INDEX

Serial no. TITLE Page

no.
1. CHAPTER I: Introduction to GIS
A. What is GIS
B. Components of GIS
C. Application of GIS

2. CHAPTER II: Georeferencing

3. CHAPTER III: Digitization & Map making

A. Preparation of a choropleth map using Total
Population data for Maharashtra.
B. Preparation of a pie chart using number of male &
female in Maharashtra

4. CHAPTER IV: Buffering: -point, line & polygon

5. CHAPTER V: Supervised Classification

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 CHAPTER I
GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM)

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for

mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on
Earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such
as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and
geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities
distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it
valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for
explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies.

Map making and geographic analysis are not new, but a GIS
performs these tasks better and faster than do the old manual
methods. And, before GIS technology, only a few people had the
skills necessary to use geographic information to help with decision
making and problem solving.

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 COMPONENTS OF GIS
A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware, software,
data, people, and methods.
1. HARDWARE
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS operates. Today, GIS
software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized
computer servers to desktop computers used in stand-alone or
networked configurations.
2. SOFTWARE
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store,
analyze, and display geographic information. Key software
components are:
 Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic information
 A database management system (DBMS)
 Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
 A graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools.

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 3. DATA
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data.
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house
or purchased from a commercial data provider. A GIS will
integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a
DBMS, used by most organizations to organize and maintain their
data, to manage spatial data.

4. METHODS
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and
business rules, which are the models and operating practices
unique to each organization.
5. PEOPLE
GIS technology is of limited value without the people who manage
the system and develop plans for applying it to real world
problems. GIS users range from technical specialists who design
and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform
their everyday work.

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 APPLICATIONS OF GIS

1. Mapping and Cartography: -

GIS is widely used for creating maps and visualizing
spatial data. It allows for the creation of detailed and
accurate maps for various purposes, such as urban
planning, environmental monitoring, and navigation.
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 2. Environmental Management:
GIS is used in environmental science and conservation for
tasks such as monitoring land use changes, assessing
environmental impact, and managing natural resources.

3. Urban Planning:
GIS helps urban planners analyze and manage spatial data
related to land use, infrastructure, and population. It aids in
making informed decisions about zoning, transportation,
and city development.

4. Healthcare:
GIS is used in public health to map disease outbreaks,
analyze the spread of diseases, and plan healthcare resource
distribution.

5. Emergency Management:

GIS is crucial in disaster response and management. It

helps in assessing vulnerabilities, planning evacuation
routes, and coordinating emergency responses.

6. Business and Marketing:

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 GIS is employed in business for location-based analysis,
market research, and site selection. It helps businesses
make informed decisions based on spatial data.

7. Natural Resource Management:

GIS is used in forestry, agriculture, and mining to manage
and optimize the use of natural resources. It aids in
monitoring land productivity, assessing soil quality, and
planning resource extraction.

8. Transportation Planning:
GIS is utilized to optimize transportation networks, analyze
traffic patterns, and plan efficient routes for logistics and
transportation.

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 CHAPTER II
Georeferencing

WE ARE GOING TO STUDY THE AREA OF MAHARASHTRA AND ITS

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS.
BEFORE STUDYING HERE IS SOME INTRODUCTION ON THE
GEOGRAPHY OF THIS REGION ARE AS FOLLOWS: -
Maharashtra with a total area of 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi), is
the third-largest state by area in terms of land area and constitutes
9.36 per cent of India's total geographical area. The State lies
between 15°35' N to 22°02' N latitude and 72°36' E to 80°54' E
longitude. It occupies the western and central part of the country
and has a coastline stretching 840 kilometers along the Arabian
Sea.
MAHARASHTRA is a state in the western peninsular region
of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. It is
bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, the Indian states
of Karnataka and Goa to the south, Telangana to the southeast
and Chhattisgarh to the east, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh to the
north, and the Indian union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
and Daman and Diu to the northwest. Maharashtra is the second-
most populous state in India and the third-most populous country
subdivision globally

