COINS

With a Detailed Catalogue

of the Denarii Hoard from Budinatham (Tamil Nadu)

DR. T.S. SRIDHAR

DR. S. SURESH
N. SUNDARARAJAN
ROMAN COINS IN THE GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, CHENNAI

With a Detailed Catalogue of the Denarii Hoard from Budinatham (Tamil Nadu)
 Published by:
© The Government Museum, Chennai
© Italian Embassy Cultural Centre, New Delhi
© The Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Chennai
January, 2011

This Catalogue and the accompanying Exhibition have been sponsored by

LAVAZZA
 ROMAN COINS
IN THE GOVERNMENT MUSEUM, CHENNAI

With a Detailed Catalogue

of the Denarii Hoard from Budinatham (Tamil Nadu)

DR. T.S.SRIDHAR, I.A.S,

Principal Secretary and Commissioner,
Department of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai.

DR. S. SURESH,
Tamil Nadu State Convener,
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH);
Academic Director, Bharat Travel Services;
Consultant, TVS Educational Society, Chennai;
Fulbright Scholar Elect, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington D.C.

N.SUNDARARAJAN,
Curator (Numismatics), Government Museum, Chennai
 CONTENTS

Foreword
by Giacomo Sanfelice di Monteforte, Ambassador of Italy to India

Foreword
by Dr. Angela Trezza, Director, Italian Embassy Cultural Centre, New Delhi

Introductory Remarks
by Sauro Mezzetti, Chairman Regional Committee,
Indo-ltalian Chamber of Commerce, Chennai

Preface,
by Dr.T.S.Sridhar, LA.S.,
Principal Secretary and Commissioner,
Department of Museums, Government of Tamil Nadu

Historical Background 11
Roman Coin Finds in India 15

A Catalogue of the Roman Coins in the Madras Museum

18
A Detailed Catalogue of the Coins in the Budinatham Hoard
23
Select Bibliography
119
 FOREWORD

he diplomatic, commercial and cultural links between the ancient Roman Empire
and the Indian sub-continent date back to the 2nd Century B.C. or even slightly
earlier. These comprehensive contacts continued with no interruption for several
centuries as scores of Roman traders and their Egyptian and Arabian trade agents
regularly came to India for buying spices, gemstones, textiles and other oriental luxuries.
In course of time, many Roman craftsmen settled in India and their presence impacted
Indian art and architecture. Diplomatic missions regularly travelled between the Roman
Empire and India. Several Roman emperors including Augustus, Trajan, Antoninus Pius
and Constantine | received ambassadors from kingdoms in India.

The Embassy of Italy and the Italian Cultural Centre in New Delhi have been pro-
moting research and public awareness about the importance of the relations between
Rome and India, both in Italy and in India. | am delighted that the Government Museum in
Chennai has joined hands with us to host a unique exhibition, for the first time in Southern
India, of the Roman objects and coins found in the Indian sub-continent, with Dr. Suresh
Sethuraman as its curator, known for his pioneering research work in this field and with the
cooperation of the Indo-Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

| am confident that both the exhibition and the catalogue will go several steps fur-
ther in shedding light on a subject which proves beyond doubt that the contacts between
India and Rome are steeped into the history of the two countries and provide a rock-solid
foundation for our ever-growing friendship and cooperation.

— Giacomo Sanfelice di Monteforte

Ambassador of Italy to India
 FOREWORD

rchaeological evidences of the links between the Roman Empire and India are
abundant in scores of sites spread throughout India, mainly in South India. These
sites have yielded Roman objects including coins, wine amphoras and bronze
artifacts. The coins constitute the largest and most significant class of finds. Many
museums in India have collections of Roman coins found in the neighbouring regions.

In 2004, an international seminar was organised at Pondicherry, focussing on

Arikamedu, one of the biggest and the most important Roman trading stations in South
India. This academic interest in Arikamedu paved the way in 2007, for further research
and the consequent publication, sponsored by the Development Cooperation Office of the
Embassy of Italy in New Delhi, of the first-ever exclusive monograph on this site by Dr.
S. Suresh, an internationally acknowledged authority on the subject. In 2010, the Italian
Cultural Centre contributed for a research programme aimed at documenting Roman
antiquities originally found in India and now in European collections, mainly the U.K. and
France, again by Dr. Suresh.

The decision of the Government Museum of Chennai, with one of the richest collec-
tions of Roman objects, mainly coins, anywhere outside Europe, to bring out a catalogue
coinciding with the exhibition on the same theme, is a welcome step towards drawing
attention to these objects which had, so far, never been documented, published or exhib-
ited. | wish to express, on behalf of the Italian Cultural Centre, my sincere gratitude to Dr.
Suresh and to Dr. Sauro Mezzetti of the Indo-ltalian Chamber of Commerce and Industry,
Chennai, for their invaluable collaboration.

