Lecture 7

PCME-513
Fluid Mechanics and Machinery
Lecture 7
Trade Name of Class Teachers
• GME-24 Batch
• Dr. R K Yadav Prof (ME)
• Anuj Bansal, AP (ME)
• Ankita Omer, AP (ME)
• Jonny Singla, AP (ME)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
LONGOWAL
(Deemed to-be University)
Fluid Static
 Fluid Pressure: If the fluid is stationary , then the force exerted by the
surrounding fluid on the area dA will be perpendicular to the surface dA. If dF
is the force acting on dA in normal direction then intensity of pressure or
pressure is given as
p = dF/dA
p = Force/Area Unit: N/m2 known as Pascal (Pa)
 Pascal’s Law: The pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is

equal in all directions.
 Absolute pressure (Pab): The pressure which is measured with reference to
absolute vacuum pressure. In other words, it is measured above the absolute
zero or complete vacuum.
Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gauge pressure
Pab = Patm + Pgauge
Fluid Static
 Gauge Pressure: It is the pressure which is

measured above the atmospheric pressure, i.e.
atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. It is
measured with the help of a pressure measuring
instrument.
 Vacuum Pressure: It is defined as the pressure

below the atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum pressure = Atmospheric pressure –
Absolute pressure
Example: What are the gauge pressure and absolute
pressure at a point 3 m below the free surface of a liquid
having a density of 1.53X 103 kg/m3 if the atmospheric
pressure is equal to 750 mm /hg? The sp. Gravity of Hg is
13.6 and density of water is 1000 kg/m3
Fluid Static
Solution : Depth of liquid Z1 = 3 m

Density of liquid 𝜌 = 1.53 X 103 kg/m3
Absolute pressure head Z0 = 750 mm Hg
𝜌0 = Density of Hg = 13.6 X 1000 Kg/m3
Atmospheric Pr., patm = 𝜌0 X g X Z0 = 13.6 X 1000 X 9.81 X .75
= 100062 M/m2
Pressure at depth of 3m from free surface,
Gauge Pressure, P = 𝜌1 X g X Z1
= 1.53X1000X9.81X3 = 45028 N/m2
Absolute Pressure, = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure
= 45028 + 100062 = 145090 N/m2
Fluid Static
The pressure of a fluid is measured by following devices :

1. Manometers
2. Mechanical Gauges
Manometers: theses are used for measuring pressure at a point in a fliud by balancing the
column of fluid by the same or another column of fluid. They are classified as:
 Simple manometers
 Differential Manometers
Simple Manometers: It consists of a glass tube , having one of its ends connected to a point
where pressure is to be measured and the other end remains open to atmosphere. Common types
of simple manometers are:
 Piezometer
 U-tube manometer
 Single column manometer
Fluid Static
Pressure Measurement
Manometers Mechanical gauges
Simple Differential Diaphragm Pr. Gauge

Manometers Manometers
Bourdon Tube
Piezometers
Double Piezometers
U-tube
U-tube Differential Dead weight Pr. Gauge
Manometer
Manometer
Single Column Bellows Pr. Gauge

Inverted U-tube
Manometer
Differential Manometer
Inclined Single
Column Micromanometer
Manometer
Fluid Static
Piezometer: Simplest form of manometer used for

measuring gauge pressures. One end of this manometer
is connected to the point where pressure is to be
measured and the other end is open.
pressure at A = 𝜌 x g x h (N/m2 )
𝜌 is density of liquid in piezometer.
g is acceleration of gravity.
h is height of liquid column(as shown in figure).
Fluid Static
U-Tube Manometer: It consists of a glass tube bent in U shape, one

end of which is connected to a point at which pressure is to be
measured and other is open to atmosphere.
 The tube generally contains mercury or any other liquid whose
sp. Gravity is greater than sp. Gravity of the liquid whose pressure
is to be measured.
Pressure at point B will be given as:
p = 𝜌2gh2 - 𝜌1gh1 (symbols have the usual meaning)
Example: The right limb of a simple u-tube manometer, containing Hg, is open to the
atmosphere while the left limb is connected to a pipe in which fluid of sp. Gravity 0.9 is
flowing. The centre of pipe is 12 cm below the level of Hg in the right limb. Find the pressure
of fluid in the pipe if the difference of Hg level in the two limbs is 20 cm.
Fluid Static
Solution: S1 = 0.9
𝜌1 = S1 x 1000 = 900 Kg/m3
S2 = 13.6
𝜌2 = S2x 1000 = 13600 Kg/m3
h = 12 cm
h2 = 20 cm = .2 m
h1 = 20- 12 = 8 cm = 0.08 m
P + 𝜌1 gh1 = 𝜌2 g h2
P = 13600 x 9.81 x .2 – (900 x 9.81 x 0.08)
= 26683 – 706
Pressure at A = 25977 N/m2
Fluid Static
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Fluid Static
Pressure and its Measurement
 Taking an example,
Solution: At A S1 = 1.5 𝜌1 = 1500 Kg/m3

