APPLICATIONS OF

INTEGRATION 5
In the present chapter we give some properties of definite
integral, geometrical interpretation of definite integral and applications
of integration in finding total and average functions from the given
marginal functions. We further find demand function when the price
and elasticity of demand are known. Finally we discuss a few
problems under consumers’ surplus and producers’ surplus.
5.1 FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
We state below an important theorem which enables us to
evaluate definite integrals by making use of antiderivative.
Theorem :
Let f be a continuous function defined on the closed interval
[a, b]. Let F be an antiderivative of f. Then
b
∫ f (x) dx = F(b) − F(a)
a
5.1.1 Properties of definite integrals
b a
1) ∫ f (x) dx = − ∫ f (x) dx
b
a
Proof :
Let F(x) be the antiderivative of f(x). Then we have,
b
∫ f (x) dx = [F (x )] b
a
= F(b)−F(a) = −[F(a) −F(b)]
a a
= − ∫ f (x) dx
b c b b

2) ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx for a < c < b.

a a c

174
Proof :
Let a, b, c be three real numbers such that a < c < b.
b
L.H.S. = ∫ f (x) dx = F(b) − F(a) -----(1)
a
c b
R.H.S. = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx = F(c) − F(a) + F(b) − F(c)
a c
= F(b) − F(a) -----(2)
b c b
From (1) and (2), ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx
a a c
b b
3) ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x ) dx
a a
Proof :
Let a + b − x = t ∴ −dx = dt
x=a ⇒ t=b
x=b ⇒ t=a
Thus when x varies from a to b,
t varies from b to a.
b a
∴ ∫ f (x) dx = - ∫ f (a + b − t ) dt
a b
b
= ∫ f (a + b − t ) dt [by property (1)]
a
b b b
= ∫ f (a + b − x ) dx [since ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (t ) dt ]
a a a
a a
4) ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a − x) dx
0 0
Proof :
Let a−x =t ∴ −dx = dt
x=0 ⇒ t=a
x=a ⇒ t=0
175
 a 0 a
∴ ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a − t ) (−dt ) = ∫ f (a − t ) dt
0 a 0
a
= ∫ f (a − x) dx
0
a a
5) (i) ∫ f (x ) dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx if f(x) is an even function.
−a 0
a
(ii) ∫ f (x ) dx = 0 if f(x) is an odd function.
−a
Proof :
(i) If f(x) is an even function, then f(−x) = f(x).
a 0 a
∫ f (x ) dx = ∫−a f ( x ) dx + ∫0 f ( x) dx [by property (2)]
−a
Put t = −x in the first integral then, dt = −dx
x=−a⇒ t=a
x=0 ⇒ t=0
a 0 a
∴ ∫ f (x ) dx = − ∫ f (−t ) dt + ∫ f (x) dx
−a a 0
a a
= ∫ f (− x ) dx + ∫ f (x) dx
0 0
a a
= ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx (f(x) is an even function)
0 0
a
= 2 ∫ f ( x) dx
0
(ii) If f(x) is an odd function then
f(−x) = −f(x)
a 0 a
∴ ∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f (x) dx
−a −a 0
Put t = −x in the first integral. Then dt = −dx
x =−a ⇒ t=a
x = 0 ⇒ t=0
176
 a 0 a
∴ ∫ f (x ) dx = − ∫ f ( −t ) dt + ∫ f (x) dx
−a a 0
a a
= ∫ f (− x ) dx + ∫ f (x) dx
0 0
a a
= − ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f (x) dx (since f(x) is an odd function)
0 0
=0
Example 1
1
∫( x + x ) dx
3
Evaluate
−1
Solution :
f(x) = x 3 + x is an odd function.
1
⇒ ∫(x + x) dx = 0
3
[by property 5(ii)]
−1

Example 2
2
∫(x + x 2 ) dx
4
Evaluate
−2
Solution :
f(x) = x 4 + x 2 is an even function
2 2
⇒ ∫ ( x + x ) dx = 2 ∫ ( x + x ) dx
4 2 4 2
[by property 5(i)]
−2 0
2
5 3
= 2[ x
5
+ x3 ]0
+ 23 ] = 272
5 3
= 2[ 2 15
5
Example 3
ð
2
sin3 x
Evaluate ∫ 3 3
dx
0 sin x + cos x
177
Solution :
π
2
sin 3 x
Let I= ∫ 3 3 dx -------(1)
0 sin x + cos x
a a
By property (4), ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a − x) dx
0 0
π
2 3 π
sin ( − x )
Again I = ∫0
2
dx
sin 3 ( π2 − x) + cos 3 ( π2 − x)
π
2
cos 3 x
=∫ 3 3 dx -------(2)
0 cos x + sin x
Adding (1) and (2) we get,
ð
2
sin 3 x + cos 3 x
2I = ∫0 sin 3 x + cos 3 x
dx

