ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 1

Lab 1: Induction Machines

Sergio Andres Rodriguez Montenegro, Zhixin Miao, Department of Electrical Engineering

Abstract—This lab report focuses on the analysis and simulation of   Vs2

P Rr S
induction machines, which are widely used in industrial applications Te = 3  Rr 2
 (1)
due to their robustness, high efficiency, and low maintenance. The lab 2 ωe (Rs + S ) + ωe2 (Lls + Llr )2
involved theoretical analysis and MATLAB simulations to calculate
key parameters such as stator and rotor currents, input power, losses, This equation shows that the torque is a function of slip (S) and
mechanical power, and torque-speed behavior. Additionally, simula- the input voltage (Vs ), which appears in the numerator as Vs2 . The
tions using SimScape were employed to validate the theoretical models quadratic relationship between the input voltage and the torque
under various operating conditions, including different input voltages explains the significant impact of voltage on the motor’s torque
and frequencies. The results highlight the relationship between slip,
torque, and motor performance, illustrating the effects of varying
production.
slip and voltage on the torque-speed curves. The experiments confirm In addition, the phasor diagram of the induction machine, as
the theoretical principles of induction machine operation and provide shown in Figure 2, illustrates the relationships between stator
valuable insights into their dynamic behavior, supporting the broader voltage, stator current, rotor current, and magnetizing current. This
application of these machines in industrial environments. diagram is useful for understanding how the machine generates
torque and how the phase angles between these quantities impact
I. I NTRODUCTION the power factor, efficiency, and reactive power. The rotor current,
The induction machine is essential in modern industry due to its which depends on slip, affects the production of torque under
robustness, high efficiency, and low maintenance cost. This type of varying load conditions, while the magnetizing current, almost
machine is widely used in various applications, ranging from small perpendicular to the stator current, creates the magnetic field. By
machines to complex industrial systems. In order to understand its analyzing the phasor diagram, it is possible to determine key
operation and optimize its performance, it is crucial to analyze parameters of the induction machine, including the voltages and
its theoretical representation through the equivalent circuit, phasor currents in the core, stator, and rotor. Additionally, the diagram
diagram, and torque-speed curve, which are key tools for evaluating enables the calculation of power distribution within the machine.
its behavior under different operating conditions. By examining the magnitudes and phase angles, the active and
The analysis of the induction machine can be simplified through reactive power in both the stator and rotor circuits, as well as the
its equivalent circuit, as shown in Figure 1, which models the power consumed by the magnetizing branch, can be determined
electrical and magnetic behavior of the machine using a network of [1].
resistances, inductances, and voltage sources. The circuit includes
elements such as the stator resistance Rs and reactance Xs , which
represent the losses in the windings and the inductive behavior,
respectively. Additionally, the rotor resistance Rr′ and reactance
Xr′ , referred to the stator, are considered. Furthermore, the core
resistance Rm , which accounts for the losses in the magnetic core,
and the magnetization reactance Xm , responsible for generating
the magnetic field in the air gap, are included. This model allows
for the calculation of important parameters such as stator and rotor
currents, electrical losses, mechanical power generated, and core
losses, all essential for evaluating the efficiency of the machine.

Fig. 1: Equivalent circuit of the induction machine

To further understand how the machine generates torque, it

is necessary to analyze the electromagnetic interaction between
the stator and rotor, which is closely related to the equivalent
circuit parameters. The electromagnetic torque (Te ) produced by
the machine can be expressed by the equation 1. Fig. 2: Phasor diagram of the induction machine
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 2

Furthermore, the torque-speed curve, presented in Figure 3, is – Rated Power: 3 HP

a crucial tool for describing the dynamic behavior of the induction – Rated Speed: 1710 RPM
machine. This curve illustrates the variation of torque developed by 2) Procedure:
the machine as a function of rotor speed relative to synchronous • Slip calculation where the slip is calculated using the equation
speed. In the motoring region, where the slip S varies between 0 that determines the motor’s slip when operating at a speed
and 1, torque increases almost linearly until reaching a maximum, lower than synchronous speed. The formula for slip is
known as breakdown torque. As the rotor approaches synchronous 120
speed, torque decreases, stabilizing the machine’s operation. In the P fe − N
120 (2)
regeneration region, where the slip is negative, the machine can P fe
function as a generator, returning energy to the grid. Finally, in the Where P is the number of poles of the machine, fe is the
braking region, when the slip exceeds 1, the rotor rotates in the electrical frequency and N is the rotor speed.
opposite direction of the magnetic field, generating negative torque • Stator current calculation Is . Where the equivalent impedance
that decelerates the system. Zeq is determined using the stator and rotor reactances and
resistances. The impedances is used to calculate the Is with
Ohm´s Law.
1 Zeq= 0.816/s + 0.754*1j;
2 Zeq= ((Zeq*26.13*1j)/(Zeq+26.13*1j));
3 Zeq= (0.435+0.754*1j)+Zeq;
4 Is = Vphi / Zeq;