STEPS TO PERFORM GEOREFERENCING

TO GEOREFERNCE THE MAP OF MAHARASHTRA WE USE CANVAS
GEOREFERENCING IN WHICH WE HAVE TO ADD POINT ON
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MAHARASHTRA MAP AND THEN ALSO ADD POINT ON THE SAME
PLACE ON OPEN STREET MAP AND IT WILL AUTOMATICALLY
TAKE THE COORDINATES AND OUR MAP WILL BE
GEOREFERENCED BY FOLLOWING THESE STEPS: -
1. OPEN QGIS SOFTWARE LATEST VERSION 3.32 LIMA
2.

3. THEN OPEN THE GEO-REFERENCER AND OPEN MAP IN

RASTER FORMAT AND SELECT THE MAP WHICH WE WANT TO
GEO REFERENCE.
4. THEN ADD POINTS ON THE MAHARASHTRA DISTRICT
BOUNDARY AND ONCE AGAIN ADD THE POINT IN OPEN
STREET MAP ON THE EXACT SAME POSITION WHERE YOU
HAVE POINTED IN THE MAP.

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 5.

6.

7. IN THE SAME WAY ADD ALL THE 7 POINTS TO

GEOREFERENCE THE MAP.

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 8.

9. AFTER ADDING ALL THE POINTS CHECK THAT THE MEAN

ERROR SHOULD BE LESS THAN ONE, AS IT WILL MAKE THE
MAP MORE ACCURATE.
10.THEN SEE THE TRANSFORMATION SETTING AS BELOW

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 11.
12.THEN CLICK AND GEO REFERENCE THE MAP.

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 Chapter iii
DIGITIZATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE
DIVISIONS MAP MAKING
NOW DIGITIZE THE ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION BY FOLLOWING
THESE STEPS: -

1. CREATE A NEW SHAPEFILE LAYER (POLYGON) AND DIGITIZE

THE DISTRICT BOUNDARIES OF THE MAHARASHTRA.

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 2. GO INTO LAYER, THEN CREATE LAYER, THEN CREATE NEW
SHAPEFILE LAYER THEN A NEW WINDOW WILL OPEN.

3.

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 4. THEN TOGGLE EDITING AND START DIGITIZING THE
DISTRICT BOUNDARIES.
5.

6. After digitizing the district state boundaries, we have to add

the district-wise population data from the excel sheet.
7. Create a excel sheet and add the population data of districts of
Maharashtra and save it into (.csv) format in order to import it
into Qgis software.

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 8. Open Qgis software then go to layer, then add layer then add
delimited text layer then a new window will open to add the

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 (.csv) data file.

9. Then select the (.csv) data file and select format csv and as we
want only its attribute table (data) we will select no geometry
as shown below: -

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 10. then add the file, after adding we have to go to properties
of shapefile (Maharashtra) and then select (joins) as we want to
join the data, after that a new window will open as shown here

11. then click on the plus sign and a new window will open then
select the (.csv) file and the common attribute through which
we will join the data to that specific attribute also select the
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 fields you want to add the data as shown here: -

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 12. then click ok and we will see the data joined with our vector
file name Maharashtra as shown below: -

13. after that we have to make a choropleth map on the basis

of total population data district wise. go to properties and go to
symbology and select graduated and select classify on equal
interval and click ok as shown.

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 14.THEN AFTER THE CHOLOROPLETH, WE HAVE TO MAKE A PIE
CHART ON BASIS OF MALE AND FEMALE POPULATION, TO DO
THAT GO TO PROPERTIES, GO TO DIAGRAMS AND SELECT PIE
CHART.

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 15.AFTER THAT SELECT THE ATTRIBUTES OF MALE AND
FEMALE POPULATION AND SELECT THE SIZE ACCORDINGLY
AND CLICK APPLY AN PIE DIAGRAM WILL BE CREATED.