ð
2 ð

∫0 dx = [ x]0 = ð2
2
=

ð
∴ I = 4
π

dx = π
2
sin 3 x
⇒ ∫ 3 3 4
0 sin x + cos x

Example 4
1
Evaluate ∫ x (1 − x) 5
dx
0
Solution :
a a
By property (4), ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a − x ) dx
0 0
1 1 1
∴ ∫0 x (1−x) 5
dx = ∫ ( 1−x) (1−1+x) dx
0
5
= ∫0 (1 − x ) x 5
dx

178
 1 1

= ∫ ( x − x ) dx =  x − x  = 1
5 6
6 7

0 6 7 0 42
1
∴ ∫ x (1−x) 5 1
dx = 42
0
Example 5
ð
3
dx
Evaluate ∫ 1+
ð tanx
6
Solution :
ð
3
dx
Let I = ∫ 1+
ð tan x
6
ð
3
cos x dx
= ∫
ð sin x + cos x
--------(1)
6
b b
By property (3), ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a+b−x) dx
a a
ð
3 cos(π6 + π3 − x)
∴ I = ∫
ð sin( π6 + π3 − x) + cos(π6 + π3 − x)
dx
6
ð
3 cos( ð2 − x )
= ∫ð sin( ð
2
− x ) + cos( ð2 − x )
dx
6
ð
3
sin x
= ∫
ð cos x + sin x
dx --------(2)
6
Adding (1) and (2) we get
ð ð
3
cos x + sin x ð 3
2I = ∫
ð cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ dx = [ x] 3ð = ð
ð 6 6
6 6

179
 ð
3
ð dx ð
∴I =
12
∴ ∫ 1+
ð tan x
=
12
6

EXERCISE 5.1
Evaluate the following using the properties of definite integral:
10 2

∫ ( 3x
2
1) ∫ ( 4x + 6x + 3 x) dx
5 3
2) 2
+ 5x4 ) dx
−10 −2
ð ð
2 2 2
∫ sin x dx ∫ cos x dx ∫x 2 − x dx
2
3) 4) 5)
-ð -ð 0
2 2
ð
1 3 2

∫ x (1 − x)3 dx
dx
6) 7) ∫ð 1 + cot x 8) ∫ x dx
x + 2− x
0 6
0

ð ð
2
a sin x + b cos x dx
9) ∫ x sin 2
x dx 10)
∫ sin x + cos x
0 0
5.2 GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS AREA UNDER A CURVE
The area A of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x), the
x - axis and the ordinates at x = a and x = b is given by,
b y
Area, A = ∫ y dx y = f(x)
a
b
= ∫ f (x) dx
a
A

O x=a x=b x

Fig 5.1
180
Note
The graph of y = f(x ) must not cross the x -axis between
x = a and x = b.
Similarly the area A of the region bounded by the curve
x = g(y), the y - axis and the abscissae y = c and y = d is given
by
d y
Area, A = ∫ x dy x = g(y)
c y=d
d
= ∫ g ( y) dy
A
y=c
c
Note
The graph of x = g(y)
must not cross the axis of y O x
between y = c and y = d.
Example 6 Fig. 5.2

Find the area enclosed by the parabola y2 = 4x, x =1,

x = 4 and the x - axis.
Solution :
The area under the curve is
b y
A = ∫ y dx
a
4 y 2 = 4x
= ∫ 4x dx
1
4
4  x 32 
= 2 ∫ x dx = 2  32 
O x=1 x=4 x
1  1
= 2 x 2 (4 2 −1 2 )
3 3

3
= 28 sq. units. Fig. 5.3
3
181
Example 7
Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola
x2 = 4y, y = 2, y = 4 and the y - axis
Solution :
The area under the curve is,
d y
A = ∫ x dy
c x2 = 4y
4 y=4
= ∫ 4 y dy y=2
2
4
4  y 32  O x
= 2∫ y dy = 2  3 
2  2 2
Fig. 5.4
= 2 x 2 ( 4 2 − 2 2 ) = 32 −8 2 sq. units.
3 3

