1.

Which one of the following is the leading cause of maternal death in Ethiopia according to EDHS
2016?
A. Hemorrhage C. Obstructed labor
B. Infection and sepsis D. Abortion
2. Which one affects the annual natural increment of population dynamics in the world?
A. Birth C. Immigration
B. Death D. Emigrant
3. One of the following reproductive health indicators is not indicated as a global indicator?
A. Neonatal mortality rate C. Child mortality rate
B. Infant mortality rate D. Maternal mortality rate
4. Which of the following terms of migration shows the movement of an individual or the population into
the political area within the same country?
A. Out migration C. In migration
B. Immigration D. Emigration
5. The number of maternal deaths in Y region is 40 during one year. The numbers of live birth in the
same area during the same year is 160,000 from the total of 400,000 reproductive age women. The
maternal mortality ratio in the area for the year is?
A. 40 per 100000 live births C. 25 per 100000 live births
B. 50 per 100000 live births D. 10 per 100000 live births
6. Miss X started to be well dressed because of all the girls on campus. She starts buying modern
clothing and changes her outfit. She began buying skinny jeans and makeup like lipstick and mascara.
Her class mates see the change in her outlook and start commenting behind her back. What kind of
violence is seen in this story?
A. Sexual C. Psychological
B. Physical D. Economical
7. For the best outcome for the mother and her infant, how long after birth should she wait before trying
to become pregnant according to Ethiopian situation?
A. Any time C. Six months
B. Two years D. Three years
8. A 30 year-old woman presents to your clinic for her well-woman examination. She has recently
become sexually active and desires an effective contraceptive method. She has no medical problems,

1
 but family history is significant for breast cancer in a maternal aunt at the age of 42. She is worried
A. Breast cancer C. Endometrial cancer
about getting cancer from taking birth control pills. You tell her that which of the following neoplasms
B. Ovarian cancer D. Hepatic adenoma
has been associated with the use of oral contraceptives?
9. A 21 year-old woman presents because she had unprotected intercourse and is worried about
pregnancy. She has been on holiday and met a man with whom she had unprotected intercourse six
hours ago, and also two days before that. What contraceptive option is available to this woman?
A. Emergency progesterone only pills
B. Emergency oral contraceptive pills
C. Emergency Implanon
D. Emergency Depo Provera
10. A 36-year-old G1P1 comes to see you for postpartum exam at her 6 weeks following delivery. She is
tolerating breast feeding and wants to resume sexual activity. She does not have any medical
problems. What are appropriate methods of birth control for this client with the exception of?
A. Intra-uterine contraceptive device C. Depo-Provera
B. Progesterone only pills D. Combined oral contraceptive
11. Which one is the correct step in the process of motivational interview on reproductive health related
issues?
A. Evoking Planning Engaging Focusing
B. Planning Engaging Focusing Evoking
C. Engaging Focusing Evoking Planning
D. Focusing Evoking Planning Engaging
12. Which one of the following health problems can occur throughout the females‟ lifetime?
A. Abortion C. Female genital mutilations
B. Gender based violence D. Early marriage
13. Which one is the most risky day for maternal mortality after child birth?
A. The first day C. The third day
B. The Second day D. The fourth day
14. Which one of the following registration of Vital Events is expected within 90 days of its occurrence in
Ethiopian situation?
A. Birth registration C. Marriage registration
B. Death registration D. Migration registration

2
15. Which one of the following is the foremost cause of neonatal death in Ethiopia according to EDHS
A. Preterm birth C. Asphyxia
2016?
B. Infections D. Tetanus
16. Mr. Kebede is lecturer and researcher in Samara University at department of Midwifery. He wanted to
conduct study on prevalence and factors associated with condom utilization during sexual intercourse
before marriage among University students and he wanted to select 100 students from both male and
female gender who has previous exposure for sex before marriage, which sampling technique will he
must use to select study participants?
A. Stratified random sampling C. Purposive sampling
B. Snow ball sampling D. Convenience sampling
17. If the mean serum Cholesterol levels for all normal women aged 20 to 48 years in Ethiopia is
200mg/100ml with variance σ2 = 64mg/100ml. Suppose, you are biostatistician and asked to calculate
the probability at which sample serum Cholesterol level is larger than 210mg/100ml after taking a
sample of 9 individuals serum Cholesterol levels, which of the following probability will be true?
A. Sample serum Cholesterol level to be larger than 210mg/100ml at probability of 3.75
B. Sample serum Cholesterol level to be larger than 210mg/100ml at probability of 0.0001
C. Sample serum Cholesterol level to be larger than 210mg/100ml at probability of 0.1
D. Sample serum Cholesterol level to be larger than 210mg/100ml at probability of 0.9881
18. The research team in Arbaminch University medicine and health Sciences College wanted to
determine prevalence and associated factors of abortion among women of reproductive age at the
University. They reviewed different literatures and found that abortion prevalence among women of
reproductive age at Wolaita Sodo University is 17%. The research team assumed 95% CI, 5% level of
significance, 5% margin of error and 10% as non-response rate from estimated sample size. Hence,
how many students will be required to conduct this study and satisfy the above requirement?
A. 117 students C. 139 students
B. 217 students D. 239 students
19. AMU is one of the first-generation Universities in Ethiopia. You have information that 10% of
instructors in AMU at public health Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences are PHD
holders. If you randomly select 4 instructors from this population, what is the Probability to get
exactly 1 PhD holder instructors at public health Department?
A. 29.16% C. 72.60%
B. 70.84% D. 27.40%