— Dr. Angela Trezza

Director
Italian Embassy Cultural Centre, New Delhi
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

he flourishing trade between South India and the Roman Empire is not commonly
known either in India or in Italy.
From the Mediterranean area there were exports of ceramics, oil, wine and imports
of spices, cotton, silk and precious stones. A lot of gold and silver flowed from the
Roman empire towards the India markets. Pliny the elder estimated its amount to 100 mil-
lion Sesterces per year. During the Augustean age, each year, about 120 vessels sailed
from the West towards India. As the prince poet llango of the Chera dynasty describes, “In
the harbour were to be seen sailing vessels with many sailors from distant lands... The sun
shone over the open terraces, over the warehouses near the harbour, and over the turrets
with their airholes like the eyes of the deer... In different places, the observer's attention
was arrested by the sight of Yavanas — a name for Greeks and Romans — whose prosperity
never waned”.

The Indo-ltalian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (iICCI) in Chennai has been
active in promoting awareness about these commercial ties that were knit almost 2000
years ago. In the year 2004, the Chamber was partner with the Italian Embassy and the
Italian Cultural Pavillion of Auroville, an experimental township in Tamil Nadu — that hosts
one of the largest Italian communities in India — in organizing a conference in Pondicherry,
which is close to Arikamedu, one of the most important sites for the ancient Roman trade
with India. This conference was jointly organized with the local government of Pondicherry
and brought together, for the first time, all the main experts in this field from Italy, India and
France.

The IICCI, in collaboration with the Italian Institute of Culture of the Italian Embassy
in New Delhi, is now promoting and supporting a new initiative towards the preparation
of a detailed catalogue of the ancient Roman coins found in the village of Budinatham
in Tamil Nadu, and now in the Madras Museum collection. This museum has one of the
most important collections of Roman coins that have been found in India. Indeed, this
museum has one of the largest collections of Roman coins outside Europe, most probably
the largest in Asia. This catalogue will enable the museum to make its collection known to
specialists worldwide. The Madras Museum is one of the oldest and richest in the country
7
 PREFACE

he Government Museum, Chennai is not only renowned for its beautiful South
Indian bronzes but also known for its numismatics collections. It has a rich col-
lection of the ancient, medieval and modern Indian coins of gold, silver, copper,
lead, potin (an alloy of copper, zinc, lead and silver) and bullion (,an alloy of gold
and silver with base metal). Besides these, there is a representative collection of foreign
coinage such as Roman, Chinese, Venetian which are historically significant. This is the
only museum which possesses a good number of Roman coins outside Europe. India and
Italy are peninsular countries and both are known for their contribution to mankind in the
fields of history, civilization, art and architecture, literature and allied fields. The Rome-India
commercial contact commenced during the pre-Christian era. The blow of trade winds
resulted in the flow of fleets from the European peninsula to the Asian peninsula.
The Museum had, up to 1865 AD, only a very small collection of coins in its cabinet.
After implementation of Indian Treasure - trove Act 1878, all finds, unearthed anywhere
in the state, are sent to this museum by the Revenue authorities for examination and for
acquisition; thus it enriched the numismatics collection in Government Museum, Chennai.
Most of the North Indian coins are donated and exchanged by North Indian museums and
institutions such as the Prince of Wales Museum, Bombay; the Asiatic Society, Nagpur; the
U.P. Coin Committee; Indian Museum, Calcutta and so on.
The present Numismatics gallery was started in the year 1978 on the first floor of
bronze gallery. This gallery was further refurbished with air conditioning and displayed many
original coins in the year 2009. In the recent years, this section has conducted exhibitions
on Vijayanagar coinage and punch-marked coins with special lecture and special bulletin
on the captioned subject. Many important coins of Tamil country have been displayed in
the World Classical Tamil Conference -2010 and in the special exhibition for the completion
of 1000 years of Thanjavur temple . Rare coins were viewed by 10 million people during
these two great events of the State. The Government Museum, Chennai gave valuable
suggestions in segregation of Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanam’s hundiyal collection. The
Museum not only deals with old collections, but also plays an important role in designing
new coins: to commemorate the 1000th year of Thanjavur temple, Government of India
decided a special coin. Government Museum, Chennai has approved the new design

