Ex Krantz Ch2
Ex Krantz Ch2
You are invited to convince yourself intuitively that these general forms
are in fact valid! Again, these discussions serve, for now, as an invitation to
the subject. A more rigorous treatment is given in Chapter 11.
Exercises
i f(z) dz = 0.
[Hint: Recall that f has a holomorphic antiderivative.]
2. Let f be holomorphic on an open set U which is the interior of a disc
or a rectangle. Let p, q E U. Let 'Yj : [a, b] --+ U, j = 1, 2, be C 1 curves
such that 'Yj(a) = p, 'Yj(b) = q, j = 1, 2. Show that
1 fdz = 1 fdz.
~1 ~2
3. Let U ~ C be an open disc with center 0. Let f be holomorphic on U.
If z E U, then define 'Yz to be the path
"fz(t) = tz , 0:::; t:::; 1.
Define
F(z) = 1 f(() d(.
~z
Prove that F is a holomorphic antiderivative for f.
4. Compute the following complex line integrals:
(a) 1 ~ dz where 'Y is the unit circle [center (0, 0)] with counter-
~z
i
clockwise orientation;
(b) z+ z 2zdz where 'Y is the unit square [side 2, center (0,0)] with
clockwise orientation;
(c) 1 ~ dz where 'Y is the triangle with vertices 1 + Oi, 0 + i, 0 - i,
~8+z
and 'Y is equipped with counterclockwise orientation;
(d) 1 ~ dz where 'Y is the rectangle with vertices ±3±i with clock-
~8+z
wise orientation.
5. Evaluate §I' zj dz, for every integer value of j, where 'Y is a circle with
counterclockwise orientation and whose interior contains 0.
Exercises 61
Here the · denotes the dot product of vectors. Notice that this is a
direct generalization of Proposition 2.1.4, where o:(z) was taken to be
grad f (z). You have seen integrals like (*) in your multi variable calculus
course.
Define
o:1(z) = (x,y),
0:2 (z) = (x2, y2) ,
o:3(z) = (y 2 ,x),
2
12. Formulate and prove a converse to Theorem 2.2.3. [Hint: Refer to the
discussion in the text.] (Cf. Exercise 9.)
13. In analogy with calculus, formulate and prove a sum, a product, a quo-
tient, and a chain rule for the complex derivative.
14. Iff and g are C 1 complex-valued functions on an open set U, iff' and
g' exist on U, and if f'(z) = g'(z) for all z E U, then how are f and g
related?
15. Let u be real-valued and C 1 on an open disc U with center 0. Assume
that u is harmonic on U \ {0}. Prove that u is the real part of a holo-
morphic function on U.
16. Let U ~ C be an open disc with center 0. Suppose that both f and g
are holomorphic functions on U \ {0}. If 8f /8z = 8g/8z on U \ {0},
then prove that f and g differ by a constant.
17. Give an example to show that Lemma 2.3.1 is false ifF is not assumed
to be continuous at p.
18. Compute each of the following complex line integrals:
(a) i (~ 1 d( where 1 describes the circle of radius 3 with center 0
and counterclockwise orientation;
(b) i (( + 4)(~ _ 1 + i) d( where 1 describes the circle ofradius 1 with
(c) i (:
center 0 and counterclockwise orientation;
(d) i (((
clockwise;
+ 4) d( where 1 is the circle of radius 2 and center 0 with
(e) i(
clockwise orientation;
d( where 1 is the circle of radius 1 and center 0 with counter-
clockwise orientation;
(f) i (( ~(~)~ ~ S) d( where 1 is the circle with center 2+i and radius
3 with clockwise orientation.
19. Suppose that U ~Cis an open set. Let FE C 0 (U). Suppose that for
every D(z, r) ~ U and 1 the curve surrounding this disc (with counter-
clockwise orientation) and all w E D(z, r) it holds that
Figure 2.10
20. Prove that the Cauchy integral formula (Theorem 2.4.2) is valid if we
assume only that FE C0 (D) (here, of course, Dis some disc), and F is
holomorphic on D.