3 3
Example 8
Find the area under the curve y = 4x2 − 8x + 6 bounded
by the y - axis x- axis and the ordinate at x = 2.
Solution :
The y - axis is the ordinate at x = 0. The area bounded by
the ordinates at x = 0, x = 2 and the given curve is
b y
A= ∫ y dx
a
2 y= 4x2 -8x+6
= ∫ ( 4x 2 − 8x + 6) dx
0

[
= 4 x3 − 8 x2 + 6x
3 2
]0
2

O x=2 x
= 4 (2)3 − 4(2)2 + 6(2) - 0
3
20
= sq. units.
3 Fig. 5.5
182
Example 9
Find the area bounded by the semi cubical parabola
y2 = x3 and the lines x = 0, y = 1 and y = 2.
Solution :
d y
Area, A = ∫ x dy
c y 2 = x3
2
y=2
2 2  y 53 
= ∫ y3 dy =  5  y=1
1  3 1 O x

3 2 3 −1
5

5   sq. units.
=

fig 5.6
Example 10
Find the area bounded by one arch of the curve y = sin ax
and the x - axis.
Solution :
The limits for one arch
of the curve y = sin ax are y
x = 0 and x = π
a
b
Area, A = ∫ y dx y = sinax
a
π
a
= ∫ sin ax dx
O π x
0 a
π

= − cos ax 
a

 a  0 fig 5.7
= − 1 [cosπ − cos0]
a
= 2 sq. units
a
183
Example 11
− x2 )
Find the area of one loop of the curve y2 = x2 (4−
between x = 0 and x = 2.
Solution : y

Equation of the curve is

y2 = x 2 (4−x 2 )

∴ y = + x 4 − x2
O (2, 0) x
b
Area, A = ∫ y dx
a
= 2 x Area in the I quadrant fig 5.8

2
= 2 ∫ x 4 − x 2 dx (Œ y > 0 in the I quadrant)
0
0 4 Put t = 4 - x2
( −dt )
∴A = 2 ∫ t 2 =∫ t dt dt = - 2xdx
4 0
− dt2 = xdx.
4
 t 32  when x = 0, t=4
=  32  when x = 2, t=0
 0
= 16 sq. units.
3
EXERCISE 5.2
1) Find the area under the curve y = 4x − x 2 included between
x = 0, x = 3 and the x - axis.
2) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y = 3x2 −4x + 5,
the x - axis and the lines x = 1 and x = 2.
1
3) Find the area under the curve y = , x-axis, x = −1, and
1+ x2
x = 1.
4) Find the area contained between the x - axis and one arch of
the curve y = cos x bounded between x = − π and x = π
2 2
184
5) Find the area of one loop of the curve y 2 = x2 (1−x2 ) between
x = 0 and x = 1.
6) Find the area under the demand curve xy = 1 bounded by the
ordinates x = 3 , x = 9 and x-axis.
7) Find the area cut off from the parabola y2 = 4ax by its latus
rectum.
8) Find the area bounded by the curve x = 3y2 − 9 and the lines
x = 0, y = 0 and y = 1.
9) Find the area above the axis of x bounded by y = 4 , x = 1
x
and x = 4.
10) Find the area of the circle of radius ‘a’ using integration.
2 y2
11) Find the area of the ellipse x 2 + = 1.
a b2

5.3 APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION IN

ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE
We learnt already that the marginal function is obtained by
differentiating the total function. We were given the total cost, total
revenue or demand function and we obtained the marginal cost,
marginal revenue or elasticity of demand.
Now we shall obtain the total function when marginal function
is given.
5.3.1 The cost function and average cost function from
marginal cost function :
If C is the cost of producing an output x then marginal cost
function, MC = dC . Using integration as reverse process of
dx
differentiation we obtain,
Cost function, C = ∫ (MC) dx + k
where k is the constant of integration which can be
evaluated if the fixed cost is known. If the fixed cost is not
known, then k = 0.
Average cost fucntion, AC = C , x ≠ 0
x
185
Example 12
The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of
a commodity is 6 + 10x − 6x2 . Find the total cost and average
cost, given that the total cost of producing 1 unit is 15.
Solution :
Given that,
MC = 6 + 10x − 6x 2
C = ∫ (MC) dx + k
= ∫ ( 6 + 10x − 6x 2 ) dx + k
2 3
= 6x + 10 x - 6 x + k
2 3
= 6x+ 5x 2 - 2x 3 + k ----------(1)
Given, when x = 1, C = 15
∴(1) ⇒ 15= 6 + 5 − 2 + k
⇒k = 6
∴ Total Cost function, C = 6x + 5x 2 − 2x 3 + 6
C
Average Cost function, AC = , x ≠ 0
x
= 6 + 5x − 2x 2 + 6
x
Example 13
The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of
a commodity is 3x2 − 2x + 8. If there is no fixed cost find the
total cost and average cost functions.
Solution :
Given that,
MC = 3x 2 − 2x + 8
C = ∫ (MC) dx + k
= ∫ ( 3x 2 − 2x + 8) dx + k
= x 3 − x 2 + 8x + k
186
No fixed cost ⇒ k =0
∴ Total cost, C = x 3 − x 2 + 8x
Average Cost, AC = C , x ≠ 0
x
= x 2 − x + 8.
Example 14
The marginal cost function of manufacturing x units of
a commodity is 3 − 2x − x2 . If the fixed cost is 200, find the
total cost and average cost functions.
Solution :
Given that,
MC = 3 − 2x − x 2
C = ∫ (MC) dx + k