3
20. The Hospital administrator in Black Lion Hospital Ethiopia wished to know where the 95% of diabetic
patient’s bloods glucose level will found; for this purpose, he selected randomly 20 diabetic patients
and measured the mean sample blood glucose level 130 mg/dl with SD of 9. So, which of the
following confidence interval will hold the 95% of a patient’s blood glucose level?
A. (100.68, 111.31) C. (104.12, 115.88)
B. (96.36, 104.64) D. (125.79, 134.21)
21. Mr. Yilma is instructor and researcher in Arbaminch University, CMHS. He is interested to investigate
the effect of prolonged exposure to sun light on the retina damage in premature infants and selected 56
premature infants by lottery method. Sixteen among 21 infants exposed to bright light developed
retinopathy, while 20 of 35 infants exposed to reduced light developed retinopathy. According to this
scenario, what is the probability of developing retinopathy among premature infants?
A. 76.2% B. 64.3% C. 57.1% D. 35.7%
22. If you are health information technologist or health officer in certain health facility and asked to
present your monthly service delivery report of family planning methods utilized by using graph,
which of the following chart will be preferable used to present the data?
A. Histogram C. Frequency polygon
B. Bar chart D. Line graph
23. Let say in your class, with a total of 40 students; the mean mark of biostatistics exam is 38 and the
median mark is 50. Which of the following is truly interpreting the performance of students?
A. Many students have scored below the average
B. Many students have scored above the average
C. Half of students have scored above 38
D. Half of students have scored below 38
24. Among MPH students in Gondar University Medicine and Health Science College Institute of Public
Health, 3 students scored 20, 4 students scored 25, 4 students scored 29 and 1 student scored 30 in
Epidemiology exam. If the head of institute asked to tell the average mark of Epidemiology exam,
which of the following alternatives can be the mean mark of the class?
A. 28.9 B. 24.8 C. 25.5 D. 24.6
Answer questions 25-27 based on the scenario below

4
Mr. Habtom was born in Tigray Region; when his age reached 7, he started primary School. Once
up on his life, he sustained severe car accident. His Blood type is A+, CD4+ count of Habtom is
1200/mm3.
25. On the given scenario, how many variables have nominal scale of measurement?
A. 5 B. 4 C. 2 D. 6
26. Similarly; from the given scenario, how many variables have ratio scale of measurement?
A. 5 B. 4 C. 1 D. 2
27. From the above case scenario, how many variables showed ordinal scale of measurement?
A. 5 B. 2 C. 3 D. 1
28. The owner of travel agency would like to determine whether or not the mean age of the agency's
customers is over 18. If so, he plans to alter the destination of their special voyages and tours. If he
concludes the mean age is not over 18 when it is, he makes a ______error. If he concludes the mean
age is over 18 when it is not, he makes_______ error respectively.
A. Type I and Type I C. Type II and Type I
B. Type I and Type II D. He did the correct decision
29. Saron receives a beautiful five-sided die for her tenth birth day. After playing with it for one hour, she
starts to suspect that her die is more likely to rolling “2” than to any other numbers. If you are asked to
generate the null hypothesis for this scenario, it is that:
(A) The die rolls “2” with probability more than 0.2.
(B) The die rolls “2” with probability less than 0.2.
(C) The die rolls “2” with probability not equal to 0.2.
(D) The die rolls “2” with probability equal to 0.2.
30. A researcher was going to conduct a research on condom utilization among Nech sar campus students.
The researcher developed a structured questionnaire but was not able to decide the data collection
method. Which one of the following data collection method is best for this research?
A. Interview C. Self-administered questionnaire
B. Observation D. Focus group discussion
31. The researcher was conducting research on knowledge about ITN utilization. Most of the respondents’
age was from 20-30 years. There were few participants with age above 50 years, so that the data was
skewed. Which numerical summary measure is best to summarize the monthly income of the mothers?
A. Arithmetic mean B. Median