16.AFTER THAT MAKE A LAYOUT AND ADD THE REQUIRED

ELEMENTS OF MAP THAT HAS THESE FOLLOWING
ELEMENTS (SCALE, DIRECTION, COORDINATES, LEGEND,
BORDERS, TITLE ETC).

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 CHAPTER IV
BUFFERING: - POINT, LINE, AREA
Buffering is a fundamental and widely used spatial analysis technique in
Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It involves creating a zone or area
around a specific geographic feature or set of features. This zone is typically
defined as a specified distance or a certain number of units (e.g., meters, feet)
around the feature(s) of interest. The resulting area is known as a buffer zone
or simply a buffer. Buffers are essential tools in GIS because they allow
analysts and decision-makers to perform various spatial analyses and answer
questions related to proximity, containment, accessibility, and more.
Purpose of Buffering in GIS:
1. Proximity Analysis: Buffers are commonly used to analyze proximity
relationships between different geographic features. For example, they can
help determine which residential properties are within a certain distance of a
school, or they can identify areas at risk of flooding within a specified radius
of a river. This information is crucial for making informed decisions related to
land use planning, emergency response, and infrastructure development.
2. Containment Analysis: Buffers can be used to assess whether one
geographic feature contains another. For instance, you can create a buffer
around a protected nature reserve and then determine which parcels of land
fall within that buffer zone, helping to identify potential areas for
conservation or zoning restrictions.
3. Accessibility Analysis: Buffers are helpful in analyzing accessibility to
specific locations or services. By creating buffers around public transportation
stops, businesses, or healthcare facilities, you can identify areas within a
certain distance that have convenient access to these services. This can be
valuable for urban planning, retail site selection, and healthcare service
allocation.

4. Environmental Analysis: Buffers are frequently used in environmental

studies to evaluate the impact of developments on sensitive ecosystems. For
example, they can be employed to assess the potential harm caused by

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construction activities within a certain distance of wetlands, habitats of
endangered species, or water bodies. This helps ensure compliance with
environmental regulations and conservation efforts.
5. Network Analysis: In network analysis, buffers are used to analyze travel
time and distance around transportation networks, such as road networks. By
creating buffers around road segments, analysts can identify service areas for
businesses or optimize route planning for delivery services. Problems in fields
such as urban planning, environmental management, transportation, and
public policy.

Steps to perform buffering: - point, line, area

1. Open Qgis and Georeference and digitize the Uttar Pradesh

district administrative boundaries with the help of above-
mentioned steps.

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 2. In order to buffer the districts, go to vector, then geoprocessing
tools, and then select buffer and a new window will open.

3.

4. After that select the input layer (vector file of uttar Pradesh)
and select the distance in kilometers and select the distance

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 according to your study, in this case I am taking (9km), after
that save the file in any folder and click on (run) to buffer the
area.

5. a new file will be added to your layer panel named (buffered)

and we will observed the districts bufferered area.

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 6. In case of point we have to create a new shapefile layer and add
points on the map according to our area of study.

7. To buffer the area on points we have to follow the same steps

and go to buffer window and select the point (shapefile).

8. Select the input layer and select the distance and save the file in
a specified folder and run the program.

9. After that a new file will be added named (cities Buffered) and
we can see the buffered area and do analysis according to our

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 study.

10. After that we will create a new shapefile layer of line in

order to digitize the ganga river from dev Prayag till it flows
into the Bay of Bengal.

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 11. After that we will follow the same procedure to buffer the
river. Go to vector, and geoprocessing tools and select buffer
and new window will open and select the new shapefile of
ganga river and add the distance of buffered zone according to
your study.

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 12. After selecting these settings save the file and run the
module and it will buffer the ganga river as shown below.

13. After that we have to make the layout of the map by

following the previous mentioned steps and ADD THE
REQUIRED ELEMENTS OF MAP THAT HAS THESE
FOLLOWING ELEMENTS (SCALE, DIRECTION,
COORDINATES, LEGEND, BORDERS, TITLE ETC).