9
made by Government of India Mint, Mumbai.
in pre-independence days, the museum played a vital role in conducting excavation
by Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler, the then D.G. of ASI. In the year 1993, Government
Museum, Chennai conducted a small ‘Exhibition of Roman Antiquities’ in Chennai, Kolkata
(Indian Museum) and Coimbatore. Museum publications are renowned; in Numismatics
Section many books were published for the benefit of scholars and researchers. Many
curators have published different articles in the leading journals. Some of the publications
are listed below:

¢ Aravamuthan, T.G., Catalogue of the Venetian coins in the Madras Government

Museum, 1938.
+ Aravamuthan, T.G. Catalogue of the Roman and Byzantine coins in the Madras
Government Museum, 1942.
* Balakrishnan Nayar,T., ‘The Dowlaishweram Hoard of Eastern Chalukyan and
Chola Coins’, Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, 1966.
* Mohandas, P.N., Coins of India Through the ages, 1960.
* Sanakaranarayana .N.,- Catalogue of Venetian Coins in the Government
Museum, Madras, 1989.
* Sanakaranarayana .N., -Catalogue of Vijayanagar Coins in the Madras
Government Museum, 1977.
* Sridhar, T.S., Dr., & N.Sundararajan, - A catalogue of Silver Punch - marked coins
from Vaigainallur village, Kulithalai taluk of Karur district, 2010.

This new publication on Roman coins is a catalogue, discussing in detail about the
distinct counter marks on the coins. No doubt this new catalogue will be one more feather
in the field of Museum publication. | thank the Government of Tamil Nadu for their support
and the Indo-ltalian Chamber of Commerce and Industry for their assistance. | wish to
compliment Dr. S.Suresh, Tamilnadu State Convener, The indian National Trust for Art and
Cultural Heritage (INTACH) and Thiru.N. Sundararajan, Curator, Numismatics Section,
Government Museum, Chennai, for their sincere and painstaking efforts in bringing out this
catalogue within the limited time given to them.

— Dr.T.S.Sridhar, 1.A.S.,
Principal Secretary and Commissioner,
Department of Museums and Department of Archaeology,
Government of Tamil Nadu.

10
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The political scenario

n the tong history of India, the period from around the fourth century B.C. to the third
century A.D. is one of the most eventful. The political history of the period can be recon-
structed mainly on the basis of the literary, archaeological, epigraphical and, to a lesser
extent, the numismatic sources. During this time, the Mauryas and later, the Kushans
were ruling most parts of North India. The Satavahanas, Sangam Cheras, Sangam Cholas
and the Sangam Pandyas were the major powers in South India.
The Satavahanas were among the most powerful rulers of South India. They ruled
over a large territory that included some parts of the present-day state of Maharashtra as
also most parts of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Paithan or Pratisthana in Maharashtra
was their capital.
The Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas and some minor chieftains ruled the region south
of Satavahana territory. This region was called Tamilakam because the language spoken
here was Tamil. Tamilakam was bound by the Venkatam or Tirupati hills in the north and
the Cape Comorin in the south. To the west, lay the Arabian Sea and to the east, the Bay of
Bengal. The region thus mainly included the present-day states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala
and the Union Territory of Pondicherry.
The Tamil kings were great patrons of art and literature. At the Pandya palace in
Madurai (Tamil Nadu), scholars and poets from different lands assembied to participate
in academic debates and discussions. Such a gathering of Tamil scholars was called the
Sangam. The Sangams were held frequently between 200 B.C. and 300 A.D. Hence, his-
torians call this period the ‘Sangam Age’ and the literature of thase days as the ‘Sangam
literature’. And the prefix ‘Sangam’ is frequently appended to the three main dynasties—
Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas- that ruled the region during this period. This is the only
instance where a historical period has been named after an academic conference.
The Sangam Chera kingdom comprised present-day Kerala and parts of western
Tamil Nadu—the Kongu Nadu or the Coimbatore region. The location of the capital
of this kingdom was, until recently, hotly debated by scholars. Some scholars felt that
11
Tiruvanchikulam in coastal Kerala was the Chera capital while others opined that Karur, on
the banks of the river Amaravati, a tributary of the Kaveri, in Tamil Nadu, was the capital.
The discovery of Sangam Chera inscriptions at a site called Pugalur near Karur and the
recurrent finds of thousands of Sangam Chera coins in and around this town have now
proved, beyond doubt, that Karur was the royal capital. Muziris, on the Malabar coast, was
the chief port of the Cheras.
The kingdom of the Sangam Cholas mainly consisted of parts of northern and cen-
tral Tami) Nadu with the epicentre of power in the Tiruchi-Tanjavur region of central Tamil
Nadu. The Cholas had two capitals. Uraiyur (near the city of Tiruchirappalli or Tiruchi) was
their main capital while the port-city of Kaveripumpattinam, also called Kaveripattinam or
Cholapattinam or Kolapattana, served as the secondary capital.
The Sangam Pandya kingdom comprised the regions of Madurai, Ramanathapuram
and Tirunelveli in southern Tamil Nadu. The Pandya kingdom was situated immediately
south of the Chola kingdom, the river Kaveri often forming the boundary between the
two. Thus, the Pandyas were the rulers of the southernmost tip of india and were closest
to the island of Sri Lanka. Madurai, also called Kudal, was the capital of the Pandyas.
Marungurpattinam or Alagankulam and Korkai were the chief ports of the kingdom.
While the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas were the three main rulers of Tamilakam,
there were a number of minor chiefs who were loyal to one of the above three powers.
These chiefs often shifted their allegiance from one power to the other. Among these chief-
doms were the Malaiyamans or Malaiyans of Tirukoilur or Kovalur and the Adigamans of
Tagadur in Tamil Nadu. Compared to the other chieftains, the Malaiyamans were very
powerful. They exercised control over Malaiyaman Nadu which included parts of present-
day Pondicherry and the adjoining South Arcot region of Tamil Nadu, with the town of
Tirukoilur, 193km from the city of Chennai, as their capital. The famous port of Arikamedu,
near Pondicherry, was under their control for some years.
in the Andhra region, the decline of the Satavahanas, resulted in the emergence of
new dynasties such as the Ikshvakus, the Salankayanas or Vaingeyakas, the Kandaras or
Anandas and the Vishnukundins. Among these dynasties, the Ikshvakus may be regarded
as the immediate successors of the Satavahanas. Nagarjunakonda or Sriparvata Vijayapuri
was the capital of the Ikshvakus. Subsequent to their decline in the early fourth cen-
tury A.D., the Salankayanas rose to power and prominence in Andhra. Their capital was
Vengipura, modern Peddavegi. The Vishnukundins or Vishnukundis ruled over Andhra and
large parts of Maharashtra from around the fifth century A.D. to atleast the beginning of the
seventh century. The place name Vinukonda in Andhra is believed to have been derived
from the name ‘Vishnukundin’. Vinukonda has a hill fort and many scholars believe that it
was the capital of the Vishnukundins.
In the Tamil Nadu region, after the decline of the Sangam Cheras, Sangam
Cholas
and the Sangam Pandyas, the Pallava dynasty rose to power and prominence.
The
Pallavas rule extended from around the third to the ninth centuries A.D. Their main
cap-
ital was Kanchipuram while their secondary capital and chief port was Mahabalipuram
or
Mamallapuram in Tamil Nadu.
The Roman trade