• rotor current calculation Ir . Where Ir is calculated based on

the Is and the magnetic reactannce.
1 Ir = (Xm*1j / (Xs*1j + Xm*1j)) * Is;

• Input power calculation Pin . Where Pin is determined using

Is and the phase angle between Is and Vs that as shown in
figure 2 that would be ϕ.
1 Pin = 3 * Vphi * abs(Is) * cos(angle(Is));

Fig. 3: Torque-speed curve of the induction machine • Stator copper losses calculation Pcu . Where Pcu are pro-
portional to the square of the stator current and the stator
Finally, the theoretical concepts of the induction machine pre- resistance.
viously analyzed, such as the equivalent circuit, phasor diagram,
1 Pcu = 3 * abs(Is)ˆ2 * rs;
torque-speed curve, and the torque equation, will be applied in
this laboratory to complete tasks like calculating stator and rotor
• Rotor copper losses calculation Pcurotor . Where Pcurotor are
currents, power losses, and machine efficiency. Using MATLAB
proportional to the square of the rotor current and the rotor
to simulate the machine’s behavior at rated frequency and voltage,
resistance.
and generating torque-speed curves under different conditions of
slip and varying input voltage, these theoretical models, including 1 Pcu_rotor = 3 * abs(Ir)ˆ2 * rr;
the torque equation, will help analyze the machine’s performance.
Additionally, the SimScape model will allow a comparison be- • Output mechanical power calculation Pshaf t . Where Pshaf t
tween simulated and theoretical results, further reinforcing the is calculated as a fraction of the power at the air-gap Zgap
understanding of the machine’s dynamic behavior across various taking into account the slip of the motor.
operating conditions.
1 Pshaft = (1 - s) * 3 * abs(Is)ˆ2 * real(Zgap);

II. M ETHODOLOGY • Developed torque calculation Te . Where Te is determined

A. Motor Parameter Calculation with MATLAB using the shaft power and ωm .
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the main electri- 1 Te = Pshaft / wm;
cal variables of an induction machine when connected to a rated
frequency and voltage source, and operating at a speed close to the • Efficiency calculation. Where the efficiency is calculated as
rated speed. The variables to determine include: stator current, rotor the radio of the shaft power to input power.
current, input power, stator power loss, rotor power loss, output
mechanical power, developed torque, and motor efficiency. 1 efficiency = (Pshaft / Pin) * 100;
1) Materials:
• MATLAB for simulation development
• Induction machine with the following rated parameters B. Torque-Speed Curves in Induction Machines
– Poles: 4 The objective of this section is to analyze the torque-speed curves
– Rated Frequency: 60Hz of an induction machine under different operating conditions. In
– Line-to-Line Voltage: 220V part 2.a, the torque-speed curve is plotted for rated voltage (Vs)
– Rated torque: 11.9Nm and rated frequency (ωe ) as the slip (S) changes from 1 to 0,
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 3

