Else Cee eel el) Student Guide ae MEdgenuity Pre-Lab Information Purpose —_Explore Newton's frst two laws of motion using a laboratory procedure. Time Approximately 60 minutes Question —_How ean Newton's laws be experimentally verified? Hypotheses Part |: If an object isin motion, then the object will stay in motion because the object has inertia, Independent Variable: whether or not the car hits the barrier Dependent Variable: the velocity of the washer after the car hits the obstacle Part Il: IFforce is applied to a car, then its acceleration will change proportionally, as predicted by Newton's second law, F= ma. Independent Variable: the force applied to the car Dependent Variable: the acceleration of the car Summary Students will build a simple track fora toy car. In Part |, students will place a washer on top of the toy car and observe the motion of the washer as the car encounters a barrier In Part Il, students will apply forces to the car on a flat plane and measure the car's acceleration. Safety 1. Always wear a lab coat and safely goggles when performing an experiment. 2. Behavior in the lab needs to be purposeful. Use caution when releasing the cars and measuring their mation, Report all accidents—no matter how big or small—to your teacher. Set up your track in an area that has enough room to take measurements, but is not so large as, to interfere with other people in the area Lab Procedure 1. Gather materials. 4. Toy car or physics 6 Track 10. Metric tape measure cart 7. Textbooks 11. Masking tape 2 aiB-inch metal 8. Pulley 42. Paper clip washers 8. Protractor 48. Mass balance 3. 1 mofsting 4. Stopwatch 5. MarkerStudent Guide (continued) Part I: Newton's First Law of Motion 2. Setup the experimental track. 1. Use the textbooks to set up the track. The first track will be a ramp with an angle of approximately 30°. See Figure 1 Figure 4 2. Place a piece of masking tape af the bottom of the ramp to make a smooth transition from the ramp to a flat surface (desk, table, floor, etc.) 3. Use masking tape to form a small cradle for a washer on top of the toy car. The edge of the masking tape lip should be the same height as the washer. See the tape cradle on the toy car in Figure 2 for reference. Figure 2 4. Add a 3/8-inch washer to the top of the car, placing it in the masking tape cradie created in the previous step. Do not tape dawn the washer, rather, allow it ta rest on top of the car. 5. Perform a few trial nuns to ensure that the car transitions smoothly and the washer remains ontop of the car. Release the car at the top of the ramp, making sure not to push itor add any additional force to it. The transition should be smooth enough that the washer stays in place. Once you have determined an ideal starting point, mark this position on the ramp so, that the car can begin at the same position for each trial 6. Measure and record the height of the ramp at its start (the height of the book stack) in Table A 7. Use a mass balance to determine the mass of the carJwasher system, and record this total mags in Table A. 3. Establish a baseline for comparison.Student Guide (continued) 1. Release the car from the marked starting position at the top of the ramp. Measure the total distance it travels from the start and pastthe end of the ramp, and record in Table Awhether ornat the washers maintained their position, 2. Repeat Step 3a two more times, and then average the three distances to serve'as a baseline for comparison, 4. Explore Newton's firet law of motion. 1. Place a textbook at the bottom of the ramp so that it crosses the path of the car. See Figure 3 for reference. Figure 3 2. Release the ear from the top of the ramp. Observe what happens to the washer after the car hits the textbook. Measure the distance the car traveled to the texibook and record this distance in Table B. 4. Measure how far the washer traveled. This is the total distance fram the top of the ramp to the washer's resting point. Record the distance in Table B. 5. Repeal Stens 4b two limes, and then average the distances thatthe car and washer vel 6. In Table 8, write down in your own words what happened to the washer when the car was stopped by the textbook. Part lf; Newton's Second Law of Motion 5. Reconfigure the track. 