From around the third century B.C. the kingdoms of South India, mainly Tamilakam,
maintained commercial ties with the Romans. The commerce reached its zenith during the
rule of the Roman emperors Augustus (27 B.C -14 A.D.) and Tiberius (14-37 A.D.), The
contacts continued during the reigns of the Roman emperors Gaius or Caligula (37-41
A.D.), Claudius (41-54 A.D.) and Nero (54-68 A.D.).Towards the end of the first century
A.D., there was a slow but steady decline in the trade. During the subsequent centuries,
especially after the split of the Roman empire into two in the fourth century, the trade
declined further until it ended around the seventh century A.D.
The Romans came to India in search of Indian gemstones, silk, cotton, ivory, spices,
sandaiwood and peacocks. Indian gemstones, mainly beryl, and indian spices, especially
pepper and cardamom, were in great demand in the Roman markets. In return, India
obtained coral, wine, olive oil and metals such as gold, silver and copper from Rome. The
metals imported from Rome were mostly in the form of coins and medals.
Archaeology as well as ancient literary works, both Graeco-Roman and Tamil, throw
welcome fight on the long and interesting history of the Rome-India links. The ancient
Tamil works referring to the Roman trade are the Sangam poems that refer to all foreign
traders — Greek, Roman and West Asian — as Yavanas, a term that is extensively used
in Sanskrit literature and in ancient Indian stone inscriptions as well. The Purananuru and
the Ahananuru are the most important Tamil poems referring to the Roman trade. The
principal Graeco-Roman works dealing with the trade include Naturalis Historia or Natural
History by Pliny (77 A.D.), the Periplus Maris Erythraei by an anonymous author (80-89
A.D.?) and the Geography by Claudius Ptolemy(150 A.D.). These Graeco-Roman works
are more useful than the Tamil poems not only because they provide more detailed and
accurate descriptions of the trading networks and the trade goods, but also because they
are precisely datable. Thus, a comparative study of the information provided in these clas-
sical texts reveals a clear picture of the gradual development of the commerce. These
texts collectively confirm that the trade slowly began on the Malabar coast around the
third-first centuries B.C. but steadily shifted to the Coromandel coast by the first century
A.D. Thus, while the Peripius (first century A.D.) provides limited information on the east
coast of India, Ptolemy’s Geography (second century A.D.) contains copious references 1௦
the Coromandel ports.
Coming to the archaeological sources for the study of the commerce, most of the
exports from India to Rome were perishable goods such as aromatic woods, textiles, spices
and birds. Hence, there is a marked paucity of concrete material evidence for the trade in
the Roman empire sites. On the other hand, many parts of India, mainly South India, have
revealed substantial archaeological materials connected with the trade.
The majority of the Roman finds in India are the Roman coins in gold (aurei and solidi),
under-
silver (denarii) and copper (nummi). Most of these coins occur as hoards buried
pot and rarely, in a brass or bronze vessel. Sometimes,
ground mostly in an earthenware
of the Roman coins
the coins have been discovered in ancient Megalithic graves. Some
placed as ritual
have been recovered from ruined Buddhist stupas where these coins were
found within ancient houses and palaces
offerings by devotees. A few coins have been
in the course of regular archaeological excavations. Occasionally, these coins occur in
association with Roman jewellery.
13
 ROMAN COIN FINDS IN INDIA