marking key slip points on the curve: S = 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 2 plot(wr_point, Te_point, ’ro’, ’MarkerSize’,
0, and the breakdown slip (Sm), where the torque is maximum. In 8, ’MarkerFaceColor’, colors{idx});
part 2.b, the same procedure is followed, but the input voltage is
varied at different levels (0.25Vs, 0.5Vs, 0.75Vs, and Vs), and the b) Torque-Speed Curve with Varying Input Voltage (Constant
torque-speed curves are plotted for each case while the slip changes Frequency):
from 1 to 0, marking the same slip points. Finally, in part 2.c, the
input frequency (ωe ) is varied in multiples of the base frequency • Voltage Scaling:
(0.4ωb , 0.6ωb , 0.8ωb , 1.0ωb , and 1.2ωb ), with the rated voltage (Vs) The voltage is scaled at different percentages of the rated
kept constant. Again, the torque-speed curves are drawn while the voltage.
slip changes from 1 to 0, and the same slip points are marked on 1 Vphi_factors = [0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1];
the curves. 2 for i = 1:length(Vphi_factors)
1) Materials: 3 Vphi_scaled = Vphi_factors(i) * Vphi;
• MATLAB for simulation and plotting.
• Torque Calculation for Each Voltage Level:
• Induction machine with the following parameters:
The torque Te is recalculated for each scaled voltage.
– Poles: 4
– Frequency: 60 Hz 1 Te = 3 * (P / 2) * (rr ./ (s .* we)) .*
– Line-to-line voltage: 220 V (Vphi_scaled.ˆ2 ./ ((rs + rr ./ s).ˆ2 +
we.ˆ2 * (Ls + Lr).ˆ2));
– Stator reactance: 0.754 Ω
– Rotor reactance: 0.754 Ω
• Plotting Torque-Speed Curves for Different Voltages:
– Magnetizing reactance: 26.13 Ω
Torque-speed curves for each voltage level are plotted on the
– Stator resistance: 0.435 Ω
same graph for comparison.
– Rotor resistance: 0.816 Ω
2) Procedure: 1 plot(wr, Te, ’LineWidth’, 2, ’DisplayName’,
sprintf(’%.0f%% of Vphi’, Vphi_factors(i)
a) Torque-Speed Curve with Varying Slip (Rated Voltage and
* 100));
Frequency):
• Initialization and Input Variables: • Marking Specific Slip Values:
The parameters of the induction machine are initialized. Specific slip values are marked on the curves to visualize the
Key values include the number of poles (P = 4), fre- performance of the motor.
quency (fe = 60 Hz), and the line-to-line voltage (Vphi
1 slip_values = [0.52, 0.0001, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
= 220/sqrt(3) V). Stator and rotor reactances (Xs =
0.8, 1];
0.754, Xr = 0.754) and resistances (rs = 0.435, rr
= 0.816) are also defined.
c) Torque-Speed Curve with Varying Frequency (Constant
1 P = 4; Voltage):
2 fe = 60;
3 Vphi = 220/sqrt(3); • Frequency Scaling:
4 Xs = 0.754; The frequency is varied by scaling the base frequency ωe by
5 Xr = 0.754; factors of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2.
6 rs = 0.435;
7 rr = 0.816; 1 we_factors = [0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2];
2 for idx = 1:length(we_factors)
• Slip Vector: 3 we_current = we_base * we_factors(idx);
The slip vector is defined over a range of values between 0.001
and 1 to avoid division by zero. • Reactance Recalculation:
The stator and rotor reactances are recalculated for each
1 s = linspace(0.001, 1, 100); frequency.
• Torque Calculation: 1 Xs_current = we_current * Ls;
The electromagnetic torque Te is calculated for each slip value 2 Xr_current = we_current * Lr;
as shown in equation 1.
• Plotting Torque-Speed Curves for Different Frequencies:
1 Te = 3 * (P / 2) * (rr ./ (s .* we)) .* The torque-speed curves for each frequency are plotted on the
((Vphi.ˆ2) ./ ((rs + rr ./ s).ˆ2 + we.ˆ2 same graph.
* (Ls + Lr).ˆ2));
1 plot(wr, Te, ’Color’, curve_colors{idx},
• Rotor Speed Calculation: ’LineWidth’, 2);
The rotor speed ωr is computed based on the slip values.
• Marking Breakdown Slip (Sm):
1 wr = (1 - s) * we; The maximum torque for each frequency is identified, and the
corresponding slip (Sm) is marked on the curve.
• Plotting and Marking Specific Slip Values:
The torque-speed curve is plotted, showing torque as a func- 1 [Te_max, idx_max] = max(Te);
tion of rotor speed. 2 Sm = s(idx_max);
3 wr_Sm = wr(idx_max);
1 plot(wr, Te, ’LineWidth’, 2);
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 4

C. Simulation of Torque-Speed Curves with SimScape

1 Voltage: Vll = 220 V
1) Materials: 2 Frequency: 60 Hz
• MATLAB Simulink with SimScape. 3 Phase A angle: 0 degrees
• The following SimScape model (refer to Figure 4):
– Induction machine block (3 HP, 220 V, 60 Hz, 1725 rpm).
– Three-phase voltage source block configured for 220 V
and 60 Hz.
– Load blocks and meters to measure phase currents, rotor
speed (rpm), and electromagnetic torque.

