

C. survey

D. experiment

34. The following journal article would be an example of research;

'The benefits of florescent lighting on print production in a factory setting."

*A. Applied*

B. Interview

C. Basic

D. Research

35. Many experiments conducted at universities have Art students act as

participants, and then generalize the findings of the study to the general
public. In this case, ALL college students in Ghana can be considered the
"population", but those students who participated in the experiment
themselves are called the:

A. control group

B. selected group

*C. experimental group*

D. guinea pigs

36. If you take the S.A.T. exam four times and you receive the same score all
four times, we may conclude that the test is but not necessarily

A. valid; reliable

B. reliable; accurate

*C. reliable; valid*

D. valid; important

37. After an Artist has stated the specific problem to be studied in an

experiment, he/she must then develop a (n):

A. Theory

B. Conclusion

*C. Hypothesis*

D. summary of the data

38. How are "everyday ways of knowing" (like intuition, tradition, and
authority) different from scholarly ways of knowing (research)?

A. Research is valid; everyday ways of knowing are invalid.

B. Research is formal; everyday ways of knowing are informal.

*C. Research examines its assumptions; everyday ways of knowing do not.*

D. Research depends upon a historical context; everyday ways of knowing

are final.

39. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship

between internal validity and external validity?

A. Improving one tends to improve the other.

*B. Improving One tends to decrease the other.*

C. Internal validity is a subset of external validity.

D. External validity is a subset of internet" validity.

40. In a scholarly journal article or research report, where would you expect
to find how the researcher operationalized the variables?

A. literature review

*B. methodology*

C. discussion

D. references

41. Where would you find a short summary of the research and its findings?

*A. abstract*

B. literature review

C. methodology

D. discussion

42. Where would you find citations to other related articles and reports?

A. Abstract

B. literature review

C. methodology
*D. references*

43. Where would you find a discussion of the theory upon which the research
is based?

*B. literature review*

C. methodology

D. discussion

44. Where would you find the researches assessment if possible implications
of the findings?

A. abstract

B. literature review

C. methodology

*D. discussion*

45. What does quantitative research measures?

Feelings and opinions

*B. Numbers and figures*

C. Numbers and feelings

D. Feelings and figures

46. What are the key differences between the quantitative and qualitative
paradigms?

*A. The quantitative paradigm emphasises Objectivity in educational

research whereas the qualitative paradigm lays more emphasis on
subjectivity.*

B. The quantitative paradigm emphasises the importance of evidence in the

form of clear observation and measurement whereas the qualitative
paradigm emphasises the importance of relationships and differences in
interpretation in relation to objective reality.

C. Only the quantitative paradigm can deliver true propositions about the
world. The qualitative paradigm can only deliver various perspectives.

D. All of the above.

47. What do we mean by the methodology of educational research?

A. Methodology refers to the importance of systematic and formal
procedures in relation' to educational research.

*B. A research methodology is the epistemological position that the

researcher takes in her approach to research questions.*

C. A research methodology is an assembly of research tools and the

application of appropriate research rules in the context of the research
problem.

D. None of the above.

48. If a researcher selected five schools at random and then interviewed

each of the teachers in those

A. simple random sampling.

B. stratified random sampling.

*C. cluster random sampling.*

D. two-stage random sampling.

49. The best sample is one that is

A. a systematic sample.

B. convenient.

*C. representative of the population.*

D. purposefully selected.

50. How can we determine if a test has good validity?

A. It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same
group of people

B. It produces the same result no matter which version Of the test is used

*C. It measures what it is supposed to measure*

D. All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject

51. If we rate the difficulty of this paper by choosing one Of the five options
very difficult / difficult / about right / I easy / very easy, the data we generate
will be an example of the scale of measurement.

A. nominal
*B. ordinal*

C. interval

D. ratio

52. Which of the following statements exemplifies •cal research practice?

*A. As a student of a university, you are not required to participate in any

study.*

B. If some of the results in a research study are different from the others, it is
okay to delete the different ones.

C. It is okay to conduct research on student under the age of 18 without

gaining parental approval if the research is for education.

D. It is ethical to coerce children to participate in research without their

parents' approval.

53. Which of the following is an example of unethical practices?

A. As a student of a university, you are not required to participate in any

study.

*B. If some of the results in a research study are different from the others, it
is okay to delete the different ones.*

C. It is unethical to coerce children to participate in research without parental

approval.

D. It is okay to conduct research on students under the age of 18, but you
must first gain parental approval.

54. Which of the following is least likely to be a primary source?

A. an article in a professional journal

B. a dissertation

*C. a textbook*

D. a paper presented at a professional conference

55. An instrument that could be used to grade pottery that students created
in a visual arts class is a (n)

*A. product rating scale.*

B. flowchart.
C. performance checklist.

D. achievement test.

56. The main problem with informal interviews is

*A. getting comparable information from different respondents.*

B. the excessive amount of time required.

C. the variety of topics that must be covered.

D. getting respondents to cooperate.

57. When a researcher does not participate in the activity being observed
but sits on the sidelines and watches, he/she is a(n)

A. complete participant.

B. observer-as-participant.

*C. nonparticipant observer* .

D. participant-as-observer.

58. Triangulation is a means of checking

A. sample representativeness.

B. reliability.

*C. validity.*

D. scoring agreement.

59. Which of the following does a research proposal not attempt to

Communicate?

A. purpose of the intended study

~*B. results of the study, along with a discussion about them*~

C. importance of the intended study

D. step-by-step plan for conducting the Study

60. In which section of a research proposal must researchers make clear why
this particular subject is important to investigate?

A. the research question

B. definition of terms
*C. justification of the study*

D. purpose of the study