1. Remove the textbook from the track 2. Lay the track flaton a fable. Mark the track at 0.25 m and .S0 m. 3. Place a pulley beyond the end of the track, at the edge of a table. Attach a string to the front of the car, and run the string over the pulley so that the string hangs over the edge of the table. Attach a paper clip to the opposite end of the string, as shown in Figure 4. When the caris placed at the start of the track, the paper clip should hang at about equal height fo the table top. Adjust the string length as needed,Student Guide (continued) Start or on >0.50m Figure & 6. Establish a baseline for comparison. 4. Measure the mass of a washer. Recard the mass in the first column af Table C 2. Add the washer to the end ofthe string by feeding the paper clip through the center of the washer and hooking it anto the elip to aet as a weight for the ear. 3. Resettthe stopwatches, and align the ear at the starting point. 4. Release the car. In Table C, record the time it takes for the car to pass the 0.25 mand 0.5 m marks, 5. Repeat Steps Ged twice more, and then caleulate the average of the three trials. 7. Explore the effect of adding more mass to the string. 4. Take the second, third, and fourth washers and measure the mass of each. Calculate the total washer mags for two, three, and four washers. Record these masses in Table C 2. Place two washers on the paper clip. Reset the stopwatches and align the car at the starting point. 3. Release the car In Table C, record the time it takes for the car to pass the 0.25 mand 0.5 m marks, 4. Repeat steps 7b-7c for two more trials, and then calculate the average of the three trials. 5. Run two more sets of trials. Use three washers for the one set of trials, and four washers for the other set. Record the fimes and calculate the averages to complete Table C. 8. Calculate the applied force for each set of conditions. 1. In Table D, list the mass of the washers in grams and convert to kilograms. Using the mass of the washers in kilograms, calculate the force of gravity on the washers (acceleration dus to gravity is provided in Table D). Assuming this force is translated through the pulley to the car, record the force of the washers on the car for each set of washers. 9, Calculate the acceleration for each set of conditions.‘Student Guide (continued) 4. Caleulate the first velocity using the equation v, = 0.25 m//t,. This is the distance from start to the first checkpoint, divided by the time taken by the ear to reach it. Record this value, rounded to two decimal places, in Table E. 2. Caloulate the second velocity using the equation v, = 0.25 m/ (tz~ &). This is the distance from the first checkpoint to the second, divided by the time taken by the ear to travel between the two. Record this value, rounded to two decimal places, in Table E. 3. Caloulate the acceleration of the ear using the equation a = (v:— v.) /(f— f,). Record this value, rounded to two decimal places, in Table D. 10. Disassemble the ramp and clean up all materials according to your teacher's directions.st Data tudent Guide (continued) Record your data in your lab notebook or Part: Newton's First Law Table A: Baseline for Comparison in the space below. Height of ramp = 20cm istance of car Mass of the car and washer = 92.2 (em) g Til #1 255 255 ‘Trial #2 242 242 Thal #3 245 245 ‘Trial average 247 247 Table B: Demonstration of Newton's First Law Distance of car Distance of washer (cm) (em) ‘Trial #1 15 225 Thal #2 15 185 Tiial #3 15 191 Trial average 75 200 Qualitative When we run on a track or we run this car on the track, we need an extemal force to run the car and we observations ‘again need an external force to stop that carStudent Guide (continued) Part Il: Newton's Second Law Table C: Demonstration of Newton's Second Law Number of rat Time to travel 0.25 m | Time to travel 0.50 m washers. na ts) (5) Trial #1 224 | Average | 3.16 ‘Average 1 washer 223 243 Trial #2 221 3.08 mass = 4.99 Trial #3 223 348 Trial #1 194 | Average | 269 Average 2 washers 1.92 261 Trial #2 1.95 272 mass =9.89 Trial #3 1.87 242 Trial #1 133 | average | 1.88 ‘Average a washers 1.34 1.89 Trial #2 1.35 193 mass = 14.79 Trial #3 134 1.87 Trial #1 oat Average | 1.26 Average 4 washers Trial #2 00.98 088 1.39 133 mass = 19.69 Trial #3 00.86 1.34 Table D: Force of the Washers on the Car reac aes ae een oa of ae (ene a ‘on the washers ae wosners | mic | mina | aime | | regent 1 49 0.0049 os =| os 0.049 2 98 0.0098 033 | 0.098 0.098 3 147 0.0147 oa | ootar 0.147 4 19.6 0.0196 os2 | 0.196 0.196‘Student Guide (continued) wander | cea, | teittem | men washers vy aes ee eee 1 O44 0.28 0.19 2 0.13 0.36 0.33, 3 019 0.45 0.47 4 0.28 0.56 0.62