GAMBELLA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

Surface Irrigation Module for Exit Exam

April, 2024
Gambella, Ethiopia
 Chapter One
Introduction
Irrigation
 Is the science of artificial application of water to the land, in accordance with the crop
requirementsthroughout the crop period for full nourishment of the crops.
 Is the Engineering of controlling and harnessing the various natural sources of water, by
construction ofdams & reservoirs, canals & head works and finally distributing the water to
agricultural fields.
Necessity of irrigation
 Inadequate rainfall
 Uneven distribution of Rainfall
 increasing the yield of the crops
 growing a number of crops
 Insuring against drought.
 Growing perennial crops.
Scope of Irrigation Engineering
 Irrigation Engineering is not only confined to the application of water to the land for
raising crops. Itincludes all aspects and problems extending from the watershed to the
agricultural fields.
 It deals with hydrology, river engineering, design and construction of dams, weirs, canals
and variousother hydraulic and irrigation structures.
 It also deals with surface and sub surface drainage system, soil reclamation, water-soil-
croprelationships.
Various aspects of Irrigation Engineering are:
 Water Resources and Hydrology Aspect
 Engineering Aspect
 Agricultural aspect
 Management Aspect
Benefits and Ill- Effects of Irrigation
 Increase in food production
 Optimum benefits
 Elimination of mixed cropping
 General prosperity
 Generation of hydroelectric power
 Domestic water supply
  Facilities of communication
 In land navigation
Ill-Effects of Irrigation
 Water logging
 Long term application of pesticides
 Outbreak of disease like malaria.
 Irrigation is complex and expensive
Types of Irrigation
I. Surface
II. Sub-surface
III. Pressurized irrigation
Surface Irrigation
 Is the application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field.
Types of surface irrigation
 Border irrigation
 Check basin irrigation
 Furrow irrigationSub-surface irrigation
 Water is applied beneath the ground by creating and maintaining an artificial water table at
some depth,usually 30-75 cm below the ground surface.
 Moisture moves upwards towards the land surface through capillary action
Pressurized irrigation
 Water is applied through pressure (not by gravity).
Types of pressurized irrigation
a. Sprinkler irrigation
 Is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall.
 Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping.
b. Drip Irrigation System
 Water is conveyed under pressure through a pipe system to the fields, where it drips
slowly onto thesoil through emitters or drippers which are located close to the plants.
 Avery efficient method of irrigation.
 Is one of the latest methods of irrigation.
Types of Irrigation projects
 Small scale -command areas <200 ha.
 Medium scale -200-3000 ha.
 Large scale >3000 ha.
Stages of investigations in the development of irrigation projects.
 Conception
 Planning
 Design
 Construction
 Operation
The common procedures adopted in the development of an irrigation project are:
1. Sites are located on the toposheet.
2. The marked sites are inspected (reconnaissance) to decide their feasibility.
3. The feasibility investigations are carried out for one or more of the possible alternatives and
estimatesbased approximate details are prepared.
4. Detailed investigations are then taken up and technical sanctions are granted.
5. After the technical sanction, agency of execution (i.e., contractor) is fixed and construction
started.
Information to be collected to select feasible projects
 Land resources
 Water resources
 Soil survey
 Agricultural and engineering data
 Socio-economic data
 Topography
 Chapter Two
Soil-Water-Plant Relationships
Soil
 Is the storehouse of water, nutrients and air which are necessary for plant growth.
 is the natural material that covers the land surface of the earth
Physical properties of soils
 Colour
 Soil texture
 Soil structurePhases of soil
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gases.
Soil classification
 The textural class of a soil is determined by using mechanical analysis/sieve analyses and
the USDAtriangular chart.

