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Wind Energy Introduction 1

Uploaded by

biormicah3
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© © All Rights Reserved
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RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES -

WIND ENERGY

Dr. Miria Agunyo


March, 2021
CONTENT
 Intorduction
 Brief review

 Wind energy

 Historical development

 Wind turbines

2
INTRODUCTION
 Wind results from expansion and convection of air as
solar radiation is absorbed on Earth.

3
CONTINUATION

 Globally, thermal effects combine with dynamic


effects from the Earth’s rotation producing prevailing
wind patterns.

 Kinetic energy is dissipated by friction, mainly in the


air but also by contact with the ground and the sea.

 Upto1% of absorbed solar radiation i.e. 1200 TW is


dissipated in kinetic energy stored in wind.

4
BASICS
 Variation of wind is influenced by geographical and
environmental factors.

 Generally wind speeds increase with height.

 Wind speed varies significantly with time over


periods ranging from seconds, seasons and years.

 Also vary over distances ~1 km, especially in hilly


terrain.
5
CONTINUATION
 Thus, wind speeds should be measured at several
heights for at least 12 months.

 Comparison of findings should be carried out with


reference to meteorological data and wind atlas
information.

 Wind energy" or "wind power" is the process by


which the wind is used to generate mechanical
power or electricity.

 Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy from the


wind into mechanical power 6
7
ASSIGNMENT
 Disscuss the trends of wind power generation
overtime.What are the implication of such trends for
developing countries interested in wind generation.

 Review the various types of wind turbines in


application.

8
BRIEF REVIEW
 Energy sector accounts for more than 2/3 of global
greenhouse gas emissions thus, energy must be our
priority in bringing down CO2 emissions.

 Renewable energy can contribute upto half of all


emission reductions required to keep temperature
rise below 2°C.

 Energy efficiency measures can contribute to the


other half of emission reduction.
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WIND ENERGY
 Proportion in energy mix has grown over the last 3 decades.

 In 2009, global annual installed wind generation capacity was 37


GW.

 Global wind power generation capacity reached 600GW in


2018, which is only 7% of total global power generation capacity.

Basic notion
 Wind flows from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower
pressure.

 Thus, larger atmospheric pressure gradient, the higher the wind


speed and the > the wind power captured from the wind by wind
energy-converting machinery.
10
FACTORS AFFECTING WIND POWER GENERATION
 Solar heating; variable through out the earth.

 The Coriolis effect due to the earth’s self-rotation;


deflection of wind which is dependent of speed.

 Local geographical conditions;


Earth`s roughness,frictional drag
and disruption affect wind speed 11

Source; DAS, University of Illinois, 2010


WIND ENERGY FACTS
 Current installed capacity of wind power is 743
GW worldwide, helping to avoid over 1.1 billion
tonnes of CO2 globally.

 Yet, current rate of wind power deployment is


still considered not be enough to achieve carbon
neutrality by the middle of this century.

Source: https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2021/

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13
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

14

Source; Kedare
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY
1st Wind Energy Systems
 Vertical-Axis Wind-Mill:

 Shaft connected to a grinding stone for milling

Wind in the Middle Ages


 Horizontal-Axis Wind-Mill: connected to a

Horizontal shaft on a tower, encasing gears and axles


for translating horizontal into rotational motion
15

Source; Alex Kalmikov and Katherine Dykes


HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY
19th century
Mostly in the US
 Wind-rose horizontal-axis water-pumping wind-mills

16
DEVELOPMENT OF WIND ENERGY
 1990`s saw a resurgence in the worldwide wind
energy industry, with installed capacity increasing
over five-fold.

 A shift to large, megawatt-sized wind turbines.

 A reduction and consolidation in wind turbine


manufacture.

 Actual development of offshore wind power


17

Source; Manwell and J. G. McGowan, 2009


INFLUENCING FACTORS
 Need/ demand for energy; finitness of fossil fuel
resources
 Available potential. Wind exists everywhere on the
earth.
 Available technological capacity.

 Environmental benefits

Additional factors
 Vision of how wind can be used.

 Political will to support the vision; reseárch,


development testing, regulatory reforms,incentives, 18
KEY ATTRIBUTES OF THIS PERIOD:

 Increase in scale of installed wind turbines.

 High level of commercialization.

 Competitiveness.

 Grid integration of wind energy

19
CHALLENGES OF WIND POWER IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
 Lack of coherent policies.

 Administrative burdens.

 High capital costs & inadequate availability.

 Underdeveloped grid infrastructure.

 Centralized/monopolized markets
20
IMPLICATIONS OF WIND ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT

 Increased interest; blostering research,

 Increase in installations; minigrids etc.

 Policy development in support of renewables i.e wind


energy, incentives etc.

 International corporation/collaborations.

 Increase in energy security for practicing nationsi.e India,


South Africa etc. 21
WIND TURBINE
 Wind Turbine; a machine which converts the power
in the wind into electricity.

 Windmill’, which is a machine which converts the


wind power into mechanical power.

 Wind turbines are connected to some electrical


network.

Electrical network; battery-charging circuits,


residential scale power systems, isolated or island
networks, and large utility grids. 22
WIND TURBINES
Horizontal-Axis – HAWT
 Single to many blades - 2, 3 most efficient.

 Upwind, downwind facing.

 Solidity / Aspect Ratio – speed and torque.

Vertical-Axis – VAWT
 Darrieus / Egg-Beater (lift force driven).

 Savonius (drag force driven).

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WIND TURBINES

24

Source; Eldridge, 1980


WIND TURBINES

25
Source; Eldridge, 1980
BENEFITS OF WIND ENERGY
 Clean and environmentally friendly energy source.

 Inexhaustible and free energy source, considered


available and plentiful in most regions of the earth.

 Cost per kWh of wind is lower than that of solar.

26

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