= ∫ ( 3 − 2x − x 2 ) dx + k
3
= 3x − x 2 − x + k ---------(1)
3
Given that fixed cost C = 200
∴(1) ⇒ k = 200
3
∴ C = 3x − x 2 − x + 200
3
C
AC = , x≠0
x 2
= 3 − x − x + 200
3 x
5.3.2 The revenue function and demand function from marginal
revenue function
If R is the total revenue function when the output is x, then
marginal revenue
MR = dR . Integrating with respect to ‘x’ we get
dx

187
 Revenue function, R = ∫ (MR) dx + k
where ‘k’ is the constant of integration which can be evaluated
under given conditions.
If the total revenue R = 0, when x = 0,
Demand function, p = R , x ≠ 0
x
Example 15
If the marginal revenue for a commodity is
MR = 9 - 6x2 + 2x, find the total revenue and demand
function.
Solution :
Given that, MR = 9 − 6x 2 + 2x

R = ∫ (MR) dx +k
= ∫ ( 9 − 6x 2 + 2x) dx +k
= 9x − 2x 3 + x 2 + k
Since R = 0 when x = 0, k=0
∴ R = 9x − 2x 3 + x 2

p = R , x ≠ 0 ⇒ p = 9 − 2x 2 +x
x
Example 16
For the marginal revenue function MR = 3 − 2x − x2 ,
find the revenue function and demand function.
Solution :
Given that
MR = 3 − 2x − x 2
R = ∫ (MR) dx + k

= ∫ ( 3 − 2x − x 2 ) dx + k

188
 3
= 3x − x 2 − x + k
3
since R = 0, when x = 0, k=0
3
∴R = 3x − x 2 − x
3
p= R , x≠0
x
2
p= 3−x− x
3
Example 17
If the marginal revenue for a commodity is
ex
MR = + x + x2 , find the revenue function.
100
Solution :
Given that,
x
MR = e + x + x 2
100
∴ R = ∫ (MR) dx + k
x
e
= ∫ ( 100 + x + x 2 ) dx + k
ex 2 3
= 100 + x + x +k
2 3
when no product is sold, revenue is zero.
when x = 0, R = 0.
0
e
∴ 0 = 100 + 0+ 0 +k ∴k=− 1
100
ex 2 x3
∴ Revenue, R = 100
+x + 3
− 1
2 100
5.3.3 The demand function when the elasticity of demand is
given
We know that,
Elasticity of demand ηd = − p dx
dp x

189
 −dp dx
⇒ p
= x η1
d
Integrating both sides
- ∫ p = η1 ∫ dx
dp
x
d
This equation yields the demand function ‘ p’ as a function
of ‘x ’.
The revenue function can be found out by using the relation,
R = px .
Example 18
The elasticity of demand with respect to price p for a
commodity is x −5 , x > 5 when the demand is ‘x’. Find the
x
demand function if the price is 2 when demand is 7. Also find
the revenue function.
Solution :
Given that,
Elasticity of demand, ηd = x −5
x
i.e. − p dx = x −5
x dp x
dx dp
⇒ =- p
x -5
Integrating both sides,