a) Sandy soils
 Have greater proportion of large sized particles.
 Coarse or light soils.
 Have a large volume of non-capillary macro-pores that encourage good drainage and aeration.
 Low water holding capacity and low cation exchange capacity
b) Clay soil
 Has a high percentage of fine particles
 Fine or heavy soils. Clay soils are aggregated into complex granules and present large surface
area.
 Large specific surface area per unit volume enable clay soils to hold more water and cations
than sandysoil.
 Allow slow movement of water and cause poor drainage and aeration.
c) Loamy soil
 Having almost equal amount of sand and clay is called medium textured soil.
 Exhibit good balance between large and small pores; thus, movement of water, air and
roots is easyand water retention is adequate.
 The most favorable conditions for plant growth by providing good soil drainage and
aeration aswell as more available water and nutrients.
Types of soil water
1) Gravitational water
 Soil water between saturation (0 bar) and field capacity (1/3 bar).
 Held in the macro pores and drains out easily due to gravitational forces.
 Not available for plant growth.

2) Capillary water
 Soil water held between field capacity (1/3 bar) and hygroscopic coefficient (31 bar).
Grouped in to two
 Water available to plants (1/3- 15 bar).
 Water not available for plants (15- 31 bar).

3. Hygroscopic water
 Soil water above the hygroscopic coefficient (>31 bar).
 Not available to the plants.
 Mostly held in soil colloids and moves at extremely slow rates in the vapor state.
Soil moisture constants

a. Saturation Capacity (S)

 All macro and micro pore spaces are filled with water.

 Tensions are almost negligible.

 Not available for plant

b. Field capacity (FC)

 The upper limit of soil water available to plant.

 Gravity drainage becomes negligible.

 Soil is not saturated but still a very wet condition.

 Tension -1/3 bar.

c. Permanent wilting point
 Is the amount of water left in the soil when the plants are unable to extract any more water to
meet theirdemands.
 The lower limit of soil water available to plants.
 Still some water of soil water but not enough to be of use to plants
 Water is held by adsorptive force.
 Hygroscopic water.
 Water content corresponding to -15 bars of SWP.
 d. Available water
 Water held between field capacity and permanent wilting point.
 Available for plant use.

AW = Dr (FC – PWP)/100

Where, Dr=depth of the root zone (cm) FC=Field capacity (%) PWP=Permanent wilting point (%)

e. Readily Available Water (RAW)

 The available water in the soil can be used up without causing stress in the crop.
 For optimum crop production, RAW = MAD.

i. Bulk density (  b )
Ms Ms
   
b


Vt
V  Va  Vw
 
s

ii. Particle density (  s )

Ms
 
s
Vs
iii. Void ratio (e)
 Vf

e f
V Vt n 
Vf  

V  
s V V V V 1 n 
 

t f t f
Vt Vt
iv. Poros
ity (n)

v. Degree of saturation(S)
Vw
S
Vf

vi. On mass basis:

vii. On Volumetric basis:

 Chapter Three
Irrigation Water Requirements

 Is the total quantity and the way in which a crop requires water from sowing to harvesting.
 Is the water required by the plant for its survival, growth, development and to produce
economic parts.
 This requirement is applied either naturally by precipitation or artificially by irrigation.

The crop water requirement includes all losses like:

 Transpiration loss through leaves
 Evaporation loss through soil surface in cropped area
 Amount of water used by plant for its metabolism. these three components cannot separate so
easily,hence ET loss taken as crop water use or crop water consumptive use.
 Other application losses are conveyance loss, percolation loss, runoff loss.
 Water required for special purpose like puddling operation, ploughing operation, land
preparation,leaching requirement, for the purpose of weeding, for dissolving fertilizer and
chemical.
Different crops will have different water requirements & the same crop may have different water
requirementsat different places at the same country. Due to:
 Variation in climate
 Type of soils
 Method of cultivation
 Useful rainfall
The water requirement of crops may be contributed from different sources such as irrigation,
Effective rainfall, Soil moisture storage and ground water contributions.
WR=IR+Peff+S+GW ...........................................................................(3.1)
Where, IR = Irrigation requirement, Peff = Effective rainfall, S= carry over soil moisture in the crop
root zone,and GW = ground water contribution.