5
 C. Standard deviation D. Mode
32. The mean hemoglobin level of mothers was found to be 12g/dl with standard deviation 1 g/dl .from
this one can conclude that
A. The mean hemoglobin level is 12 g/dl varying in unit of 1
B. All the mothers hemoglobin was within the range 11 to 13 g/dl
C. The variance for this data was 11 to 13.
D. The median hemoglobin is also 12 g/dl
33. Quartiles of a data set was calculated and it was found that Q1=5 Q2=10 and Q3=20 from this one can
conclude.
A. The median of the data set is 15
B. 50th percentile is 10
C. 50% of the data is in the range 20-10
D. 20 is the maximum number in the data set
34. Data was collected on height of adults and weight of adults then the researcher wants to compare the
weight of adults with height of adults and she get the weight of adults were more variable than the
height of the adults. Which of the measures of dispersion was used by the researcher?
A. Variance C. Range
B. Standard deviation D. Coefficient of variation
35. A research was going to be conducted on the knowledge about ITN on pregnant mothers in Arba
Minch general Hospital. Then researcher needs to take a sample of pregnant mothers from the mothers
coming for ANC follow-up. Which sampling method can the researcher use?
A. Simple random sampling C. Stratified sampling
B. Systematic sampling D. Cluster sampling
36. A health officer working at a rural health center reported that 5 people have presented to the outpatient
department with an unusual rash. This rash has not been encountered before and the health officer writes
a paper describing the clinical features found in these patients for a medical journal. Which type of
research had the clinician used?
A. Case report B. Case definition C. Case control D. Case series
37. A new treatment for cervical cancer is introduced, so patients live on average twice as long after
diagnosis. Which of the following is likely to be true once the treatment is widely available?
A. The incidence of cervical cancer will decrease.

6
 B. The prevalence of cervical cancer will decrease.
C. Both the incidence and the prevalence of cervical cancer will decrease.
D. The incidence of cervical cancer will increase.
E. The prevalence of cervical cancer will increase.
38. Assume that an epidemic has occurred in “X” town. Which of the following is NOT a measure to
manage the epidemic?
A. Action to prevent transmission of disease by ingestion
B. Active immunization
C. Supervision
D. Action to reduce transmission by respiratory infection
E. Chemoprophylaxis
39. In a study conducted about current practice of abortion among students in Arba Minch University, a
zero prevalence was documented. What type of bias would you think possibly introduced in this
study?
A. Recall bias C. Loss to follow up bias
B. Lead time bias D. Social desirability bias
40. Hypertension is diagnosed when the diastolic blood pressure of an individual is more than 90mmhg; if new d
diastolic decrease the cut of point of diagnosis of hypertension to 85mmhg, select the correct one based on this s
A. Specificity of the new test increased
B. sensitivity of the test increased
C. Predictive value negative decreased
D. Predictive value positive increased
41. From the following the following time directionality of study design, which one is correctly matched?
A B C

A. In retrospective cohort study investigator at time A select study group according to exposure
status and follows them to time C
B. In case control study investigator select study group at time B according to diseases status and
ask participants about exposure at time A

7
 C. In case control study investigator select study group at time c according to exposure status and
ask participants about exposure at time A
D. In prospective cohort study the investigator at time C select study group with exposure at time A
42. Random samples of middle-aged sedentary adults were selected from four census tracts, and each
person was examined for coronary artery disease (CAD). All persons without disease were randomly
assigned to either a two-year program of aerobic exercise or a two-year arthritis-prevention non-
aerobic exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for incidence of CAD. What type
of study was this?
A. Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study
B. Case-control study D. Experimental study
43. In 1945, there were 1,000 women who worked in a factory painting radium dials on watches. The
incidence of bone cancer in these women up to 1975 was compared to that of 1000 women who worked
as telephone operators in developed bone cancer between 1945 and 1975. What study design is this?
A. Cross-sectional study C. Cohort study
B. Case-control study D. Experimental study
44. In a hospital-based study of the association between coffee consumption and the occurrence of
stroke, a group of patients hospitalized after suffering a stroke was compared to a control population
hospitalized for other reasons. The patients hospitalized for stroke were found to consume significantly
more coffee than the controls. All of the following statements represent possible explanations for the
observed positive association between coffee consumption and stroke, EXCEPT:
A. Heavy coffee consumers may also be heavy smokers, so smoking rather than coffee drinking is
the relevant causal factor
B. The patients restricted their coffee intake after suffering a stroke.
C. The hospitalized controls consume less coffee, on the average, than individuals in the general
population, resulting in a spurious association between coffee consumption and stroke.
D. Excessive coffee consumption can cause a stroke.
45. The ministry of health of Ethiopia banned smoking in public gathering areas, believing that it
could prevent 1000 cases of lung diseases per 50,000 persons per year. Select the best answer regarding
the above information:
A. This is the attributable risk of Lung diseases due to smoking in smokers.