Fig. 4: Simulink model of the induction machine setup

2) Procedure:
a) 1. Model Setup:
• The provided SimScape model (power_pwm.slx) is opened
as shown in Figure 4.
Fig. 6: Three-phase voltage source configuration
• The induction machine block is configured with the following
parameters (refer to Figure 5):
c) 3. Simulation Configuration:
1 Stator resistance: Rs = 0.435 • The simulation environment is set up using the powergui block
2 Rotor resistance: Rr = 0.816
in continuous mode, as shown in Figure 4, to accurately
3 Stator inductance: Lls = 2 0.004 H
4 Rotor inductance: Llr = 2 0.002 H simulate the dynamic performance.
5 Mutual inductance: Lm = 69.31e-3 H • Blocks for measuring torque (Te), rotor speed (rpm), and
current (Ir, Is) are connected to the induction machine.
• The initial slip is set to 1, representing a starting condition
from standstill.
• The XY Graph block (refer to Figure 4) is used to plot the
electromagnetic torque Te versus rotor speed ωr .

III. R ESULTS AND DATA A NALYSIS AND I NTERPRETATION

A. Motor Parameter Calculation with MATLAB

Parameter Value
Synchronous speed (Ns ) 1800.00 RPM
Stator current (Is ) 8.84 A
Rotor current (Ir ) 8.60 A
Input power (Pin ) 2746.09 W
Stator copper losses (Pcu ) 102.09 W
Rotor copper losses (Pcu rotor ) 180.92 W
Shaft power (Pshaf t ) 2511.80 W
Shaft torque (Te ) 14.03 Nm
System efficiency 91.47%

TABLE I: Induction Motor Performance Results

Fig. 5: Synchronous machine configuration B. Torque-Speed Curves in Induction Machines

1) Torque-Speed Curve for Rated Voltage and Frequency with
b) 2. Three-Phase Voltage Source Setup: Slip Variation: The graph shown in Figure 7 presents the torque-
• The three-phase voltage source block, as seen in Figure 6, is speed curve for an induction machine operating at rated voltage and
configured as follows: frequency, with slip S varying from 1 to 0. As the slip decreases,
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 5

the rotor speed ωr increases, reaching its maximum value at S = 0,

which corresponds to synchronous speed. The points on the curve
are marked with different colors for specific slip values: S = 1.0
in black, S = 0.8 in red, S = 0.6 in yellow, S = 0.4 in green,
S = 0.2 in magenta, and S = 0 in purple.

The maximum torque is reached at the critical slip Sm = 0.5156,

marked as the breakdown torque point. From this point, the torque
decreases rapidly as the rotor approaches synchronous speed. The
curve reflects the typical behavior of an induction machine, where
the torque is high at low speeds and decreases as the rotor speed
increases.

Fig. 8: Torque-speed curve with variable voltage and slip.

3) Torque-Speed Curve with Variable Frequency and Slip: The

graph shown in Figure 9 presents the torque-speed curve of an
induction machine with rated voltage (Vs ) while varying the input
frequency ωe at values 0.4ωb , 0.6ωb , 0.8ωb , 1.0ωb , and 1.2ωb . Each
curve shows the behavior of the electromagnetic torque across a
wide range of rotor speeds, and the points corresponding to slip
values S = 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0 and the critical slip point Sm ,
where the breakdown torque occurs, are marked for each frequency.
It can be observed that as the input frequency increases, both
the maximum torque and rotor speed also increase. At lower
frequencies, the maximum torque is significantly reduced, and the
torque-speed curves reach their maximum at lower speeds. The
point Sm , corresponding to the maximum torque, is marked for
each frequency, demonstrating how the frequency affects both the
breakdown torque and the synchronous speed.

Fig. 7: Torque-speed curve for an induction machine at rated

voltage and frequency.

2) Torque-Speed Curve with Variable Voltage and Slip: The

obtained graph in Figure 8 shows the torque-speed curve of an
induction machine operating at rated frequency (ωe ) with different
input voltage levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the rated volt-
age. It can be observed that as the voltage decreases, the maximum
torque generated by the machine also decreases. For each curve, the
points corresponding to the slip values S = 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4, 0.2, 0,
along with the critical slip point Sm , indicating the breakdown
torque, have been marked. The critical slip Sm was the same for
all voltage levels, occurring at Sm = 0.5156. Fig. 9: Torque-speed curve with variable frequency and slip.