Irrigation requirement of Crops

 Is defined as the part of water requirement of crops that should be fulfilled by irrigation. the
field irrigation requirement of crops refers to water requirement of crops exclusive of
effective rainfall andcontribution from soil profile.
 Is the total amount of water applied to the land surface in supplement to the water supply
throughrainfall and soil profile, to meet the water needs of crops for optimum growth.
 The water can be directly measured with the help of water measuring devices like flumes,
notches,orifices and water meters.
 WR=IR + Peff + S + GW .............................................................................(3.2)
IR= WR-(Peff + S+ GW) ............................................................................. (3.3)
Effective Rainfall (Peff)
 Is defined as the rainfall that is stored in the root zone and can be utilized by crops.

 All the rainfall that falls is not useful or effective.

 As the total amount of rainfall varies, so does the amount of useful or effective rainfall.

 Some of the seasonal rainfall that falls will be lost as unnecessary deep percolation; surface
runoff andsome water may remain in the soil after the crop is harvested.

 From the water requirement of crops point of view, this water, which is lost, is ineffective.

Four methods for calculating the effective rainfall

 Fixed Percentage Effective Rainfall

 Dependable Rain
 Empirical formula

 Method of USDA Soil Conservation Service (default)

Ground water contribution (Gw)
 Sometimes there is a contribution from the groundwater reservoir for water requirement of
crops.
 The actual contribution from the groundwater table is dependent on the depth of ground
water tablebelow the root zone & capillary characteristics of soil.
 For clayey soils the rate of movement is low and distance of upward movement is high
while for lighttextured soils the rate is high and the distance of movement is low.
 For practical purposes the GW contribution when the ground water table is below 3m is
assumed to benil.
Carry over soil moisture(S)
This is the moisture retained in the crop root zone b/n cropping seasons or before the crop is planted.
The source of this moisture is either from the rainfall that man occurs before sowing or it may be the
moisture that remained in the soil from past irrigation. This moisture also contributes to the
consumptive use of water and should be deducted from the water requirement of crops in determining
irrigation requirements.
Consumptive use and its estimationEvapotranspiration process
i. Evaporation
Water can be lost from the soil surface and wet vegetation through a process called evaporation (E),
whereby liquid water is converted into water vapor and removed from the evaporating surface.
Energy is required to change the state of the molecules of water from liquid to vapor. The process is
affected by climatologically factors such as solar radiation, air temperature, air
humidity and wind speed. Where the evaporating surface is the soil surface, the degree of shading
of the crop canopy and the amount of water available at the evaporating surface are the other factors
that affect the evaporation process.
ii. Transpiration
The second process of water loss is called transpiration (T), whereby liquid water contained in plant
tissues vaporizes into the atmosphere through small openings in the plant leaf, called stomata.
Transpiration, like direct evaporation, depends on the energy supply, vapor pressure gradient and
wind. Hence solar radiation, air temperature, air humidity and wind terms should be considered when
assessing transpiration. The soil water content and the ability of the soil to conduct water to the roots
also determine the transpiration rate, as do Water logging and soil salinity. Crop characteristics,
environmental aspects and cultivation practices also have an influence on the transpiration.
Evapotranspiration
The combination of these two separate processes, whereby water is lost by evaporation from the
soil surface and by transpiration from a plant, is called evapotranspiration (ET). Evaporation
and transpiration occur simultaneously and there is no easy way of distinguishing between the two
processes. Evaporation and transpiration occur simultaneously and there is no easy way of
distinguishing between the twoprocesses.
Factors affecting evapotranspiration

Determination of Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo)

1. FAO Balnney-Criddle Method

2. FAO Radiation Method
3. FAO Penman Method
4. Hargreave's Class A Pan Evaporation Method
5. FAO Pan Evaporation Method
6. FAO Penman-Monteith Method
7. Thornthwaite Method
The FAO Penman method was found to frequently overestimate ETo while the other FAO
recommended equations, namely the radiation, the Blaney-Criddle, and the pan evaporation
methods, showed variable adherence to the grass reference crop evapotranspiration. As a result, the
FAO Penman- Monteith method is recommended as the sole method for determining reference
evapotranspiration.