y the time the Rome-India trade declined around the sixth-seventh centuries A.D.,
many of the Roman coins in India may have been lost or buried. One may pre-
sume that throughout the middle ages, farmers and treasure-diggers would have
repeatedly discovered Roman coins in many sites throughout the country. Most
of these finds were never recorded or documented and the coins would have been melted
or lost. There are, however, a few vague reports of Roman coins found in Sri Lanka as
early as 1574 and in the Gujarat region of western India around the seventeenth century.
Since the late-eighteenth century, however, many of the finds of Roman coins, in dif-
ferent parts of India, have been recorded although in many instances, the records do not
contain complete information regarding the weight and state of preservation of the coins.
The first well-recorded find is from Nellore, in Andhra Pradesh, not too far from Chennai
city. This discovery, made in 1786 by a peasant while digging in his farm, became famous
probably because it was communicated to the Society of Antiquaries in London. It was
published in the well-known Journal Asiatick Researches in 1790. The next few decades
saw a series of discoveries in two major clusters of sites, both in Tamil Nadu, lying on the
ancient trade routes linking the Kerala or the Malabar coast with the Coromandel coast:
1) The Vellalur-Coimbatore-Pollachi stretch and
2) In and around Karur.
Indeed, the nineteenth century saw the discovery of some of the largest and most
important Roman coin finds in India. Serious academic interest in the study of these coins
also dates back to the early decades of that century. The very presence of these coins
in the remote sites of India appeared strange and unusual to the Europeans obviously
because such finds, that too in large numbers, had never been recorded earlier. Hence,
the attention of the early scholars was confined to simply reporting the finds. No attempt
was made to analyze the historical significance of the coins. Thus, most of the early pub-
lished accounts are descriptive notices of the finds. These notices, often too brief and
of these
sketchy, are scattered in various obscure journals and museum reports. The value
notices, however, lies in the fact that often they constitute the sole evidence, published
J.Prinsep
or otherwise, for many of the early finds. The writings of H.H.Wilson (1832),
(1832, 1834), Walter Elliot (1844, 1856-57), G.Bidie (1874), Capt. Waterhouse (1879),
15
Henry Little (1883) and Edgar Thurston (1888, 1889, 1891,1894) come under the above
category. The nineteenth century authors did not identify many of the features unique to
the Roman coins found in India. Such features include the presence of imitations among
the finds and the countermarking of a few of the coins with minute symbols. The signifi-
cance of the slash marks on the Roman coins in India, was, for the first time, analyzed in
detail by G.F. Hill in his famous article, published in the Numismatic Chronicle, on the aurei
find from Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu (1898). Incidentally, this hoard is the largest slashed
aurei hoard in the whole of India.
The utilization of the Roman numismatic finds in India for the study of the pattern of
indo-Roman trade was first attempted by Bishop Caldwell (1851). Basing his observations
on a study of the very large Kottayam (Kerala) hoard, he made a pioneering attempt to
trace the route adopted by the Romans to reach the Malabar ports. He also hinted at the
use of the Roman coins as ‘money’ by the ancient Indians. It was, however, Robert Sewell
(1904) who systematically classified all the Roman coins found in India, known to him,
emperor-wise and traced the history of the trade based on this classification.
In the twentieth century, besides the hoard and stray finds, Roman coins have also
been recovered in the stratified context during the course of archaeological excavations
in several sites such as Peddabankur (1968-69) and Totlakonda (1988-92)in Andhra
Pradesh and Karur (1980s?)and Alagankulam (1989-91)in Tamil Nadu. These new finds
have mostly been published in journals such as the Journal of the Numismatic Society
of India and Studies in South Indian Coins. Simultaneously, a few European scholars
like E.H.Warmington (1928, 1974), Mortimer Wheeler (1946, 1951, 1954), Paula Turner
(1988), David MacDowall (1990, 1991, 1996) and Peter Berghaus (1991) have interpreted
some of these finds in the wider context of Roman economy, trade and monetary poli-
cies. Suresh (1993, 2008, 2009, 2010) has studied and analyzed many of the little-known
and unpublished finds including those in collections outside India. He has also attempted
(1992, 2004, 2007) to analyze the reasons for the significant differences as well as ‘over-
laps’ in the distribution pattern and chronology of the different types of Roman objects
including coins found in India.
The Roman coins found in India hardly receive attention in any general study on
Roman economy and trade mainly because most of these finds and their significance are
not widely known to the academic community in Europe and the U.S.A. There are, how-
ever, two notable exceptions to this — one is Sture Bolin’s work (1958) on the role of the
denarius in the Roman economy and the other is C.Rodewald's work (1976) on the mon-
etary policy of Tiberius. Both these scholars seem ta have relied on Mortimer Wheeler's
writings (1946, 1951, 1954) for the data pertaining to India.