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 CHAPTER V
SUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION

Supervised classification in Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) is a powerful technique that harnesses the principles of
machine learning and remote sensing to assign land cover or land
use categories to different geographic areas. This method relies on
the utilization of labeled training data, where each sample is
associated with a specific land cover class. GIS software, in
conjunction with algorithms like Maximum Likelihood, Support
Vector Machines, or Random Forest, then analyzes the spectral
and spatial characteristics of remote sensing data, such as satellite
imagery or aerial photographs, to differentiate and classify land
cover types. The primary objective is to create accurate, high-
resolution maps that provide valuable information for various
applications, including urban planning, natural resource
management, environmental monitoring, and disaster assessment.
Supervised classification in GIS enhances our ability to
understand and manage the Earth's surface, making it an
indispensable tool in the field of geospatial analysis and decision-
making.

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 STEPS TO PERFORM SUPERVISED
CLASSIFICATION ON A SATELLITE IMAGE
(LANDSAT 8 & 9)
1. OPEN QGIS SOFTWARE AND OPEN THE DOWNLOADED
SATELLITE IMAGE FROM THE USGS (UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY) PORTAL BY GOING IN LAYER, ADD
RASTER LAYER AND select the downloaded satellite imagery.

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 2. WE NEED TO INSTALL NEW PLUGIN IN ORDER TO PERFORM
THE CLASSIFICATION PROCESS.THAT IS PLUGIN:-(SEMI-
AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION), IN ORDER TO DO THAT GO TO
PLUGIN, THEN MANAGE PLUGIN AND TYPE NAME OF THE
PLUGIN AND INSTALL IT.

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 3. AFTER THAT A NEW PANEL WILL OPEN NAMED (SCP DOCK)
AND IT IS A CRUCIAL TOOL WHICH HELPS IN
CLASSIFICATION AND MANY OTHER PROCESSES OF
SATELLITE IMAGERY.
4. AFTER DOING SO, WE NEED TO CLIP THE AREA OF INTEREST
on which we have to perform classification, to do so go to scp dock, then
band set and go to pre-processing and select clip multiple rasters.

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 5. A new window will open and select the show on the right in order to
select the area of interest from the satellite imagery.

6. then minimize the screen and select the area of interest by dragging and
making a polygon.and click on run module and create a new folder to
save clipped images and then you will observe the clipped images added
to your layers section.

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 7.
8. Then delete the previous added satellite images and not the clipped
images and we will receive our area of interest.

9. Then we need to go to scp and then select band set and a new window
will open and click on refresh icon and add the clipped images and also
select (wavelength quick setting) and select landsat 8 as it is landsat 8

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 image

10.Then we need to convert the clipped images into reflectance file which
helps in storing the samples of classes and its digital value(dn value) .
11.In order to convert we need to go to scp , then to pre-processing and
select landsat and a new window will open as shown below:-

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 12.Select the clipped images and (.mtl file) and select the apply
atmospheric correction and run the module and a new reflectance file
will be added to layers panel, after that delete the clipped images from

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 layers panel.

13.Then we need to select the reflectance file in scp band set and create a
virtual band set and select the (band 1- infrared, band 2 - red, band 3-
green) cause it will help us to identify the land use/landcover of the area
of interest.

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 Then we need to open scp dock and create a training input and save it in a
folder in order to collect the samples.

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 14.We need to make a polygon using the above highlighted icon and make
a polygon by adding points and for right click to close the polygon and
select the signature icon in order to save your sample of a particular
class.

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 15.Accordingly, we have to take samples of each class (at least 8 sample)
and we have to save the signatures of the sample as shown below.

16.After saving all the samples we need to classify the image, in order to do
that we have to go to scp, then band processing and then select
classification.

17.

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 18.Then a new window will open and we need to select the mc id /cid
according to your classification. as in this case we have selected mcid
and select maximum likelihood in order to automatically allocate the
near digital values of each class. After that run the module and we will
see the image has been classified.

19.After that we have to make the layout of the map

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