Functions

Definition:

A function is a relationship between two sets in which every entry in one set
corresponds to precisely one output in the other. This can be written as f:
X→Y where X is the domain (set of inputs) and Y is the codomain (set of
possible outputs).

Key Concepts of Functions:

1. Domain and Range:

o Domain: The set of all possible input values.

o Range: The set of all possible output values that the function
can produce.

2. Function Notation:
o If f is a function and x is an input, the output is denoted as f(x).

3. Types of Functions:

o Linear Functions: Represented as f(x)=mx+b, where is the

slope and b are the y-intercept.
o Quadratic Functions: Represented as f(x)=ax +bx+c, which
2

forms a parabola.
o Polynomial Functions: Involves terms like ax where n is a
n

non-negative integer.
o Exponential Functions: Involves terms like a⋅b where b is a
x

constant base.

4. Function Composition:
o Combining two functions, where (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)).

5. Inverse Functions:
o A function f has an inverse f if f(f (x)) for all x in the range of f.
-1 -1
 Applications of Functions:

1. Modeling Relationships:
o Functions are used to model real-world relationships, such as
how distance depends on time in motion, or how supply and
demand affect prices.

2. Problem Solving:
o Functions help solve equations and find unknown values. For
example, if you know the price of an item and the quantity sold,
you can use a function to determine total revenue.

3. Predictive Analysis:
o Functions are used in statistics and data analysis to make
predictions based on trends and patterns. For instance, fitting a
linear regression model to predict future values.

4. Engineering and Science:

o Functions are integral in engineering disciplines for designing
systems and solving problems related to forces, currents, and
other variables.

5. Economics and Finance:

o Functions help model financial situations like compound
interest, amortization schedules, and risk analysis.

6. Computer Science:
o Functions are fundamental in programming and algorithms.
They help in structuring code, modularizing tasks, and
managing complex systems.

By understanding functions, you can analyze and interpret relationships,

solve a variety of problems, and apply mathematical principles to practical
scenarios in many fields.
 Real life Applications on Functions
1. Finance
 Compound Interest: The future value of an investment can be
modeled using the function A=P(1+r/n¿nt , where A is the amount of
money accumulated after t years, P is the principal amount, r is the
annual interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded
per year, and t is the number of years.

 Loan Amortization: Functions model how payments on loans reduce

the principal over time, with the formula involving amortization
schedules showing how monthly payments are split between interest
and principal.

2. Medicine
 Drug Dosage: The concentration of a drug in the bloodstream over
time can be modeled by exponential decay functions. This helps in
determining the appropriate dosage and timing for medication.

 Growth Curves: Functions model the growth of bacteria or tumors

over time, assisting in predicting progression and determining
treatment plans.

3. Economics
 Supply and Demand: Functions describe the relationship between
the quantity of a good supplied or demanded and its price. For
instance, a supply function might be Q =a+bP is the quantity supplied,
s

PPP is the price, and aaa and b are constants.

 Cost and Revenue: Businesses use functions to model production

costs and revenue. For example, a cost function might be C(x)=f(x),
where C is the total cost of producing x units, helping companies
optimize their production strategies.
4. Engineering
 Circuit Design: Electrical engineers use functions to describe how
current and voltage interact in circuits. Ohm's Law, V=IRV = IRV=IR
(voltage VVV equals current III times resistance RRR), is a basic
function used in circuit analysis.

 Stress and Strain: Functions model how materials deform under

stress, which is crucial for designing safe structures and materials.

5. Computer Science
 Algorithm Efficiency: Functions describe the time and space
complexity of algorithms, helping in the design and optimization of
efficient code. For example, the time complexity of sorting algorithms
like merge sort is O (nlogn)

 Graphics Rendering: Functions are used in computer graphics to

render images and animations, such as transformations (scaling,
rotation) and lighting models.

6. Travel and Transportation

 Distance and Time: Functions describe the relationship between
distance traveled and time, such as d=vt where d is distance, v is
speed, and t is time.

 Traffic Flow: Traffic engineers use functions to model and optimize

traffic flow, signal timings, and congestion management.

7. Statistics and Data Analysis

 Regression Analysis: Functions are used to fit models to data
points, helping in predicting future values or understanding
relationships between variables. For example, linear regression uses
the function y=mx+by = mx + by=mx+b to model the relationship
between two variables.
Functions help us understand and predict various phenomena in everyday
life, making them essential tools in both professional and personal
contexts.

Real life Application Problems

Calculating the Cost of Shipping Fee

Problem #1
A shipping company charges based on the weight of the package. The cost
is ₱150 for packages up to 10 pounds and has an additional ₱20 for every
pound added after. Use a piece-wise function to represent the shipping
charge in terms of pounds.

Find the shipping fare function S(p) where p represents the number of
pounds of the package.