The Madras Museum and its Roman coin collection

The Government Museum in Egmore, Chennai (formerly Madras), popularly known

as the Madras Museum, was established by the English East India Company on 29 January,
1851. Dr. Edward Green Balfour, a renowned Surgeon and scholar, was appointed to
organize the museum. Thus, this is one of the oldest museums in South Asia. {tis
also one
of the largest museums in Asia. It is a multipurpose museum with separate departments
for Archaeology, Anthropology, Numismatics, Botany and Zoology. The museum also
has
16
a full-fledged Chemical Conservation Laboratory.
Almost from its inception, the Madras Museum has had a collection of old coins.
Balfour's successor Jesse Mitchell expanded the Numismatics Section. The section has
a good collection of coins belonging to almost all the dynasties that ruled different parts of
India, mainly South India, during the ancient and medieval times. The collection also includes
foreign coins such as Roman, Venetian and Chinese coins found in India. Numismatists
like T.G. Aravamuthan, T. Balakrishnan Nayar, R. Vanaja and N. Sankaranarayana have
served in this Section and have catalogued and published many of these coins.
Most people are simply unaware that the museum has the largest collection of Roman
coins found in India. In fact, this is one the biggest collections of Roman coins anywhere
outside Europe. The museum’s rich Roman collections can be traced to a host of interesting
historical factors. During the early years of the museum, the British territories in India were
divided into large administrative units or provinces of which the Madras Presidency was
one of the most important. The Madras Presidency comprised most parts of the present-
day states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala as also some parts of other states such as Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh. For many decades, the Madras Museum was the sole museum in
the entire Presidency and hence, any archaeological or numismatic find anywhere in the
region was deposited in this Museum. As this region yielded the largest number of Roman
coins during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the museum’s Roman col-
lections registered a phenomenal growth. Thus, this museum has the unique distinction of
housing Roman coins found in almost every part of South India. It is also the first museum
in the whole of Asia to attempt a catalogue of some of the Roman coins in its collection as
early as 1874.
The most important Roman coins in the Madras Museum include those recovered
from the Roman trade sites such as Budinatham, Vellalur and Karur in Tamil Nadu. A few
of these are very rare and unusual coins not seen in any other museum in India. Some of
these coins bear rare and interesting countermarks including Hindu religious symbols.
Significantly, the Madras Museum has yet another little-known link with the Rome-india
trade. Around the year 1940, Jouveau-Dubreuil, a French scholar, sent a collection of glass
and semi-precious stone beads, potsherds and terracotta figurines found at Arikamedu,
India's largest and most important Roman trade site, to the Museum. He also requested
Dr. A. Aiyappan, the then Superintendent of the Museum, “to do something for the site”.
Accordingly, with the financial aid given by the French India Government at Pondicherry,
ithe Madras Museum undertook trial excavations at Arikamedu. The excavations revealed
the foundations of several buildings, Mediterranean amphora jars and beads. The digs
proved that Arikamedu was “one of the most ancient sites in Southern India”. Aiyappan
published an article entitled "A Dakshina Taxila, Historic Relics From Arikamedu” in the
newspaper, The Hindu on 23 March, 1941. This article prompted many Indians to visit the
Museum's
site. Although the first systematic archaeological excavation at Arikamedu, the
digs are not widely known even amongst archaeologists. The Roman pottery finds from
British,
this excavation later inspired a series of archaeological digs at the site, by Indian,
French and American archaeologists.
 A CATALOGUE OF THE ROMAN COINS
IN THE MADRAS MUSEUM