8
 B. This is the incidence of Lung diseases in smoker persons divided by the incidence of Lung
diseases in non- smokers.
C. This is the cumulative incidence of Lung diseases in smokers.
D. This is the risk of Lung diseases in smokers.
46. Researchers prospectively follow a group of 100 vegetarians and 200 non-vegetarians. After 30 years
of follow-up, 8 of the vegetarians and 20 of the non-vegetarians develop heart disease. The 95%
confidence interval on the relative risk of 0.8 ranges from 0.6 to 0.9. Select the best statement.
A. Vegetarians were 80% less likely to develop heart disease during 30 years of follow-up compared
with non-vegetarians.
B. The researchers should have calculated an odds ratio rather than a relative risk.
C. The relative risk of 0.8 is not statistically significant as the 95% confidence interval contains the
value 0.8.
D. Vegetarians were 20% less likely to develop heart disease during 30 years of follow-up compared
with non-vegetarians.
47. A researcher interested in the proportion of individuals for a particular geographic region who have a
Hepatitis B infection for the month of April 2018. Which of the following measures of morbidity
would be most appropriate to answer his question?
A. Point Prevalence C. Cumulative Incidence
B. Period prevalence D. Incidence Density
48. A public health officer actively involved for the care of established disease, minimize the negative
effects of disease, and prevent disease-related complications. Which level of prevention did he/she
perform?
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary Prevention
C. Tertiary Prevention
D. Both Secondary and Primary prevention
49. A total of 500 people involved in screening test among 180 screening test positive only 10 were standard
diagnostic negative and among 320 screening test negative 20 were standard diagnostic positive. Based
on the above case calculate sensitivity and specificity respectively
A. 89.47 & 96.77 C. 94.44 & 93.75
B. 93.75 & 89.47 D. 96.77 & 94.44

9
50. Field epidemiologist collect surveillance data about cholera systematically from health centers, hospitals,
community meetings and home to home visit. What type of surveillance he conducted?
A. Passive Surveillance C. Sentinel Surveillance
B. Active Surveillance D. All
51. A group of researchers studied the effects of anesthesia on patients` prognosis among patients in
Arba Minch hospital in surgical ward. Which are the independent and the dependent variables,
respectively?
A. Surgical ward, Patients` prognosis
B. Patients` prognosis, Anesthesia
C. Anesthesia, Patients` prognosis
D. Surgical ward, Anesthesia

10
52. Suppose ‘X’(Non-governmental organization) had signed memorandum of understanding with
Arbaminch town health department to reduce under five mortality due to Pediatrics
malnutrition from current status, 10% of all deaths in 2016 to 5% by the year 2018. Summative
evaluation was conducted at the end of 2018 and it was found to be 3% with a predetermined
available resource at hand. Which one of the following is correct about the above scenario?
A. ‘X’ is only efficient C. Neither efficient nor effective
B. ‘X’ is only effective D. Both efficient and effective
53. In a given district –X-, assume that there are a lot of urgent health problems, which are
encountering the community and a manager of health department of the district focus on the
routine health intervention which are not urgent to be solved. Which one is CORRECT based
on this given scenario? The manager has:
A. Problem of management by exception
B. Not shown the feature of management by objective
C. A problem of shortest decision path
D. Problem of learning from experience
54. Which of the following can be considered as opportunity during SWOT analysis for a certain
project planned to work on reduction of unwanted pregnancy among Arbaminch Teachers
Teaching college students?
A. There are trained personnel who can train and provide family planning of choice for
students among the project staffs.
B. One of the strategies, the project planned to use is group discussion, and the project
planned to use already formed 1 to 5 networks in the college.
C. The project has adequate supplies and brochures to train female students in college which
was purchased in collaboration with other NGO.
D. The College students might not be willing to use condoms as unwanted pregnancy
prevention due to cultural taboo.
55. Kinfe is head of Public health department, college of medicine and Health Science in Arba
Minch University. He conducts orientation among new staff in his department. Girmachew,
one of the new staff, wants to understand the channel of communication, span of control and
lines of communication. Which of the following will provide this information?