21. Let f be a continuous function on {z : lzl = 1}. Define, with '"'f = the
unit circle traversed counterclockwise,
f(z) if lzl = 1
{
F(z) = ~ 1 f(() d( if lzl < 1.
27rt h (- z
Is F continuous on D(O, 1)? [Hint: Consider f(z) = z.]
* 22.Let FE C(D(O, 1)) and holomorphic on D(O, 1). Suppose that IF(z)l ~
1 when lzl = 1. Prove that IF(z)l ~ 1 for z E D(O, 1).
23. Let f(z) = z 2 • Calculate that the integral off around the circle 8D(2, 1)
given by
la27r /(2 + ei8) dO
is not zero. Yet the Cauchy integral theorem asserts that
1 f(()d( = 0.
kD(2,1)
Give an explanation.
24. Use the Cauchy integral theorem to prove that if '"'/1, '"'12 are the two
contours depicted in Figure 2.10, ifF is holomorphic in a neighborhood
of D, and if P is as in the figure, then
1 F(() d( = 1 F(() d(.
h1(-P h2(-P
64 Exercises
1 y
1
X
Figure 2.11
25. (a) Let 'Y be the boundary curve of the unit disc, equipped with coun-
terclockwise orientation. Give an example of a C 1 function f on a
neighborhood of D(O, 1) such that
i f(()d( = 0,
i zkdz = 0
1 z 3 dz
fav{si,2) '
1 (z- i) 2 dz.
!av(6+i,3)
Exercises 65
0+i
-1- i 1- i
Figure 2.12
29. Calculate
_1 1 _1_d(
27ri fav(o,I) ( + 2 '
_1 1 _1_d(
27ri !av(o,2) ( + 1
explicitly.
30. Calculate the integrals in Exercise 28 with the aid of the Cauchy integral
formula and Cauchy integral theorem.
31. Let f be holomorphic on C \ {0}. Let s1, s2 > 0. Prove that if '"Yl and "/2
are counterclockwise oriented squares of center 0 and side length s1 and s2,
respectively, then
33. Prove that the sum used in Definition 2.6.2 to define the integral over a
piecewise C 1 curve is independent of the choice of a3 and k.
34. Prove Lemma 2.6.3.
35. Give a detailed proof of Lemma 2.6.4.
36. Calculate
_1 1 1 d(
27ri h ((- 1)((- 2i) '
where 1 is the circle with center 0, radius 4, and counterclockwise ori-
entation.
37. Calculate
1 1 (2 +(
27ri h ((- 2i)(( + 3) d('
where 1 is the circle with center 1, radius 5, and counterclockwise ori-
entation.
38. Verify that
11 d( 11 d(
27ri hl ((- 1)(( + 1) = 27ri h2 ((- 1)(( + 1)'
where 1 1 is 8D(1, 1) equipped with counterclockwise orientation and
1 2 is 8D( -1, 1) equipped with clockwise orientation. Notice that these
curves cannot be continuously deformed to one another through U =
C\ { -1, 1}, the domain on which 1/(( -1)(( + 1) is holomorphic (at least
you should be able to see this intuitively). Discuss why this example
does not contradict the Cauchy integral formula as discussed in this
chapter.
39. Let 1 be the unit circle equipped with clockwise orientation. For each
real number ..\, give an example of a nonconstant holomorphic function
F on the annulus {z: 1/2 < lzl < 2} such that
-21 .
7!"'/, h1 F(z)dz = ..\.
40. Let 1 1 be the curve 8D(O, 1) and let 1 2 be the curve 8D(O, 3), both
equipped with counterclockwise orientation. Note that the two curves
taken together form the boundary of an annulus. Compute
(a) ~ 1 (2 + 5( d(- ~ 1 (2 + 5( d( '
27rt h2 ( - 2 2n h 1 ( - 2
(b) _1 1 (2 - 2 d( - _1 1 (2 - 2 d(
27ri h2 ( 27ri hl ( '
1 1 (3 - 3( - 6 1 1 (3 - 3( - 6
(c) 27ri h2 ( ( ( + 2)(( + 4) d(- 27ri h
1 ( ( ( + 2)(( + 4) d(