Direct measurement of reference evapotranspiration

Evapotranspiration is not easy to measure. Specific devices and accurate measurements of various
physical parameters or the soil water balance in lysimeters are required to determine
evapotranspiration. Although the methods are inappropriate for routine measurements, they remain
important for the evaluation of ET estimates obtained by more indirect methods.
Direct Measurement of ET includes:
A) Lysimeter experiment
B) Field experimental plots
C) Soil moisture studies
D) Water balance method
Duty-Delta Relationship
Crop period and Base period
The time period that elapses from the instant of its sowing to the instant of its harvesting is called the
crop period. The time between the first watering of a crop at the time of its sowing to its last watering
before harvesting is called the base period. Crop period is slightly more than the base period, but for
all practical purposes, they are taken as one and the same thing and both are expressed in days.
Duty and Delta of Crops
Duty (D): is defined as the area of the land which can be irrigated if one cumec (m3/sec) of water
was applied to the land continuously for the entire base period of the crop. It is expressed in hectares /
cumec.
Delta (): is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire base period. If the entire
quantity of applied water were spread uniformly on the land surface, the depth of water would have
been equal to delta. Thus, the delta (in m) of any crop can be determined by dividing the total
quantity of water (in ha-m) required by the crop by the area of the land (in ha).
Factors affecting Duty
Duty of water depends up on different factors. In general, the smaller the losses, the greater is duty because
one cumec of water will be able to irrigate larger area.
Type of soil
Type of crop and base period
structure of soil
Slop of ground
Climatic condition
Method of application of water
The duty of water depends upon following factors.
1. Soil characteristics through which canal runs.
2. Soil characteristic of fields.
3. Undulated fields.
4. Climatic conditions.
5. Base period of the crop.
6. Depth of water or Delta.
7. Method of application of irrigation water.
8. Preparation of fields.
9. Position of fields in relation to canal.
10. Method of assessment.
11. Longitudinal slope to fields.
12. Awareness of irrigation user
Determination of Crop Evapotranspiration (ETc) Under Standard Condition
In the crop coefficient approach the crop evapotranspiration, ETc, is calculated by multiplying the
reference crop evapotranspiration, ETo, by a crop coefficient, Kc:
ETc = Kc * ETo
Where:
ETc crop evapotranspiration [mm d-1 ],
Kc crop coefficient [dimensionless],
ETo reference crop evapotranspiration [mm d-1]
Factors determining the crop coefficient.
 Crop type
 Climate
 Soil evaporation
 Crop growth stages
 Irrigation Efficiencies
1. Water Conveyance efficiency ( Ec)
𝑬𝒄=𝑾𝒇/𝑾𝒅×𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where Ec = water conveyance efficiency , %
Wf = Water delivered to the irrigated fields.Wd = Water diverted from the source.
Loss: Evaporation loss, and seepage loss.
2. Water application Efficiency (Ea)
𝐄𝐚=𝐖𝐬/𝐖𝐟×𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where, Ea = application efficiency, %
Ws = water stored in the root zone.
Wf = Water delivered to the irrigated fields. Losses: Runoff, evaporation, and percolation.
3. Soil Water storage efficiency (Es) 𝐄𝐬=𝐖𝐬/𝐖𝐧×𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where, Es = Water storage efficiency, %
Ws = water stored in the root zone
Wn = Water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation
4. Field Canal Efficiency (Eb) 𝐄𝐟=𝐖𝐩/𝐖𝐟×𝟏𝟎𝟎
Where, Ef = Field canal efficiency
Wp = water received at the field plot.
Wf = water delivered to the field channel
5. Distribution Efficiency (Ed) 𝑬𝒅=(𝟏−𝐲 ¯/𝐝)×𝟏𝟎𝟎= Where; Ed = water distribution efficiency (%)
d = average depth of water penetration.
𝑦 ¯ = average deviation from d.
Irrigation Scheduling
Scheduling of irrigation application is very important for successive plant growth and maturity.
Water is not applied randomly at any time and in any quantity. Irrigation scheduling is the schedule
in which water is applied to the field. It is an important aspect of an efficient operation of an
irrigation system.
It is one of the factors that influence the agronomic and economic viability of small farms. It is
important for both water saving and improved crop yield. The irrigation water is applied to the
cultivation according to predetermined schedules based up on: -
 The soil water status
 The crop water requirement
Irrigation scheduling offers several advantages:
• It enables the farmer to schedule water rotation among the various fields to minimize
crop water stress and maximize yields.
• It reduces the farmer's cost of water and labor through fewer irrigations, thereby making
maximum use of soil moisture storage.
• It lowers fertilizer costs by holding surface runoff and deep percolation (leaching) to a
minimum.
• It increases net returns by increasing crop yields and crop quality.
• It minimizes water-logging problems by reducing the drainage requirements.
• It assists in controlling root zone salinity problems through controlled leaching.
 Chapter Four
Land Grading and Field Layout
Land grading
 Is reshaping of the field surface to a planned grade.
 Is necessary in making a suitable field surface to control the flow of water, to
check soil erosion and provide surface drainage.
 When uneven land is irrigated, the high spots are watered too little and the low
spots too much. This results in uneven crop growth, yield reduction, and loss of
water. A properly graded land surface ensures unobstructed smooth flow of water
into the land, without eroding the soil and ensuring uniform distribution of water
throughout the filed.
Land leveling operations may be grouped into three phases:
a. Rough grading
 Is the removal of abrupt irregularities such as mounds, dunes and rings, and filling
of pits, depressions and gullies.
b. Land leveling = land grading = land forming = land shaping
c. Land smoothing
 Leveling operations leaves irregular surfaces due to dumping the loads.
 These irregularities are removed and a plane surface obtained by land smoothing
which is the final operation in land leveling.
Criteria for land leveling
Land leveling is influenced by
 Characteristics of the soil profile
 prevailing land slope
 Rainfall characteristics
 Cropping pattern
 Methods of irrigation
Land levelling design methods
 Plane method
 Profile method
 Plan-inspection method and
 Contour adjustment method