11
 A. Organizational process C. Manuals of procedure
B. Organizational structure D. Organizational design
56. Abraham is a newly-appointed manager of Arbaminch General Hospital. He thinks of
scheduling planning workshop with his staff in order to ensure an effective and efficient
management of the hospital. He decides to conduct a strategic planning workshop, which of the
following is NOT a characteristic of this activity?
A. Long term goal setting
B. focuses on routine tasks
C. Comment on mission statement
D. Determine the direction of the organization
57. Suppose you are a district project Manager of a given non-governmental organization working
on the HIV prevention and control program. If you want to choose the strategies and activities
to accomplish your desired results, what type of decision you are going to make?
A. End decision C. Operational decision
B. Means decision D. Administrative
58. A given program worked to improve maternal health by enhancing institutional delivery for the
past five years was interested to conduct evaluation at the conclusion of the program to see the
achievement of pre-determined objective? Which type of evaluation is it?
A. Summative B. Formative C. Diagnostic D. Progressive
59. Which of the following is feature of leaders as compared to managers?
A. Leaders accept the status quo C. Cope with change
B. Leaders relies on control D. Leaders focuses on systems & structure
60. Zonal health department supervision team was sent to Arba Minch Health center to conduct
supportive supervision, what do you expect from them for their supervisee?
A. To humiliate them
B. To encourage their compliance with directives and guidelines
C. To lecture them with no gap to interact
D. To identify their gaps and bringing them to Zonal health department without telling them
61. Which of the following hierarchy of Maslow’s need, can explains a manager at a certain health
institution make sure that each of his/her employees know one another, encouraging

12
 cooperative teamwork, being an accessible and kind supervisor and promoting a good work-
life balance?
A. Physiologic need B. Safety need C. Social need D. self-esteem.
62. Assume that you are a manager of a certain health facility and you want to install a change in
your organization but you have faced resistance from the staffs. Which one of the following
strategies did you use as a leader of the change to reduce resistance from the upcoming
change?
A. Do not send mixed signals regarding the change
B. Develop procedures to address employees who will be positively affected
C. Neglect employee with deviant behavior
D. Present a threatening image of the change
63. Suppose Arba Minch zuria woreda health office is providing sensitization training for health
extension workers on community-based nutrition (CBN) program for enhancing the health of
the community. Which health extension package/ component is concerned here?
A. Hygiene and environmental sanitation C. Information, education, and communication
B. Disease prevention and control D. Family health
64. Arba Minch town health department is working on tackling health and health related problems,
which are encountering the town residents. Since the office cannot brought the intended
results, it calls for other offices like water and development office, education office,
administration office, municipality and other offices for their contribution on the health-
related issues of the community. Based on the given information, which primary health care
principle the health office is trying to apply?
A. Focus on prevention and health promotion C. Equity
B. Inter-sectoral collaboration D. Decentralization
65. Suppose there is Cholera outbreak in Arba Minch town and the health office forms a team for
investigation and management of the outbreak. Which type of team they are potentially will
form?
A. Task force team B. Management team C. Parallel team D. work team
66. What is the advantage of recruitment from outside the organization?
A. Cheaper than internal recruitment.
B. Brings in new experience and skills to the organization.

13
 C. There is no need to advertise the vacancy.
D. Avoids jealousy within the firm.
67. Assume that you are a head of Sikela health center; and you want to establish and preserve long-
term relationship with your subordinates. All of the following guidelines will help you to
preserve your relationship except:
A. Understand the organizational mission and strategic priorities
B. Try to limit transparency in communicating information
C. Reach out to stakeholders at the program cost
D. Keep an open communication flow exchange
68. Which of the following is most likely to give employee a reason to act professionally and to be
more innovative?
A. Salary penalties for poor work
B. Fear of retribution from upper administration
C. Having an informal backdoor relationship with senior level managers
D. Empowerment and autonomy over their work
69. Which one of the following is wrong statement regarding decision making and problem
solving?
A. Decision making is the process of choosing a course of action for dealing with a problem
B. Problem solving is much more comprehensive than decision making
C. Problem solving may or may not require action
D. Problem solving is concerned with overcoming obstacles in the path towards an objective
70. You are a program director in one of the directorates of your organization. You have received
limited number of bed net from donors, which is not adequate for the community who are living
in malaria endemic areas. You feel that the bed net is better to distribute for households with
pregnant mothers and under five children but your staffs wants to allocate the bed net for all
households randomly. Disagreement between you and your staffs occur, what is the most likely
source of conflict in this scenario?
A. Goal setting conflict B. conflict of values
C. conflict of interest D. Retributive Conflict
71. Which one is wrong statement regarding Mediation and Arbitration?