his catalogue has been prepared on the basis of a physical examination of the
relevant coins in the museum, the museum records and the earlier publications
on the subject. As the practice of recording the find-spot of coins was not often
followed, especially in the early years of the museum, the precise provenance of
many of the coins is not clear. In many instances, the provenance has been deduced on
the basis of circumstantial evidences including the year of the find and the coin types in the
find as recorded in earlier publications. The museum collection, however, includes many
Roman coins for which the provenance cannot be traced now.
it has also been difficult to ascertain the exact number of coins in many of the finds,
especially those discovered in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Often, all the
coins of a particular find or hoard did not reach the museum. For example, the hoard from
Akhilandapuram (Tamil Nadu), found in 1936, had 30 coins of which only § were acquired
by the Madras Museum. Similarly, onlya few coins from the large Kottayam (Kerala) hoard,
found in 1847, reached this museum. In some instances, after acquiring the entire hoard,
the museum gifted certain coins from the hoard to other museums. For instance, in 1913,
the museum acquired the entire Kathanganni (Tamil Nadu) hoard of 233 denarii but sub-
sequently, several coins from this hoard were gifted to various museums in India and the
U.K. in many instances, the museum records do not contain information about the precise
number of coins in a particular find or hoard acquired by the museum and the details of
those coins that were later sold or gifted to other institutions.
The catalogue deliberately excludes the precise number of coins in each find or hoard
because in most instances, it is not possible to furnish the correct number due to the cir-
cumstances outlined above. lt was also felt that for the purposes of historical research
on the foreign coins found in India, the provenance of the coins and the circumstances or
context of the find may be more useful than the mere number of specimens in each find.

18
Thus, the catalogue excludes the Roman coins for which we have no clue about their
provenance.
There are no records to ascertain whether any of the coins from the famous Pudukkottai
hoard, found within the Tondaiman kingdom of Pudukkottai (now in Tamil Nadu) in 1898,
were acquired by the Madras Museum within a few years after the discovery. The hoard
consisted of 501 gold coins. On date, 20 of them are in the British Museum, London. The
Government Museum, Pudukkottai, possessed 2 more coins from the hoard. On 9 October,
2009, these 2 coins, along with 855 other gold coins, have been transferred from the latter
museum to the Madras Museum. The fate of the rest of the hoard is unknown.

Abbreviations used in the Catalogue:

H: Hoard find
ல Siray find/Surface find
E: Stratified find—find from archaeological excavation
AV: — Gold (coin)
AR: _ Silver (coin)
AE: Copper (coin)

19
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 A DETAILED CATALOGUE OF THE COINS
IN THE BUDINATHAM HOARD

B udinatham, also locally called VadaBudinatham, is a small village in the Udumalpet

