Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM BSCE COURSE NO. EN MATH 3

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
YEAR LEVEL BSCE 2 TIME FRAME 3 HR WK NO. 7 IM NO. 7

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Chapter 5. Laplace Transforms\ of Functions
II. LESSON TITLE
1. Introduction to the Laplace Transform
2. Calculating Laplace Transform
3. Inverse Laplace Transform
4. Solving Differential Equations with the Laplace Transform
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
1. Application
2. Lesson Plan

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

To understand and apply the concept of Laplace Transform to functions and differential equation.
V. LESSON CONTENT

Laplace Transform
Definition 1.
Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a function on [0, ∞]. The Laplace Transform of “f” is the function “F” defined by
the integral:
∞
Equation 1 𝑭(𝒔) ≔ ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕.
The domain of F(s) is all the values of “s” for which the integral in equation 1 exists. The
Laplace transform of “f” denoted by both “F” and ℒ{𝑓 }.

Notice that the integral in equation 1 is an improper integral. More precisely,

∞ 𝑵
∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 ≔ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 whenever the limit exists.
𝑵→∞

Linearity of the Transform

Theorem 1.
Let 𝑓, 𝑓1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓2 be functions whose Laplace transforms exists for 𝑠 > 𝛼 and let “c” be a
constant. Then, for 𝑠 > 𝛼,
Equation 2: 𝓛{𝒇𝟏 + 𝒇𝟐 } = 𝓛{𝒇𝟏 } + 𝓛{𝒇𝟐 },
Equation 3: 𝓛{𝒄𝒇} = 𝒄𝓛{𝒇}.

Piecewise Continuity
Definition 2.
A function 𝑓 (𝑡) is said to be piecewise continuous on a finite interval [𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓(𝑡) is
continuous at every point in [𝑎, 𝑏], except possibly for a finite number of points at which 𝑓(𝑡)
has jump discontinuity.
A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be piecewise continuous on [0, ∞] if f(t) is piecewise
continuous on [0, 𝑁] for all N>0.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Exponential Order
Definition 3. A function 𝑓(𝑡) is said to be of exponential order 𝛼 if there exist positive constants
T and M such that
|𝑓(𝑡)| ≤ 𝑀𝑒 𝛼𝑡 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 ≥ 𝑇.

Conditions for Existence of the Transform

Theorem 2. If f(t) is piecewise continuous on [0, ∞] and of exponential order 𝛼, then ℒ {𝑓 }(𝑠)
exists for s>𝛼.

Table 1. Laplace Transforms of Common Functions

Sample Problem No. 1

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Sample Probe No. 2

Sample Problem No. 3 Sample Problem No. 4

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Sample Problem No. 5

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Table 2. Complete Laplace Transform Table

For this lesson we will be using a new methodology to solve Laplace transforms, and that is by comparison
with table 2. In the past lesson you learned how to calculate these kind of transformations by working out
through the integral operations, but the thing is that these operations can be gathered together in a table
where we can come back and check the established result for different types of functions being
transformed. This will actually accelerate the way you compute Laplace transformations even more, and
with time, you may not even need to go back and look at the table since you may get used to and
memorize the results of the Laplace transform of certain functions.
In order to follow the method of comparison with the table, one needs to follow the next steps to solve a
Laplace transform:
1. Having the Laplace transform to resolve, simplify by linearity if addition or subtraction signs are found
inside the function to be transformed.
2. Use the Laplace transforms table to solve each of the parts from the separated Laplace function from
last step
a.Identify the formula from the table which contains the same operation as the one we find in each
function to solve
b.Once sure of what equation to use from the table, identify element values such as n, a or b
(depending on the equation you are using).
c. Ordered Item 3

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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

d.Transcribe the result, by following the answer on the table, using your values for n, a or b according
to the type of function you have.
3. After each separated Laplace transform has been solved, put the complete solution to the initial
Laplace transform by adding (or subtracting, depending on the signs you had originally) each of the
results found per each separated transform.