1
 Chapter Five
Surface Irrigation Methods
Surface irrigation
 Is a broad class of irrigation methods in which water is distributed over the field
by overland flow.
 A flow is introduced at one edge of the field and covers the field gradually.
 The rate of coverage (advance) is dependent almost entirely on the differences
between the discharge onto the field and the accumulating infiltration into the soil.
Secondary factors include field slope, surface roughness, and the geometry or
shape of the flow cross-section.
Advantages
 Widely utilized, local irrigators generally have at least minimal understanding of
how to operate and maintain the system.
 More acceptable to agriculturalists who appreciate the effects of water shortage on
crop yields since it appears easier to apply the depths required to refill the root
zone.
 Developed at the farm level with minimal capital investment.
 Less affected by climatic and water quality characteristics.
Disadvantages
 Less efficient in applying water than either sprinkler or trickle systems.
 Water-logging and soil salinity in heaver soils if adequate drainage is not
provided.
 High land leveling requires.
 Land leveling costs can be high so the surface irrigation practice tends to be
limited to land already having small, even slopes.
Irrigation systems generally consist
 Physical systems
 Social and organizational systems
 Cropping system
 Economic systems

3
Physical systems
 Water supply subsystem
 Water delivery subsystem
 Water use subsystem
 Water removal subsystem

Surface Irrigation Method Classification

a. Wild Flooding
 Croplands are irrigated without regard to efficiency or uniformity.
 Generally situations where the value of the crop is very small or the field is used
for grazing or recreation purposes.

4
b. Basin Irrigation
 Field is level in all directions.
 Field is divided into small units surrounded by dykes and levees.
 Most commonly practiced for rice.
 Minimum runoff loss and high application efficiency is possible.
 Provision for drainage of surface runoff is unnecessary.
Advantages
 Involves the least labor.
 Salt affected area.
 Water covers the basin rapidly to ensure good uniformity.

Disadvantages
 Levees interfere with movement of farm equipment.
 Higher amount of water is required.
 Needs higher cost for land leveling.

c. Border Irrigation
 Can be viewed as an extension of basin irrigation to sloping, long rectangular or
contoured field shapes, with free draining conditions at the lower end.
 Water is applied to individual borders from small hand-dug checks from the field
head ditch.
 When the water is shut off, it recedes from the upper end to the lower end.