taluk formerly in the Coimbatore district but presenily in the Tiruppur district in Tamil
Nadu. The village is around 86km from the city of Coimbatore and 9km from the
small town of Udumalpet. It occupies an area of 875.88 hectares and its population, as per
the census conducted in 2001, is 1483. The village is known for ifs temples including the
Thandumari Amman temple, Sellandi Amman temple, Mariamman temple and the Madurai
Virar temple.
On 11 February, 1946, a large hoard of Roman silver coins was discovered in
Budinatham. There are no records about the precise spot where the coins were found.
But a few elderly residents of the village remember the circumstances of the discovery.
According to one such resident named Marudan, son of Tiruman, the hoard was found
near the Madurai Virar temple while digging for mud to be used for building a mud wall in
a house in the neighbourhood. The coins were found in a mud pot that was accidentally
broken at the site. The coins were taken away by the police and later acquired by the
Madras Museum.
The find-spot of the hoard is of immense historical significance. Budinatham is located
right on the ancient trade route or highway that linked the port of Muziris on the Malabar
coast with the port of Kaveripattinam on the Coromandel coast. The important sites on this
route, from the west to the east, are Budinatham, Pollachi, Vellalur, Kodumanal, Karur and
Uraiyur. Interestingly, Roman coins have been recurrently found in most of these sites and
many of these coins are in the collection of the Madras Museum. Among all these sites,
Budinatham appears to have been very important. Although now a tiny village, the piace
was a prosperous urban settlement in those days. This is attested by the fact that in ear-
lier times, Budinatham was also called Vibhuti Managaram (‘Big city of the sacred ash’)
alluding to both the large size and the religious sanctity of the locality.
23
 Not surprisingly, the Budinatham hoard, consisting of 1407 coins, is one of the largest
Roman coin hoards in the whole of India. It is also one of the few Roman coin hoards
where most of the coins constituting the hoard are available, in a single collection, for
physical examination and study. The most important and enigmatic feature of the hoard is,
however, the presence of countermarks on many of the coins.
The Budinatham find does not appear in Wheeler's (1946) list of Roman coins found
in India, published within a few months after the discovery of the hoard. It also does not
find a place in P.L.Gupta’s list (1965) that is mainly based on Wheeler's list. The hoard,
however, figures in several later lists including those compiled by Paula Turner (1989),
P.L.Gupta(1991) and S. Suresh(2004, 2007). A few scholars like Paula Turner (1989),
David MacDowall (1996) and Suresh (2004) have commented on the uniqueness of this
hoard. But full details of each of the coins in the hoard, including the weight and the coun-
termarks, have so far, not been documented or studied. !n various conferences in Europe
and India, MacDowall, Turner and Peter Berghaus emphasized the necessity to study
this hoard in detail. In the 1980s and 1990s, each of them studied select coins from the
hoard in the museum. They repeatedly asked Suresh to undertake the detailed study of
the hoard.
Although, the Budinatham hoard contains 1407 coins, Paula Turner and many other
scholars wrongly state that the hoard contains 1398 coins. The museum’s unpublished
Administrative Report for 1946-47 categorically states that the hoard was discovered by
“one person” and it contained 1398 coins and 9 broken coins. According to the Report, the
coins were cleaned in the museum's laboratory the same year. Physical examination of the
coins revealed that among the “9 broken coins”, coin no. 1399 is not broken. There are a
few broken coins among the 1398 coins. Coin no.1397 was broken on 7 December, 1947
while its plaster cast was being taken, according to the label on the coin pouch, signed by
T. Balakrishnan Nayar who worked in the Numismatics Section. The hoard is recorded in
the Section’s Accession Register Volume II, and has been assigned the accession number
806 and the coins are numbered individually from 1 to 1407. The following catalogue
strictly follows the number assigned to each coin in the museum records.

24
 Abbreviations used in the catalogue

A Emperor Augustus
AR: Silver
T: Emperor Tiberius

All the coins of Augustus are of the ‘Gaius and Lucius Caesars reverse’ type:
Obverse: Royal bust to right.
Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE
Reverse: Gaius and Lucius Caesars veiled, standing on left and right respec-
tively; shields and spears between them. Each rests a hand on one of the two shields that
stand upright on the ground. The spears are behind the shields. The butts of the spears
are pointing upwards. Between the butts, simpulum and lituus.
Legend: C.L.CAESARES AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT
All the coins of Tiberius are of the ‘PONTIF MAXIM’ type:
Obverse: Royal bust to right.
Legend: TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS
Reverse: Livia seated to right, on chair, holding sceptre in right hand and the
branch of a tree in left hand..
Legend: PONTIF MAXIM

There are wide variations in the state of wear of the coins. In other words, some coins
are more worn than the others, indicating that the former coins were used for a longer
period than the latter.

The weight of the coins is per the details furnished by N. Sundararajan.

25
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 A note on the countermarks on the coins from Budinatham:

As noted above, several coins feature minute countermarks including letters of the
Roman alphabet. In the case of a good number of coins, it has been difficult to ascertain
whether some of the minute lines, curves and dots are actually countermarks or mere acci-
dental scratches. Such marks have earlier been noticed on the Roman coins found in cer-
tain other sites such as Akkanpalle and Nasthullapur in Andhra Pradesh and Pudukkottai
in Tamil Nadu.
P.L.Gupta (1965) and S. Suresh (2004) have attempted to analyze the significance of
these marks. The possibility of these marks being effected to test the quality of the metal
is ruled out because atleast some of the marks are intricate floral or geometric designs.
These marks cannot be mint marks because a single mark is rarely seen on more than a
few coins. Some of these countermarks may be ‘bankers marks’ effected in India prior to the
circulation of these foreign coins in this country. Or else, these marks may have served as
ownership or identification marks. The necessity of stamping one’s ownership mark would
arise only on specific occasions when the coins (wealth) of different individuals are being
handed over for safe custody to a single money-lender or banking institution. Significantly,
early Indian epigraphs allude to such deposition of coins with corporate bodies. The coins
with only one mark may have always been in the possession of a single individual while
coins with many marks may have been in the possession of different individuals during dif-
ferent periods of their circulation, each of whom would have stamped his or her own mark
before entrusting the coins with a trader or a guild.

118
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