Sample Problem No. 6 Sample Problem No. 9

Sample Problem No. 7

Sample Problem No. 10

Sample Problem No. 8

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Sample Problem No. 11

Inverse Laplace Transform

Definition. Given a function F(s), if there is a function f(t) that is continuous on [0, ∞] and
satisfies the equation: ℒ(𝑓 ) = 𝐹, then we say that f(t) is the inverse Laplace transform of F(s)
and employ the notation 𝑓 = ℒ −1 {𝐹 }.

Linearity of Inverse Laplace Transform

Theorem. Assume that ℒ −1 {𝐹 }, ℒ −1 {𝐹1 }, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℒ −1 {𝐹2 }, exist and are continuous on [0, ∞]
and let c be any constant. Then
ℒ −1 {𝐹1 + 𝐹2 } = ℒ −1 {𝐹1 } + ℒ −1 {𝐹2 },
ℒ −1 {𝑐𝐹 } = 𝑐ℒ −1 {𝐹 }

How to find the inverse Laplace transform:

In order for us to follow our intuitive and practical method of comparison, we have included a table of
the most common Laplace transformations.

A nice detail to notice is that you do not need a particular Inverse Laplace transform table if you want to
solve problems of this type. A general table such as the one below (usually just named a Laplace
transform table) will suffice since you have both transforms in there. F(s) is always the result of a
Laplace transform and f(t) is always the result of an Inverse Laplace transform, and so, a general table
is actually a table of the transform and its inverse in separate columns.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Sample Problem No. 12 Sample Problem No. 13

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Sample Problem No. 14.

Sample Problem No. 15

Solving Differential Equations with the Laplace Transform

From the definition of Laplace transform, we can see that the represented transformation is of a function
of t, this is because we usually define y=f(t) or "the y function is in terms of t, and therefore is a function
of t". Since we will be solving "differential" equations, this means we will be working with derivatives of y,
and so let us work through the Laplace transform of the first derivative of y:
∞
𝓛{𝒚′(𝒕)} = ∫ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒚′ (𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝟎

For which we need to work through using integration by parts:

∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Thus:

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Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Using the definition we just found for the Laplace transform of the derivative of y, we can continue to
obtain the Laplace transformations of higher derivatives of y, let us take a look to the next one:

And so, the equations we will be using to solve differential equations with the Laplace transform come
to be:

The trick for this process, and which makes it very simple to follow, is that you will only be using the
Laplace transform to decompose the differential equations into their different terms and simplify them;
once the Laplace transform has done this, you will take the inverse transformation to go and retrieve
y(t). The description and step by step process is given in the next list:

1. Take the Laplace Transform of the differential equation

2. Use the formula learned in this section to turn all Laplace equations into the form L{y}. (Convert all
things like L{y''}, or L{y'})
3. Plug in the initial conditions: y(0), y'(0) = ?
4. Rearrange your equation to isolate L{y} equated to something.
5. Calculate the inverse Laplace transform, which will be your final solution to the original differential
equation.
Sample Problem No. 16.

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:-EN MATH 3 -1st-2021-2022

Sample Problem No. 17

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

1. Determine 𝓛{𝟏𝟏 + 𝟓𝒆𝟒𝒕 − 𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕} using table comparison method.
2. Determine 𝓛{𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒕 − 𝒕𝟑 + 𝒆𝒕 } using table comparison method.
𝟓
3. Determine 𝓛−𝟏 {(𝒔+𝟐)𝟒}
𝒔+𝟏𝟏
4. Determine 𝓛−𝟏 { }
(𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔+𝟑)
5. Solve the initial value problem using method of Laplace Transform:
𝒚" + 𝟒𝒚′ − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒕𝒆𝒕 ; 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟏, 𝒚′(𝟎) = 𝟎
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)

VIII. ASSIGNMENT

IX. REFERENCES
1. Richard Bronson, PhD and Gabriel B. Costa, PhD, Differential Equations Fourth Edition (Schaum’s
Outlines)
2. R.Kent Nagle, Edward B. Saff, Arthur David Snider, Fundamentals of Differential Equation Fifth
Edition
3. https://www.studypug.com/differential-equations-help/solving-differential-equations-with-the-laplace-
transform

PREPARED BY:

MARY ABEGAIL P. CADANG

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