5
  Sloping borders are suitable for nearly any crop except those that require
prolonged ponding.
 Is a more controlled version of wild flooding with additional field ditches that
serve as supply sources for applying water to the field.
 Border irrigation is generally well suited to soils with moderately high intake rates
and to slopes less than 0.5%.

d. Furrow Irrigation
 Avoids flooding the entire field surface by channeling the flow along the primary
direction of the field using 'furrows,' 'creases,' or 'corrugations'.
 Water infiltrates through the wetted perimeter and spreads vertically and
horizontally to refill the soil reservoir.
 Furrows provide better on-farm water management flexibility under many surface
irrigation conditions. The discharge per unit width of the field is substantially
reduced and topographical variations can be more severe. A smaller wetted area
reduces evaporation losses.
 Enjoys higher application efficiencies than borders and basins.

Advantages

 Furrows provide better on-farm water management flexibility.

 The discharge per unit width of the field is reduced.
 A smaller wetted area reduces evaporation losses.
 Higher application efficiencies than borders and basins.

6
 Disadvantages

 Accumulation of salinity between furrows

 Increased level of tail water losses
 Difficulty of moving farm equipment across the furrows
 Added expense and time to make extra tillage practice (furrow construction)
 Increase in the erosive potential of the flow
 Higher commitment of labour to operate efficiently;
 Furrow systems are more difficult to automate, particularly with regard to
regulating an equal discharge in each furrow.

Criteria for the selection of the various methods

 Natural circumstances
 Type of crop
 Required depth of irrigation application
 Level of technology
 Required labor inputs

7
Item Basin Border Furrow
Main slope Usually zero slope Up to 2-5 % <1%
or nearly zero
(min. 0.05%) (min. 0.05%)
Attained
Soils medium to fine moderately low to best suited to soils with
textured soils moderately high moderate to low intake
intake rate soils rates.
Infiltration one dimensional same as basin two dimensional
and vertically
downward
Field size all size Large Large
Geometry shape all shape Regular Regular

of farm
Sediment load not problematic not problematic not problematic
Biological not problematic not problematic not problematic
quality
Salinity not problematic slightly problematic problem if very high
salt
Crops variety all crops but best best for close best for row crops
for ponded water growing crops
crops
Farming difficult to use easy to apply adapted to mechanized
machinery farming
Labor input least labor High high
compared to other
surface irrigation
systems
Level of Simplest Highest lower than border
technology

Requirements
Initial cost Higher Lower low to medium

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Hydraulic Phases of Surface Irrigation

1. Advance phase: the time interval between the start of irrigation and arrival of the
advancing (wetting) front at the lower end of the field.

2. Ponding (wetting storage or continuing) phase: the irrigation time extending

between the end of advance and inflow cutoff. The term “Wetting” phase is usually
used for furrow and border where tail water runoff can occur, whereas ponding is the
preferred term for basin irrigation (no tail water runoff).

3. Depletion (vertical recession) phase: the time interval between supply cut-off and the
time that water dries up at the inlet boundary.

4.Recession (horizontal recession) phase: the time required for the water to recede
from all points in the channel, starting from the end of the depletion phase. The time
difference at each measuring station between the clock time or cumulative time for
advance and recession is the opportunity time, T, infiltration to occur.

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Surface Irrigation Models and Irrigation Efficiencies

 SURDEV is a computer package for the design, operation, and evaluation of

surface irrigation.
 SURDEV combines three sub-programs
 BASDEV (for basin irrigation)
 FURDEV (for furrow irrigation)
 BORDEV for (border irrigation).
 SURDEV performs calculations of the optimal flow rates, field lengths, and cut-
off times necessary in surface-irrigation situations specified by the user.

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Surface irrigation system performance

1. Excess application of irrigation water, though unavoidable in real life situation must be
minimized (minimum loss). Application efficiency (Ea), is the index which is used as a
measure of how effective an irrigation is in minimizing unavoidable losses.