It is also noted that for lower voltage levels, the machine does C. Simulation of Torque-Speed Curves with SimScape
not reach the same level of maximum torque as at rated voltage, The graph shown in the figure 10 presents the torque-speed
indicating a direct relationship between the applied voltage and curve obtained from the simulation of an induction machine. The
the machine’s ability to generate torque. Additionally, all curves rotor speed, measured in RPM, is plotted on the horizontal axis,
converge toward synchronous speed (ωr = 0) as the slip S while the torque is represented on the vertical axis. The curve
approaches zero. demonstrates a high initial torque at zero speed, which quickly
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 6

decreases with significant oscillations at the start. As the rotor increases, torque rises until the motor approaches synchronous
speed increases, the torque stabilizes around a constant value before speed, at which point the torque begins to decrease.
gradually decreasing when approaching higher rotor speeds. The
behavior reflected in this curve is typical of an induction machine, B. Analysis of Torque-Speed Curves
where the torque starts high during low speeds and reduces as the
rotor speed approaches synchronous speed. 1) Torque-Speed Curve for Rated Voltage and Frequency: The
figure 7 illustrates the torque-speed curve of an induction motor,
showing the variation of torque as a function of rotor speed. The
starting torque, occurring when the slip is 100% (s = 100%) and
the rotor is at rest, is approximately 55 Nm, defining the motor’s
capability to initiate movement under load.
As the rotor accelerates and slip decreases, the torque increases
until it reaches its maximum value, known as breakdown torque.
In the graph, this point occurs when the slip is near 51.56%, with
a maximum torque of approximately 63 Nm. This point represents
the motor’s load capacity limit before performance degradation
begins.
As the rotor approaches synchronous speed, the torque gradually
reduces. The synchronous speed, estimated at 375 rad/s, corre-
sponds to the point where slip is zero (s = 0%), at which torque
drops to near zero. This indicates that the rotor cannot generate
further torque when rotating at the same speed as the stator’s
magnetic field.
2) Torque-Speed Curve with Variable Voltage: When comparing
the torque-speed curves at different input voltage levels in figure 8,
it becomes clear how voltage reduction directly affects the induc-
Fig. 10: Torque-speed curve from the induction machine tion motor’s behavior. This phenomenon can be better understood
simulation. by examining the electromagnetic torque equation 1.
The electromagnetic torque (Te ) depends not only on slip (S) but
IV. D ISCUSSIONS also on the input voltage (Vs ), which appears in the numerator as
Vs2 . The quadratic relationship between voltage and torque explains
A. Analysis of Motor Parameter Calculations the significant decrease in torque as voltage is reduced.
The results obtained from the calculation of induction motor At 100% of the nominal voltage, the motor generates its maxi-
parameters using MATLAB in table I align with the expected mum torque, reaching breakdown torque at approximately 51.56%
values for this type of machine. The synchronous speed (Ns ) of slip. However, when the voltage is reduced to 75%, the maximum
1800 RPM indicates that the motor being analyzed has 4 poles and torque decreases proportionally to the square of the voltage, shifting
operates on a 60 Hz alternating current source. This synchronous the point of maximum torque to a higher slip value. This effect
speed represents the point at which the motor reaches its theoretical becomes even more pronounced as voltage is further reduced to
maximum speed without slip, a critical parameter for assessing 50%, where both the starting torque and breakdown torque decrease
motor performance. The slip of the rotor relative to the rotating significantly. At 25% of the nominal voltage, the torque generated is
magnetic field is the factor that enables torque generation in the insufficient for effective operation, highlighting the motor’s strong
motor. dependence on voltage for torque production.
A detailed analysis of the currents shows that the stator current 3) Torque-Speed Curve with Variable Frequency: The figure 9
(Is ) is 8.84 A, while the rotor current (Ir ) reaches 8.60 A. The illustrates how the torque-speed curve changes significantly with
close similarity between these values suggests that the motor is varying input frequency ωb , which is directly explained by the
operating under load, as in no-load conditions a greater difference electromagnetic torque equation 1. At lower frequencies, such as
between the two currents would be expected. These currents are 0.4ωb (blue curve) and 0.6ωb (orange curve), the motor generates
responsible for generating the magnetic field that drives the rotor, higher maximum torque at lower rotor speeds due to reduced
and are also associated with power losses in the windings. These reactance, allowing for better power transfer to the rotor. In
losses manifest as stator copper losses (Pcu ) of 102.09 W and rotor contrast, at nominal frequency 1.0ωb (purple curve), the motor
copper losses (Pcu rotor ) of 180.92 W, caused by the resistances behaves typically, with maximum torque occurring at a rotor speed
in the stator and rotor conductors. near 375 rad/s, which corresponds to the synchronous speed. When
Furthermore, when analyzing the input power (Pin ) of 2746.09 the frequency is increased to 1.2ωb (green curve), the synchronous
W and comparing it to the mechanical power at the shaft (Pshaf t ) speed rises to approximately 450 rad/s. However, the maximum
of 2511.80 W, it becomes evident that the difference between the torque decreases because of the increased reactance, which limits
two values is due to electrical and mechanical losses within the the motor’s ability to generate torque at higher speeds. This behav-
motor. Despite these losses, the motor maintains an efficiency of ior can be observed clearly in the graph: lower frequencies result in
91.47%, reflecting its efficient conversion of electrical energy into higher torques at lower rotor speeds, while higher frequencies shift
mechanical work. the maximum torque to higher speeds but reduce its magnitude.
The torque at the shaft (Te ), calculated at 14.03 Nm, reflects This behavior is explained by the torque equation 1, where the
the motor’s capacity to generate rotational force. This torque is angular frequency ωe plays a key role in both the numerator and
directly dependent on the slip (S), which is the difference between denominator. As ωe increases, the reactance also increases, raising
synchronous speed and the actual speed of the rotor. As slip the denominator of the torque equation and thus reducing the
ABU DHABI UNIVERSITY 7

