Name the fundamental physical quantities.

There are seven fundamental physical quantities: length, mass, time, electric current,
temperature, amount of substance, and light intensity.

When were SI units established?

The SI unit was established in 1960.

What are the common System of Units used in measurements?

Following are the commonly used System of Units in measurements:
 CGS system
 MKS system
 FPS system

Define unit.
Unit is defined as the reference standard used for measurements.

SI UNIT

The answer to what is SI unit is that it is an abbreviation of the French word Système
International. The International System Of Units (SI) is the metric system that is used
universally as a standard for measurements. SI units play a vital role in scientific and
technological research and development. It is made up of 7 base units which are used for
defining 22 derived units. The SI units can be expressed either as standard multiple or as
fractional quantities.
SI unit is an international system of measurements that are used universally in technical
and scientific research to avoid the confusion with the units. Having a standard unit
system is important because it helps the entire world to understand the measurements
in one set of unit systems. Following is the table with base SI units:

Sl. No. Name of the Quantity SI Unit SI Unit Symbol

1. Length (l) Meter m

2. Mass (M) Kilogram kg

3. Time (T) Second s

 4. Electric current (I) Ampere Amp

5. Thermodynamic temperature (Θ) Kelvin K

6. Amount of substance (N) Mole mol

7. Luminous intensity (J) Candela cd

Time

Time is a moment or duration in which things occur. We measure time with the help of
clocks and watches.

Measurement of Time in Ancient Times

In ancient times, people used some natural events which repeated regularly after fixed time
intervals, to measure time.

It was observed that full moon occurs regularly after fixed time interval and the sunrise
also occurs regularly after fixed time interval. So, the two natural periodic events which
were used in ancient times to measure time were the occurrence of full moon and sunrise.

(1) The time from one full moon to the next full moon was called a month.

(2) The time from one sunrise to the next sunrise was called a day.

The important time measuring devices used in ancient times were: Sundial, Sand clock and
Water clock.

Sundial

A sundial measures time by the position of the shadow cast by the sun. The sun rises in the
east, appears to move in the sky during the day, and finally sets in the west. Due to this
apparent movement of the sun in the sky, the position of shadow of a vertical object on the
ground changes continuously throughout the day.

The sundial has a triangular blade called gnome which is fixed vertically on a dial marked
with hours of the day. The sun casts a shadow of this vertical blade on the dial. As
the position of sun changes in the sky, the position of shadow of blade on the dial
also changes. The position of shadow of vertical blade on the dial gives the time of the day.

Some historical sundials still exist in India at Jantar Mantar in Delhi and at Jaipur in Rajasthan

( Stick or draw picture in blank page of your notebook )

Sand Clock

Sand clock is also known as sand-glass or hour-glass. The sand clock uses the flow of sand
(from one glass bulb to another) to measure time. The length of time taken by the sand to
pass from one bulb of the sand clock to the other, gives a constant time interval. A sand
clock consists of two glass bulbs joined together through a narrow tube.

Some sand is filled in one of the glass bulbs. The two glass bulbs are closed at the outer
ends. When the sand clock is kept in such a way that the sand is in the upper bulb, the
entire sand flows down to the lower bulb slowly, in a fixed time interval. When the sand
clock is to be used again, it is turned upside down so that the sand containing bulb comes at
the top. The sand clock (or sand glass) is usually filled with so much sand that it takes one
hour to fall from the upper bulb to the lower bulb. This is why sand clock (or sand-glass) is
also called an hour-glass

( Stick or draw picture in blank page of your notebook )

Water Clock

A water clock uses the rate at which water drips from one vessel to another to measure time
intervals. Water was allowed to drip from one vessel to another vessel kept at a lower level.
The time taken by the entire water to drip from upper vessel to lower vessel was used for
measuring time intervals. Every time the upper vessel is filled with water, its water takes
exactly the same time to drip into the lower vessel.

Candle Clock

For the measurement of time , a candle uses slow burning thin standard candle with many
markings .Each marking indicates the passing unit of time as candle burns through out day
and night

( Stick or draw picture in blank page of your notebook )

Units of Time

The standard unit of measuring time is second. The symbol of second is ‘s’. The standard
unit of time is also called basic unit of time. The larger units of time than second are minute
and hour. The symbol of ‘minute’ is ‘min’ and the symbol of hour’ is h.

Time is normally measured in the units of hours, minutes and seconds.

1 hour = 60 minutes

1 minute = 60 seconds

24 hours =1 day

30 days =1 month

12 months =1 year

10 years =1 decade

100 years (or 10 decades) = 1 century

1000 years (or 10 centuries) =1 millennium

Periodic Motion

A motion which repeats itself at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion.

Clocks and watches which are used for measuring time are based on the principle of periodic
motion.

The pendulum clock used for measuring time is based on the periodic motion of a pendulum

Measurement of Time using a Simple

Pendulum
Draw the picture of simple pendulum in the blank page of your notebook

A simple pendulum consists of a small metal ball (called bob) suspended by a long thread
from a rigid support, such that the bob is free to swing back and forth.
The motion of pendulum was first studied by Galileo.

A pendulum completes every swing (or every oscillation) in exactly the same time, provided
its length is kept constant. The time period of oscillation of a given pendulum is constant.

A simple pendulum can be made by tying about one-meter-long thread to a small metal ball
(called bob) and suspending it from a rigid support so that the bob is free to swing When the
pendulum is at rest, then its bob is at the mean position. If the bob of this pendulum is
pulled to one side and then released, it will begin to oscillate to-and-fro (back and forth) like
a swing.

Initially the bob is at the mean position A. Now, suppose the bob is pulled a little to the right side
to position-B-and then released. It will be seen to come back and move on to position C, at an
equal distance on the other side of the mean position A, and then go on repeating this back-and-
forth motion between the two extreme positions B and C. And we say that the simple pendulum
is oscillating (or vibrating).

The to-and-fro motion of a simple pendulum is an example of periodic motion (or oscillatory
motion).

(1) Length of Pendulum

The length of thread from the point of suspension to the center of bob, is called length of
pendulum. The time-period of a pendulum depends on its length. As the length of a pendulum is
increased, its time-period also increases. The time-period of a pendulum of given length is
constant.

(2) Oscillations
One complete to-and-fro movement of the pendulum bob is called an oscillation. One oscillation
can be counted starting from one of the extreme positions of the bob or from the mean position.

3.Time-Period

The time taken by pendulum bob to make one complete oscillation is called time period of the
pendulum.