(2) Adequacy of irrigation, evaluated in terms of a perceived requirement is necessary to

sustain normal crop growth and result in satisfactory yield. Water storage efficiency (Es)
uses how close the applied amount is to the perceived requirement (right amount).

(3) Uniform (even) application of irrigated water over the entire subject area not only
enhances productive use of available water by spreading deficit, if any, over the subject
area but also helps minimize losses. Distribution uniformity (DU) and Christiansen`s
uniformity coefficient (UC) are the most commonly used indices in surface irrigation
application.

Irrigation uniformity

Two parameters are used to evaluate distribution uniformity.

13. Distribution uniformity coefficient (DU)

Z
DU  min 100
Zav

Where, Zmin = minimum infiltrated amount over the length of the run of the
11
 subject area (m3.m-1).

Zav = average infiltrated amount over the length of the run of the

subject area (m3.m-1) and

14. Christansen `s uniformity coefficient ((UCC)

 N Z  Z 
UCC  1  i 1 i
av   100
 Zav N 
 

Where, Zi = infiltrated amount at point i ( m3.m-1)

N = number of points used in the computation of UCC.

Surface irrigation Design inputs (System Parameters and System Variables)

Design input parameters

 Required amount of application (dn)

 Maximum allowable flow velocity (Vmax)
 Manning’s roughness coefficient (n)
 Channel bed slope (So)
 Infiltration parameter (I)
 Channel geometry

System Variables

 Channel length (L)

 Unit inlet flow rate (Qo)
 Cutoff time (tco)

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 Chapter Six
Miscellaneous Irrigation System
A. Tank Irrigation
 Minor irrigation schemes from surface water are essentially tanks (small
reservoir).
 Tanks on local streams form a significant source of irrigation.
 Tank irrigation belongs to category of storage irrigation.
 It may be store water on or below ground surface.
 Tanks are small sized reservoirs formed by small earthen embankments to store
runoff for irrigation.
 The site is selected within a watershed protected by vegetation and containing
minimum of cultivated land so as to ensure minimum rate of sedimentation which
lowers its storage capacity.
 Adequate soil conservation measures are essentially adapted to ensured quantity
and quality of water inflow into the tank.
Classification of Tanks
6. System tanks:
 System tanks are those, which receive, water from nearby major streams or
reservoirs in addition to the run-off from their catchment. Often these tanks enable
farmers to raise more than one crop.
 In system tanks, the command to catchment area ratio is smaller; and ranges from
1:2 to 1:5.
7. Non system tanks:
 Non-system tanks depend on rainfall and are not connected to a river system.
Usually a single crop is raised under these tanks.
 Non- system tanks are often linked with the other tanks, thus forming a series of
tanks.
 During times of heavy rainfall, the surplus water from upper tank will flow to the
lower tanks. In the non-system tanks, the command to catchment area ratio may
vary from 1:6 (in a high rainfall area) to 1:15 (in a low rainfall area).
B. Lift Irrigation

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  Every day, millions of water pumps deliver water from wells to homes, farms, and
businesses.
 A pump is the link to the water resource.
 Without pumps, we could not access ground water.
 As energy costs continue to increase, developing more efficient equipment will
contribute to saving energy.
 Significant opportunities exist to reduce pumping system energy consumption
through smart design, retrofitting, and operating practices.
 Cost of water supply depends on the appropriate selection (type and size for the
prevailing condition) and efficiency of the pumping equipment.
 Each type of pump has its merits and demerits.
 Proper selection of pumps, motors, and controls to meet the requirement is
essential to ensure that a pumping system operates effectively, reliably, and
efficiently.
 The basics of pump control systems and hydraulic system are useful in pump
operation.
 A proper discussion of pumping considers not just the pump, but the entire
pumping “system” and how the system components interact.
Classification of Water-Lifting Devices
According to power sources, water-lifting devices can be classified as
 Human-powered devices
 Animal-powered devices
 Kinetic energy powered devices
 Mechanically powered devices.

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