14
 A. Mediation is similar to collaboration in that people are brought together to talk about their
positions and to find a solution.
B. In case of mediation the leader reviews the evidence and then makes a decision or agrees to a
solution.
C. Mediation similar to compromise in its result; it aims to bring about the two parties in to a
middle-ground
D. The arbitrator listens to all sides of an issue
72. Feyisa’s house hold usually utilizes health service based on their need. But, before two days,
Feyisa’s first child got ill and finally died since he hadn’t money to take the child and insurance
as well to nearby health center. From the Feyisa’s family scenario, what component of service
utilization is missed?
A. Predisposing factor C. Need factor
B. Enabling factor D. Predicted health status
73. Ethiopian government is working in partnership with private clinics, hospitals and non-
governmental organizations. What do you predict from privatization of health service provision
in Ethiopia? privatization
A. Improves service centralization C. Reduces resources for health care
B. Hasten supplier induced demand D. Promotes equity
74. Suppose you are health sector manager of district X, and you found a number of households who
were not the member of community-based health insurance because of they can’t afford the
minimum contribution for the member-ship. Which measure would solve the problem as system
approach?
A. Service exemption by health centers and C. Fee waiver by district administration
hospitals D. Payment of fee for membership
B. Establishing alternative low-cost health
facilities
75. How should you recommend the government to intervene in health care market of Ethiopia?
A. Leave the service for free market C. Expanding public health facilities
B. Purchase insurance for all citizens D. Complete privatization of the service
76. Mr.Samuel is public health officer who has evaluated the new nutrition program aimed to
improve exclusive breast feeding in two districts. He found different data about magnitude of

15
 exclusive breast feeding and cost, of alternative interventions implemented one in each of the
A. Cost effectiveness analysis C. Cost Utility analysis
two districts. If this public health officer is expected to show better intervention among the two,
B. Cost minimization analysis D. Cost benefit analysis
interms of value for money, which analysis will be used?
77. Suppose, district in which you are manager, health seeking behavior of mothers for malaria
symptoms for under five children were assessed. When you observe the need, demand and
resource supply in the community, the graph below could be developed. What message does it
tell you at point “B”?
A. Unmet need because of service is C. People are using what they deserve to use
unaffordable D. There is excess supply in the health system
B. People are over using the service

78. Mr Shiferaw is interested to identify cost of alternative interventions for further evaluation. He
assessed all direct, indirect, and intangible costs of the intervention from societal perspective.
There were volunteers for whom no payment was done in one of the projects. How should he
calculate the cost of volunteers?
A. By variable cost definition C. By direct medical cost definition
B. By opportunity cost definition D. No need of calculating the cost
79. In three selected districts of Gamo Zone, a given project to reduce diarrheal diseases found to be
promising. If the donors want to expand the project with the existing administrative cost but
they want to add further cost for technical part based on the evidences you provide them. Which
cost would be mandatory to be reported for securing fund?
A. Average cost C. Fixed cost
B. Incremental cost D.Marginal cost

16
80. You want to see the cost and outcome of two alternative interventions of diseases X.
Unfortunately, no intervention can increase the survival time duration for the patients and there
are no evidences for other potential outcomes. If you are required to conduct economic
evaluation, which analysis do you prefer?
A. Cost minimization analysis C. Cost Utility analysis
B. Cost effectiveness analysis D. Cost benefit analysis
81. What would happen if the cost of health services increased overtime?
A. Yet a significant number of people would utilize health service
B. No people would utilize health services
C. Health service utilization would be significantly diminished
D.Vertical equity would be addressed well
82. If you are working on one health facility and students come to your facility for apparent ship,
what should you do?
A. I allow students to perform all activities carried out in that health facility with direct
responsibility of patient care.
B. I allow students to perform some activities carried out in that health facility with direct
responsibility of patient care.
C. I don’t allow students to perform activities carried out in that health facility with direct
responsibility of patient care.
D. I don’t allow students to perform some sensitive activities carried out in that health facility with
direct responsibility of patient care
83. A 22 years old female is accompanied by her boyfriend to the Arba Minch General hospital
emergency department complaining of unexplained fatigue and several days’ oral thrush. After
extensive work out, the patient is discovered to have HIV. Her boyfriend, still sitting in the
waiting room, is unaware of her condition at this time. She pleads with you not to tell her
boyfriend of her diagnosis /sero- positive, which of the following action is most appropriate as
you are public health professional?
A. Do not inform her boyfriend but urge the patient to do so
B. Inform her boyfriend
C. Inform her boyfriend and link her with ART clinic
D. Do not inform her boyfriend but urge her to do so and link her with ART clinic