S (p) ={ 150 if 0 < p ≤ 10

{ ( 150 + 20) p - 10 if p > 10

If the package weighs fifteen pounds, find the desired shipping cost.

S (p) = ( 150 + 20) p - 10 if p > 10

= 150 + 20( 15 - 10 )
= 150 + 20( 5 )
= 250

Weight of Package Shipping Fee Relationship

10 pounds ₱150 S (10) = 150
11 pounds ₱150 + 20(11-10) S(11) = 150 +20(11-10) =
170
12 pounds ₱150 + 20(12-10) S(12) = 150 +20(12-10) =
190
13 pounds ₱150 + 20(13-10) S(13) = 150 +20(13-10) =
210
14 pounds ₱150 + 20(14-10) S(14) = 150 +20(14-10) =
230
15 pounds ₱150 + 20(15-10) S(15) = 150 +20(15-10) =
250
Investment Growth
Problem #2
You're contemplating on which company to invest in that could benefit you.
Among all the choices, you choose one particular company and start to
invest about Php 1,000 in a savings account that offers an annual interest
rate of 5%, compounded quarterly. How much money will be in the account
after 10 years?

Solution: Using the compound interest formula: A = P (1+ r/n)nt

Wherein:
P = 1,000 (principal amount)
r = 0.05 (annual interest rate)
n = 4 (number of times interest is compounded per year)
t =10 (number of years)

Substituting these values into the formula we would be getting the result of
A =1000(1+ 0.05 /4)4x10
A = 1000(1+0.0125)40
A ≈1000×1.647A
A ≈1647.00A

After about 10 years, you will have approximately Php 1,647.

Drug Dosage

Problem #3:
A patient with a drug dosage is administered to a hospital, through a
medication from a doctor that follows a decay model where the amount of
drug in the bloodstream after t hours is given by C(t)= C . Suppose that
0e
-kt

C = 500mg, and the decay is at the constant of k=0.2 per hour. How much
0

of the drug will be remaining in the bloodstream after about 6 hours?

Solution:
Using the formula of C(t)=500e−0.2 ⋅6
C(t)=500e−1.2
C(t)≈ 500 x 0.301
C(t) ≈ 150.5mg

After 6 hours, approximately 150.5 mg of the drug remains in the

bloodstream.

Predicting Future Sales

Problem #4:
Imagine yourself as someone who owns a retailing establishment wherein
you want to forecast your amount sales for the upcoming quarter in order to
schedule workers and inventory. To make this forecast, you can build a
function using previous sales data.

The steps involved in gathering these data are:

1. To Compile Historical Data: Compile information on previous sales.
For example, you may gather monthly sales information for the
previous three years.

2. To Select a Model: You can select a model for your sales prediction
based on the data. If sales are trending steadily, a popular strategy is
to employ a linear function; if there is a seasonal pattern, a more
complex function is used.

Linear Model: You could utilize a linear function if the growth in your sales
has been consistent. As an illustration:

S(t)=a⋅t+b

where S(t) is the sales amount at time t, a is the rate of increase in sales
per month, and b is the initial sales amount.

Seasonal Model: This can be used if the sales fluctuate within seasons,
you might use a sinusoidal function(function using sine function):

S(t)=A ⋅ sin ⁡(B⋅t+C) + D

where A represents the amplitude of seasonal fluctuations, B adjusts the
frequency of the cycles, C shifts the phase, and D is the average sales
amount.

3. Fit the Model: To fit the selected function to your historical data, use
statistical techniques or tools. This entails determining which
parameters—such as a, b, A, B, C, and D—best fit your historical
sales data.

4. Make Predictions: Once the function is determined, you can use it to

predict future sales. For instance, if you’re using the linear model and

the function S(t)=200 ⋅t + 5000 allows you to forecast sales for any
have found that a=200 (monthly increase) and b=5000(initial sales),

future month t.

5. Plan Accordingly: Based on the predictions, you can plan your

inventory levels, staffing needs, and marketing strategies to better
meet future demand.

Example Calculation

If you want to predict sales for the 13th month, using the linear model:

S(13)= 200⋅13+ 5000= 2600+ 5000 = 7600

So, as expected your sales will be approximately Php7,600 in the 13th

month. This approach demonstrates how functions can be used in real-life
applications to make informed business decisions based on historical data.
Parking Lot Fee

Problem #5
A parking lot charges ₱30 for parking for the first 3 hours, each further hour
costs ₱5. Represent the amount a person pays as a function of the hours
spent.

Find the parking fee function P(h) where h represents the amount of hours
spent.

P(h) = { 30 if 0 < h ≤ 3
{ ( 30 + 5) p - 3 if p > 3

If the hours spent in the parking lot is 8 what is the total of the parking fee?