At B S2 = 0.9 𝜌2 = 900 Kg/m3
Pa = 1 kgf/cm2 = 1x104 kgf/m2
= 104 x 9.81 N/m2
Pb = 1.8 kgf/cm2 = 1.8 x 104 x 9.81 N/ m2
Density of Hg = 13.6 x 1000 Kg/m3
Taking X-X as datum line,
Pressure in left limb above x-x = 13.6 x 1000 x 9081 x h + (1500 x 9.81 x 5) + Pa
= 13.6 x 1000 x 9.81 x h + (1500 x 9.81 x 5) + 104 x 9.81 N/m2
Pressure in right limb above x-x = 900 x 9.81 x (h+2) + Pb

= 900 x 9.81 x (h+2) + 1.8 x 104 x 9.81 N/ m2
Equating the two pressures, we get,
13.6 x 1000 x 9.81 x h + (1500 x 9.81 x 5) + 104 x 9.81 = 900 x 9.81 x (h+2) +
1.8 x 104 x 9.81
13.6 h + 7.5 + 10 = (h + 2) x .9 + 18
13.6h + 17.5 = 0.9h + 1.8 + 18 = 0.9h + 19.8
12.7h = 2.3
h = 0.181m Ans
Fluid Static
Inverted U-Tube Differential Manometer: It consists of a inverted

U- tube, containing a light liquid. The two point are
connected to points whose pressure difference is to
be measured.
 𝜌1 is density of liquid at A; 𝜌2 is density of liquid at B B
and 𝜌s is density of light liquid.

 Pa is pressure at point A and Pb is pressure at point A
 Taking X-X as datum line,
 In the given figure, pressure in the left limb below x-x is = Pa - 𝜌1gh1
pressure in the right limb below x-x is = Pb - 𝜌2gh2 - 𝜌sgh


Pa - 𝜌1gh1 = Pb - 𝜌2gh2 - 𝜌sgh
Pa - Pb = 𝜌1gh1 - 𝜌2gh2 - 𝜌sgh
Taking an example,
Solution: Sp. Gr. Of oil = 0.8 i.e. 𝜌s = 800 Kg/m3

Difference of oil in two limbs = (30+20) – 30 = 20cm
Taking X-X as datum line,
Pressure in left limb below x-x = Pa – 1000 x 9.81 x 30
= Pa – 2943
Pressure in right limb below x-x = Pb – 1000 x 9.81 x 0.3 – 800 x 9.81 x 0.2
= Pb – 2943 – 1569.6
= Pb – 4512.6
Pa – 2943 = Pb – 4512.6
Pa - Pb = 4512.6 – 2943 = 1569.6 N/m2
 Micromanometer: It is a combination of two

single column manometers. This is used for
measurement of very small pressure
differentials or where the pressure differential
is to be measured with very high accuracy.
Mechanical Gauge
Bourdon Tube: The Bourdon tube is the namesake of Eugéne Bourdon, a French
watchmaker and engineer who invented the Bourdon gauge in 1849.
 Bourdon tube pressure gauges are very common and are used to measure
medium to high pressures. They cover measuring spans from 600 mbar to
4,000 bar.
 Bourdon tube is an elastic-element

type of pressure transducer. It is
relatively cheap and is commonly used
for measuring the gauge pressure of both
gaseous and liquid fluids.
 The Bourdon pressure gauge operates

on the principle that, when pressurized,
a flattened tube tends to straighten or
regain its circular form in cross-section.
 The Bourdon tube comes in C, helical, and spiral shapes.

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PCME-513

Fluid Mechanics and Machinery

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

 Pascal’s Law: The pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is

 Gauge Pressure: It is the pressure which is

 Vacuum Pressure: It is defined as the pressure

Solution : Depth of liquid Z1 = 3 m

The pressure of a fluid is measured by following devices :

Manometers Mechanical gauges

Simple Differential Diaphragm Pr. Gauge

Single Column Bellows Pr. Gauge

Piezometer: Simplest form of manometer used for

U-Tube Manometer: It consists of a glass tube bent in U shape, one

Solution: At A S1 = 1.5 𝜌1 = 1500 Kg/m3

Pressure in right limb above x-x = 900 x 9.81 x (h+2) + Pb

Inverted U-Tube Differential Manometer: It consists of a inverted

and 𝜌s is density of light liquid.

 Taking X-X as datum line,

pressure in the right limb below x-x is = Pb - 𝜌2gh2 - 𝜌sgh

Equating the two pressures, we get,

Solution: Sp. Gr. Of oil = 0.8 i.e. 𝜌s = 800 Kg/m3

 Micromanometer: It is a combination of two

 Bourdon tube is an elastic-element

 The Bourdon pressure gauge operates

 The Bourdon tube comes in C, helical, and spiral shapes.

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