17
84. According to professional ethics of Health officer, which of the following is true about abortion?
A. You never disclose cause of your patient’s condition to anyone without consent of patient
B. You would disclose cause of your patient’s condition to some intimate friend without consent
C. You never disclose cause of your patient’s condition to anyone with consent of patient
D. You never disclose cause of your patient’s condition to court of law without consent of patient
85. The Health Officers primary responsibility is directed toward the comprehensive health care
giving full emphasis to:
A. Provision of curative service, rehabilitative service and provision of preventive service
B. Provision of rehabilitative service, curative service and provision of preventive service
C. Provision of curative service, rehabilitative service and provision of promotive service
D. Provision of preventive and promotive service and provision of curative and rehabilitative
service.
86. Alemayehu is a 46 years old patient presented with a complaint of flank pain and blood in urine
to Arbaminch General Hospital. After he was assessed by the physician the diagnosis was
confirmed to chronic kidney disease then he was sent to medical ward and stayed for 6 months
in the ward by supportive palliative care. He had felt persistent pain and he begs the physician
to let him die; after the physician has taken an informed consent, he has administered a lethal
injection to hasten his death. What type of euthanasia is it?
A. Passive B. Active C. Unassisted
87. Getachew is a new diagnosed diabetic mellitus patient and he wants to know about foods/diets
helps to control his blood glucose, which one of the following is the recommended diet for
diabetic patients?
A. Breads of refined cereals.
B. Foods prepared from simple sugar such as spaghetti.
C. High fiber foods such as Injera / unrefined bread.
D. High sugar soft drinks such as coca
88. Bioavailability is the rate and extent of nutrient absorption from the small intestine brush border;
however the common food sources such as cereals and legumes bioavailability adversely
affected by substances called inhibitors. Which of the following substance known as
inhibitor of nutrient absorption from cereals (teff, barley, wheat etc).

A. Tannies B. caffeine

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 C. Phytates D. Fiber

89. Cobalamin (vit B12) deficiency can be caused by dietary intake deficiency and mal-absorptions,
related to one of the following problem elderly peoples are the risk to develop deficiency of
cobalamin(vitB12).

A. impaired skin synthesis C. Impaired red blood cell formation

B. Atrophic gastritis D. Strict vegetarian diet

90. Anemia due to iron deficiency is common micronutrient problem during pregnancy, if you are
assigned to do in antenatal care clinic and expected to provide nutrition counseling, which of
the following advice have not be informed to pregnant clients to increase dietary or
supplemented iron absorption.
A. To eat plant based iron source foods with meat.
B. Take vitamin C rich juices or fruits with meal
C. To drink coffee /tea just with meal.
D. Use fermented cereals/ legumes foods.
91. Children are the most vulnerable population group to malnutrition, and they are adapting the
chronic nutritional insult by reducing their rate of growth. Which one of the following
indices useful to assess chronic malnutrition/stunting?
A. Weight/age C. BMI
B. Weight/height D. Height/age
92. Mrs X, an elderly woman, needs to limit her kcalories intake without sacrificing needed
nutrients. Keeping in mind the Food Guide Pyramid, which of the following could she do?
A. Eliminate carbohydrate
B. Count kcalories and not worry about the food groups
C. Eliminate Dairy foods.
D. Carefully select foods rich in nutrients but low in kcalories
93. Vitamins are essential organic compounds required in very small amounts; however they
have distinct characteristics, which of the following is not the correct description of
vitamins ?
A. Most of the vitamins not generated in the human body.
B. They can be destroyed by extended cooking time.

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 C. They can be reach toxic levels with excessive diet intakes.
D. Both the deficiencies and excesses of the vitamins can affect health
94. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for nutrients generally are
A. Designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.
B. More than twice the requirements.
C. The minimum amounts the average adult male requires.
D. Designed to prevent deficiency disease in half the population.
95. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for normal physiologic processes and different body
functions, which of the deficiency syndrome/symptoms is associated with vitamin A
deficiency?

A. Osteoporosis C. Bitot’s spot

B. Neck swelling D. Pale conjunctiva.

96. If a child admited in stabilization Center (SC) for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition,
which of the following treatment regimen does not be prescribed in phase-I management?

A. Start F-75 milk

B. Treat a child infection with Amoxicillin
C. Make the room temperature normal.
D. Administer laxatives to treat swelling.

97. Which one of the following is true about health education and health information?

A. Health education is the same as health information

B. Health information is a component of health education

C. Health education is a component of health information

D. Factors influence behavior is more addressed in health information than in health

education.

98. All of the following are incorrect combination except one .which one?

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 A. Predisposing-indirect communication
A. It is incidental activity C. It is an end by it self
B. Enabling –indirect communication
B. It is one time affair D. It starts from where people are
C. Reinforcing-direct communication
100. Which one of the following is correctly-matched?
D. Reinforcing-indirect communication
A. Primary prevention-rehabilitation
99. Which one of the following is true about health education?
B. Secondary prevention-forestall the onset of illness

C. Tertiary prevention-to cure diseases.

D. Secondary prevention-limit disability

101. If health worker says “use contraception to prevent unwanted pregnancy!” which one of the
following reaction to the health worker’s talk is miss-matched with the type of factors
influencing behaviors?

