Fourier

Transform
Fourier Transform Analysis:
Fourier analysis for Continuous time signals and systems, Continuous time
Fourier series and its convergence, Continuous time Fourier Transform, its
properties, frequency response

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Continuous time Fourier Transform

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 Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals
Consider a periodic signal x(t) with Period T. As the period T
increases the fundamental frequency ω0 = 2π/T deceases and
the harmonically related components become closer in
frequency.
As T→∞, the spacing between the lines approaches to zero.
This means that the spectral lines move closer and become
continuous series.
The overall shapes of magnitude and phase spectra are
determined by the shape of single pulse that is x(t) in this case
which is aperiodic.

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Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals
Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals
Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals
Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals
Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals

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Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals

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Fourier Transform representation of aperiodic signals

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Convergence of Fourier Transform

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 Convergence of Fourier Transform
Dirichlet Conditions
2. x(t) should have a finite number of maxima and minima.
3. x(t) should have a finite number of discontinuities.
Therefore, absolutely integral signals that are continuous or that
have finite number discontinuities have Fourier Transform.

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 Numerical 1
Find the Fourier Transform of continuous time signal
x(t) = e-atu(t). a>0

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 Numerical 1
Find the Fourier Transform of continuous time signal
x(t) = e-atu(t). a>0

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 Numerical 1
Find the Fourier Transform of continuous time signal
x(t) = e-atu(t). a>0

ω0 |X(ω)| Phase angle = -tan-1(ω/a)

0 00

-a +450

+a -450

-∞ +900
+∞ -900
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Numerical 2

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Numerical 2

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Numerical 2

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Numerical 3

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 Numerical 3

x(t) X(ω)
1 1

0 t 0 ω

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 Numerical 4
Find the inverse Fourier Transform of X(ω) = δ(ω).

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 Numerical 4
Find the inverse Fourier Transform of X(ω) = δ(ω).

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 Numerical 4
Find the inverse Fourier Transform of X(ω) = δ(ω).

The spectrum of a constant signal x(t) =1 as an impulse 2πδ(ω).

x(t) X(ω)
1 2π

0 t 0 ω

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Numerical 5

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Numerical 6

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Numerical 6

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Numerical 7

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Numerical 8

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 Numerical 8

x(t)
+1
e -at u(t)

e atu(-t) 0 t
-1

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Numerical 8

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Numerical 8

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Numerical 9

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Numerical 9

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Numerical 9

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 Properties: Linearity

If x1(t) ↔ X1(ω) and x2(t) ↔ X2(ω) then

ax1(t) + b x2(t) ↔ aX1(ω) + bX2(ω)

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Properties: Time Shifting

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Properties: Time Shifting

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Properties: Frequency Shifting

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Properties: Time and Frequency Scaling

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Properties: Time and Frequency Scaling

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Properties: Time Reversal

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Properties: Differentiation in time domain

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Properties: Differentiation in time domain

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Properties: Integration in time domain

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Properties: Integration in time domain

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Properties: Convolution

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Properties: Convolution

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Properties: Multiplication (Modulation)

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Properties: Multiplication (Modulation)

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Numerical: Multiplication (Modulation)

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Numerical: Multiplication (Modulation)

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Numerical: Multiplication (Modulation)

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Numerical: Multiplication (Modulation)

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Properties: Differentiation in frequency domain

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Numerical: Differentiation in frequency domain

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Important FT pairs

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Properties: Duality

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Properties: Duality

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Properties: Duality

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Numerical: Duality

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Numerical: Duality

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Numerical: Duality

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Numerical: Duality

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 Numerical: Duality
Find the FT of x(t) = sin(t) = (1/2j) (ejt - e-jt)
We have δ(t-1) ↔ e-jω
using duality property
e-jt ↔ 2π δ(ω+1)
cos(t) ↔ (1/2j) [2π δ(ω-1) - 2π δ(ω+1)]
cos(t) ↔ (π/j) [ δ(ω-1) - δ(ω+1)]

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 Numerical: Duality
Find the FT of x(t) = cos(ω0t)
cos(ω0t) ↔ π [ δ(ω ω0)+ δ(ω+ω0)]

Find the FT of x(t) = sin(ω 0t)

sin(ω0t) ↔ (π/j) [ δ(ω ω0) - δ(ω+ω0)]

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Numerical: Duality

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Properties: Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry

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Properties: Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry

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 Properties Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
Case I:
If x(t) is Real i.e. x*(t) = x(t)
Then F[x*(t)] = F[x(t)]
X*(- ω) = X(ω)
X(- ω) = X*(ω)
If x(t) is real and even
Then X(- ω) = X*(ω) = X(ω)
Case II:
If x(t) is real and odd
Then X(- ω) = X*(ω) = - X(ω)

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Properties:Area under x(t)

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 Properties: Area under X(ω)

The value of the function x(t) at t = 0 is equal to the area under

its Fourier transform X(ω)/2π.

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Properties: Parseval’s Relation

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Properties: Parseval’s Relation

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Properties: Parseval’s Relation

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Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals

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Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals

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 Signal transmission trough LTI system
If x(t) and y(t) are the input and output of an LTI system with
impulse response h(t) then
y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
F[y(t)] = F[x(t)] F[h(t)]
Y(ω) = X(ω) H(ω)
H(ω) = Y(ω)/X(ω)

LTI
x(t) y(t) = x(t)* h(t)
h(t)
X(ω) H(ω) Y(ω) = X(ω) H(ω)

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Signal transmission trough LTI system

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Signal transmission trough LTI system

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 Linear and Nonlinear Phase
Consider a continuous time LTI system with impulse response
h(t) and frequency response H(ω).
Let a signal x(t) with Fourier transform X(ω) be applied to the
input of the system.
Let a signal y(t) with Fourier transform Y(ω) be output of the
system.
In several applications we require that the output waveform be
replica of the input waveform i.e. distortion less transmission.
Transmission is said to be distortion less if the input and output
have identical waveshapes within a multiplicative constant and a
constant time delay.
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 Near and Nonlinear Phase
x(t) y(t) = Gx(t – td)
LTI system

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 Linear and Nonlinear Phase

|H(ω) Phase H(ω)|

G |

0 ω 0 ω
Slope = - td

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 Linear and Nonlinear Phase
The gain |H(ω)| = G means that every spectral component is
multiplied by a constant G. A linear phase = - ωtd means that
every spectral component is delayed by td seconds.
For distortion less transmission we require a linear phase
characteristic.
The phase is not only linear function of ω but also it should pass
through the origin ω = 0, because each spectral component is
modified by the same factor G and delayed by exactly same
amount td.

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 Phase Delay and Group Delay
Phase delay and the Group delay are the two important
parameters that characterized the response y(t) of an LTI system
when excited by an input x(t) composed of a weighted sum of
sinusoidal signals.
These parameters are associated with the frequency response
H(ω) of the system.
For linear phase system both the phase delay and the group
delay are constant.

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Phase Delay

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Phase Delay

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Group Delay

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Group Delay

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 Ideal filters

|H(ω)
1 |

-ω c 0 ωc ω 0 ω
Slope = -
ωtd

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Ideal filters

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Ideal filters

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 Ideal filters
We know that h(t) is system response to impulse input δ(t)
which is applied at t = 0.
But the figure shows that the response h(t) starts before the
input is applied (t = 0). Therefore, the filter is noncausal and
physically unrealizable.
This true for all ideal filters, hence ideal filters are physically
unrealizable.

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