torque that can be generated, especially at higher rotor speeds. At

lower frequencies, the reactance is smaller, allowing the motor to
produce more torque even at lower speeds. This explains why lower
frequencies shift the point of maximum torque to lower speeds
and increase its magnitude, while higher frequencies increase the
synchronous speed but limit the torque due to the greater reactance.
Thus, the variation of ωe directly governs the relationship between
the motor’s torque and speed as seen in the curves.

C. Analysis of the Simulation of Torque-Speed Curve

The analysis of the three graphs—Torque-speed curve of the
induction machine (reference) figure 3, the torque-speed curve
from the simulation in figure 10, and the torque-speed curve from
the Matlab code in figure 7—reveals common patterns in the
torque-speed behavior of an induction machine. One of the key
aspects is the starting torque. In figure 3, the starting torque is
evident when the rotor speed is zero, meaning the slip is S = 1.
This high torque is essential to initiate the rotor’s movement from
a standstill. Similarly, in the simulation curve in figure 10, a
significant increase in torque can be observed at the start of the
acceleration process, which is characteristic of induction machine
behavior. Likewise, in the Matlab code curve in figure 7, there is a
high initial torque, indicating that both the simulation and the code
accurately model the torque required to overcome initial inertia and
start the machine under load.
The next critical aspect is the maximum or breakdown torque. In
figure 3, this maximum torque is reached before the synchronous
speed, when the slip decreases and the rotor accelerates. This
point represents the machine’s highest capacity to generate torque.
Consistently, the simulation curve in figure 10 shows a similar
behavior, where the torque increases to a peak and then decreases
as the rotor speeds up. The Matlab code curve in figure 7 follows
this same trend, with a torque peak before it begins to decrease.
This behavior in all three graphs shows that both the simulation and
the code correctly capture the dynamics of the induction machine’s
maximum torque, demonstrating a progressive reduction in torque
after passing this point.
Finally, synchronous speed, where the torque drops to zero, is
another key aspect of the torque-speed curves. In figure 3, this
occurs when the rotor reaches the same speed as the magnetic
field, meaning slip S = 0. At this speed, there is no relative speed
difference between the rotor and the magnetic field, explaining
the torque drop. The simulation curve in figure 10 displays the
same behavior, with the torque decreasing as the rotor approaches
synchronous speed. Similarly, in the Matlab code curve in figure
7, the torque decreases as the rotor nears this condition, again
demonstrating that both the simulation and the code accurately
model this expected behavior.
In conclusion, all three graphs in figure 3, figure 10, and
figure 7 show consistent behavior in terms of the torque-speed
relationship in an induction machine. They all reflect a high starting
torque, a maximum torque before reaching synchronous speed,
and a reduction of torque to zero as this speed is approached.
These key elements confirm that both the simulation and the
code accurately reproduce the theoretical principles expected in
an induction machine.

R EFERENCES
[1] Power Electronics and AC Drives, Bimal K. Bose, Prentice Hall, 2001.