A. I understand you but I don’t agree with you-reinforcing factors

B. I would like to use but my husband objects it -reinforcing factors

C. I understand you but I am not interested to use it –predisposing factors

D. Where can I get them-enabling factors?

102. In normal way of thinking and decision making the logical sequences among Knowledge

(K), Attitude (A) and Practice (P) is:

A. K P A C. A K P

B. K A P D. P A P E. P KA

103. Leading a visualization activity where youth imagine they have a negative health condition
and are dealing with its consequences is an example of how to implement what key HBM
concept?

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 A. perceived susceptibility. C. perceived benefits.

B. perceived severity. D. perceived barriers

104. One is different from the rest. Which one?

A. Health belief model C. Theory of planned behaviors

B. Theory of reasoned action D. Trans-theoretical model

105. A radio program was broadcast about childhood nutrition for women. The announcer was a
young girl and the women did not believe that she could know anything about children. At
what level is the failure of communication?

A. Reaching the audience C. Getting acceptance

B. improving health D. Changing behavior

106. The diagnosis process in PRECED –PROCEED model is starts from ___________

A. Input C. Outcome

B. Impact D. Behavioral causes

107. A 20 year-old man presents with a compliant of reddish discoloration of urine. He has a
history of swimming in a river and usually walks barefoot. Physical examination shows supra
pubic tenderness and on urine analysis red blood cells are found.

Which type of water associated disease most likely he has?

A. Water borne disease C. Water based disease

B. Water washed disease D. Water related vector borne

disease
108. There are two water containers to be treated with compounds of chlorine. Container A and B
have similar water temperature. The amount of ammonia in container B is higher than the
amount in container A keeping other characteristics constant.

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 Which one is most likely correct about chlorine demand and effectiveness?

A. Chlorine demand is increased in container A

B. Chlorine demand is decreased in container B

C. Chlorine effectiveness is increased in container A

D. Chlorine effectiveness is increased in container B

109. If an environmental health specialist assess the presence of occupational hazard and obtains
ergonomic hazard which is caused by repetitive motion mainly occurs in industries affecting
individuals working standing for long time.

Which function of occupational hygiene is most likely applied?

A. Anticipation C. Evaluation

B. Recognition D. Control

110. A construction manager wants to consult on the type of latrine he will construct for his
employees used for a week to his project in the rural area where no other latrine is available.

What is the best type of latrine he should construct?

A. Traditional pit latrine C. Water seal latrine

B. Trench latrine D. Raised latrine

111. A community is found to have problems of solid waste management in all phases that make
the area unsightly. The team who wants to manage the solid waste has limited man power,
money and all the necessary resources.
In which phase of solid waste management does the team face more difficulty?
A. Storage C. Transportation
B. Collection D. Disposal
112. A restaurant serves its customer raw fruits, unpasteurized milk and milk products. After a day
the customer developed fever, headache, malaise and abdominal pain. On laboratory widal
test is strongly reactive.

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 What type of food borne disease the customer has?
A. Chemical poisoning C. Food infection
B. Poisonous animal tissue D. Food intoxication
113. A municipality is worried about the increased amount of solid wastes generated and plans to
use the most desirable solid waste management hierarchy. Which is the best solid waste
management?

A. Recycle C. Reuse
B. Reduce D. Recovery

114. A health professional apply chlorine compound in a given container to treat water at
municipality level. What was the main aim of the treatment?

A. To prevent water borne disease

B. To prevent water washed disease

C. To prevent water based disease

D. To prevent water related vector borne disease

115. A hospital aims to prepare solid waste storage containers for left over parts of drugs disposed
of patients while swallowing and pharmacists while they are handling.
What is the recommended color coding for the container?
A. Black C. Red

B. Brown D. Yellow

116. A disease is transmitted by vectors in which the pathogenic agent increases in number
without changing its form. What type of vector transmission is it?

A. Cyclo developmental C. Developmental

B. Cyclo propagative D. Propagative

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117. The manager asks one health professional to design best occupational hazard control method.
But the health professional unknowingly designed least desirable hazard control method
which is very often likely to be used by most undertakings.
Which hazard control method is designed by the health professional?
A. Control at the source C. Control at the receiver
B. Control at transmission D. Control at the path

118. A health worker is asked to apply one function of occupational hygiene practice. He
investigates deeply to analyze the recognized occupational hazards and know the extent and
degree of exposure dose at personal level.
What function of occupational hygiene he most likely applies?

A. Anticipation C. Evaluation
B. Recognition D. Control

119. Newly established campus constructs liquid waste management system with two
compartments. The liquid waste management system during retention period, heavier solids
settle to the bottom forming sludge while the lighter solids forms scum.
What is the type of liquid waste management?
A. Cesspool C. Septic tank
B. Seepage pit D. Soak away
120. The food handler worried about the left over foods thrown away repeatedly. She decided to
re-use the leftover food after reheating.
How many times can she reheat the leftovers?

A. As many times as she likes

B. Four times
C. Twice
D. Once

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