∫ xd-x5 = - ∫
dp
p + log k
⇒ log ( x − 5) = − log p + log k
⇒ log ( x − 5)+ log p = log k
⇒ log p ( x − 5) = log k
⇒ p ( x − 5) = k ---------(1)
when p = 2, x = 7,
k =4
∴ The demand function is,
190
 p= 4
x −5
Revenue, R = px or R = 4x , x > 5
x −5
Example 19
The elasticity of demand with respect to price for a
commodity is a constant and is equal to 2. Find the demand
function and hence the total revenue function, given that when
the price is 1, the demand is 4.
Solution :
Given that,
Elasticity of demand, ηd = 2
⇒ − p dx = 2
x dp
⇒ dx = −2 dp
x p
Integrating both sides,

∫ dxx = −2 ∫ p
dp
⇒ + log k
logx = − 2log p + log k
logx + log p2 = log k
p2 x = k ---------(1)
Given, when x = 4, p=1
From (1) we get k = 4
∴ (1) ⇒ xp 2 = 4 p2 = 4
or
x
2
Demand function p = ; Revenue R = px = 2 x
x
Example 20
The marginal cost and marginal revenue with respect to
a commodity of a firm are given by C ′ (x) = 4 + 0.08x and
R′′(x) = 12. Find the total profit, given that the total cost at
zero output is zero.
191
Solution :
Given that,
MC = 4 + 0.08x
C (x) = ∫ (MC) dx + k 1

= ∫ ( 4 + 0.08x) dx + k 1
2
= 4x + 0.08 x + k 1
2
= 4x + 0.04x 2 + k 1 --------- (1)
But given when x = 0,C = 0
∴ (1) ⇒ 0 = 0 + 0 + k 1
∴ k1 = 0
∴ C(x) = 4x + 0.04x 2 ---------(2)
Given that,
MR = 12.
∴ R(x) = ∫ MR dx + k 2
= ∫ 12 dx + k 2
= 12x + k 2
Revenue = 0 when x = 0.
∴ k2 = 0
∴ R (x) = 12x ---------(3)
Total profit function, P(x) = R(x) − C(x)
= 12x − 4x − 0.04x 2
= 8x − 0.04x 2 .
Example 21
The marginal revenue function (in thousands of
rupees) of a com m o d ity is 7 + e - 0 . 0 5 x where x is the number
of units sold. Find the total revenue from the sale of 100
units ( e - 5 = 0.0067)
192
Solution :
Given that,
Marginal revenue, R′ (x) = 7 + e - 0.05x
∴ Total revenue from sale of 100 units is
100
R = ∫ (7 + e - 0.05x) dx

[ ]
0
−0.05 x 100
= 7 x + e−0 .05
0

= 700 − 100
5
(e-5 -1)
= 700 − 20 (0.0067 - 1)
= 700 + 20 - 0.134
= (720 − 0.134) thousands
= 719.866 x 1000
Revenue, R = Rs.7,19,866.
Example 22
The marginal cost C′′(x) and marginal revenue R′′(x) are
given by C′′(x) = 20 + x and R′′(x) = 30 The fixed cost is
20
Rs. 200. Determine the maximum profit.
Solution :
Given C′(x) = 20 + x
20
∴ C(x) = ∫ C′ (x)dx + k 1

= ∫ (20 + x ) dx + k 1
20
2
= 20x + x + k1 -----------(1)
40
When quantity produced is zero, the fixed cost is Rs. 200.
i.e. when x = 0, C = 200,
⇒ k 1 = 200
2
Cost function is C(x) = 20x + x + 200
40
193
The revenue, R′(x) = 30
∴ R(x) = ∫ R ′ (x) dx + k 2

= ∫ 30 dx + k 2
= 30x + k 2
When no product is sold, revenue = 0 --------(2)
i.e., when x = 0, R = 0
∴ Revenue, R(x) = 30x
Profit, P = Total revenue − Total cost
2 2
= 30x − 20x − x − 200 = 10x − x − 200
40 40
dP = 10 − x ; dP = 0 ⇒ x = 200
dx 20 dx
d P = −1 < 0
2

dx 2 20
∴ Profit is maximum when x = 200

∴ Maximum profit is P = 2000 − 40000 − 200

40
Profit = Rs. 800.
Example 23
A company determines that the marginal cost of
producing x units is C′′(x) = 10.6x. The fixed cost is Rs. 50.
The selling price per unit is Rs. 5. Find (i) Total cost function
(ii) Total revenue function (iii) Profit function.
Solution :
Given,
C′(x) = 10.6x
∴ C(x) = ∫ C′ (x) dx + k = ∫ 10.6 x dx + k
2
= 10.6 x + k
2
194