P(h) = ( 30 + 5) p - 3 if p > 3

= 30 + 5 ( 8 - 3 )

= 30 + 5 ( 5 )

= 75

The total parking fee is ₱75 if the hours spent is 8 hours.

Calculating the Cost of a Road Trip

Problem#6
Presuming that you and your friends are organizing a road trip to a different
state, and you want to calculate the estimated total cost of the trip taking
into account factors like fuel costs, distance traveled, and fuel usage.

Given Data:

1. Distance of the Trip: 500 miles

2. Fuel Efficiency of the Vehicle: 25 miles per gallon
 3. Fuel Price: $4.00 per gallon

Steps to Solve:

1. Define the Function: You can create a function to calculate the total
cost based on the distance of the trip, fuel efficiency, and fuel price.
Let:
o D be the distance of the trip in miles.
o E be the fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon.
o P be the fuel price per gallon in dollars.

The function to calculate the total cost C is:

C (D,E,P)= D/E x P

2. Placing these values:

o Distance D=800
o Fuel Efficiency E=40
o Fuel Price P=900

Substitute these values into the function:

C(800, 40, 9.00)= (800/40)× 9.00

3. Perform

800/ 45= 20 gallons of fuel

C= 20 x 9.00

=Php180.00

Therefore, the estimated total cost of the road trip is Php180.00

Conclusion:

The relationship between distance, fuel efficiency, fuel price, and total cost
was modeled in this case using a function. Using the information provided
parameters, this tool enabled us to calculate the approximate cost of a road
trip. This type of computation is useful for effectively planning travel plans
and creating budgets.

Calculating Monthly Data Usage Costs

Problem#7
Let's say you want to calculate how much your cell phone data would cost
each month depending on your usage and the price structure offered by
your carrier.

Given Data:

1. Monthly Data Plan Cost: ₱40 for 5 GB of data

2. Cost per Additional GB: ₱10 per GB
3. Total Data Used in a Month: 8 GB

Formula to Use:

To calculate the total monthly cost C based on the data used, you can use
the following piecewise function:

C(x)=40 if x≤5

=40+10⋅(x−5) if x>5

wherein:

 x = Total data used in GB

 ₱40 is the cost for the first 5 GB.
 ₱10 is the cost for each additional GB beyond the first 5 GB.

Steps to Solve:

1. Determine Which Part of the Function to Use:

Since the total data used (x) is 8 GB, which is greater than 5 GB, you
use the second part of the function:
C(x)=40+10⋅(x−5)
 2. Substitute the Data Usage into the Formula:

C(8)=40+10⋅(8−5)
3. Perform the Calculation:

Calculate the additional cost:

8−5=3 GB
10⋅3= 30 dollars

Add this to the base cost:

C(8)=40+30=70 dollars

Therefore, the estimated total monthly cost for 8 GB of data is ₱70.

Summary:

In this example, the cost of a cell phone data plan was modeled using a
piecewise function. The entire monthly cost was determined by applying
the relevant portion of the algorithm depending on data usage. This type of
feature is helpful for billing systems that have varying charges according to
usage or thresholds.

Calculating Monthly Mortgage Payments

Problem#8
Suppose you’re buying a house and need to determine your monthly
mortgage payment based on the loan amount, annual interest rate, and
loan term.

Given Data:

1. Loan Amount: ₱300,000

2. Annual Interest Rate: 4% (or 0.04 as a decimal)
3. Loan Term: 30 years
Formula to Use:

The formula to calculate the monthly mortgage payment M is:

M= P⋅ r / n ÷ 1-1 +r / n¿−n ⋅t

where:

 P = Principal loan amount (₱300,000)

 r = Annual interest rate (0.04)
 n = Number of payments per year (12 for monthly payments)
 t = Loan term in years (30)

Steps to Solve:
1. Convert the Annual Interest Rate to a Monthly Interest Rate:

Monthly interest rate=n/r

=0.04/12
=0.003333

2. Calculate the Total Number of Payments:

Total number of payments=n⋅t

=12⋅30
=360

3. Plug Values into the Formula:

Substitute the values into the formula:

M=300,000⋅0.003333 ÷ 1-(0.0003333¿−360

4. Perform the Calculation:

First, calculate the denominator:

(1+0.003333¿−360≈ 0.302114
1 − 0.302114 = 0.697886
Then, calculate the monthly payment:
M= 300,000⋅ 0.003333 ÷ 0.697886 ≈ 999.9 ÷ 0.697886
≈1433.27

Therefore, the estimated monthly mortgage payment is approximately

₱1,433.27.

Conclusion:

In this case, we employed a mathematical function to determine the

monthly mortgage payment based on the loan duration, annual interest
rate, principal amount, and number of installments made annually. This
computation aids in budgeting and financial planning for a mortgage and is
essential for determining how much you will have to pay each month.