Scribd
Upload
16 views12 pages

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

satvikch0007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views12 pages

Lecture 1

Uploaded by

satvikch0007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

PCME-513

Fundamental Concepts

Lecture 1
Trade Name of Class Teachers
• GME-24 Batch
• Dr. R K Yadav Prof (ME)
• Anuj Bansal, AP (ME)
• Ankita Omer, AP (ME)
• Jonny Singla, AP (ME)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


SANT LONGOWAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
LONGOWAL
(Deemed to-be University)
Fundamental Concepts

Mechanics: The oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and
moving bodies under the influence of forces.

Statics: The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest.

Dynamics: The branch that deals with bodies in motion.

Fluid mechanics: The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest
(fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with
solids or other fluids at the boundaries.

Fluid dynamics: Fluid mechanics is also referred to as fluid dynamics by


considering fluids at rest as a special case of motion with zero velocity.
Fundamental Concepts

Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be


approximated as incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and
gases at low speeds).
Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid
flows in pipes and open channels.
Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant
density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high
speeds.
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over
bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally
occurring flows.
Fundamental Concepts

Difference between solid,


Liquid and Gas
Fundamental Concepts
5
 The solid state is one of the fundamental
states of matter.
 Solids differ from liquids and gases by
the characteristic of rigidity.
 The molecules of solids are tightly
packed because of strong
intermolecular forces; they only
oscillate about their mean positions.
 Whereas, liquids and gases possess the
property of fluidity and can easily flow.
 Solids can be defined as the state of
matter which has definite shape and
volume and has a rigid structure.
 Solids possess the least compressibility
and thermal expansion.
 Example: Iron (Fe)
Solids
Fundamental Concepts

 The molecules in a liquid are closely packed due to


weak intermolecular forces.
Liquids
 These forces are weaker than solids but stronger than
that of gases.
 There is much space in between the molecules of
liquids which makes their flowing ability easy.
 Liquids can easily acquire the shape of a vessel, and
they have a fixed volume.
 Conversion of solids into liquids takes place when we
increase the temperature of solids to a point where
solids begin to melt.
 Generally, the density of liquid lies between the
density of solids and gases. Compressibility and
thermal expansion of liquids are slightly higher than
that of solids.
 Example: Water (H2O)
Fundamental Concepts
7

 In this state of matter, distances between the


Gases
molecules are large (intermolecular distance
is in the range of 10^−7 – 10^−5cm).
 The intermolecular forces experienced
between them are negligible.
 Thus, translatory, rotatory and vibratory
motions are observed prominently in gases.
 Gases do not have any fixed shape or
volume.
 They also possess high compressibility and
thermal expansion.
 Example: Oxygen (O2)
Fundamental Concepts

What is a Fluid?
 Fluids is a substance that cannot resist a shear force or stress without moving as can a
solid.
 It is usually classified as liquids or gases.
 A liquid has intermolecular forces that hold it together so that it possesses volume but no
definite shape.
 A fluid deforms continuously under the influence of a shear stress, no matter how small.
 In solids, stress is proportional to strain, but in fluids, stress is proportional to strain rate.
 When a constant shear force is applied, a solid eventually stops deforming at some fixed
strain angle, whereas a fluid never stops deforming and approaches a constant rate of
strain.
Fundamental Concepts
Definition: Fluid
 Fluid: Fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the action of shear
stress, as long as the shear stress is applied, no matter how small the shear stress
may be.
 It is this property of fluids not to resist shear stress that makes them capable to
flow and take any shape.
Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Properties
Definition: Liquid vs Gasses
 In a liquid, molecules can move relative to each other, but the volume remains
relatively constant because of the strong cohesive forces between the molecules.
 As a result, a liquid takes the shape of the container it is in, and it forms a free
surface in a larger container in a gravitational field.
 A gas, on the other hand, expands until it encounters the walls of the container
and fills the entire available space.
 This is because the gas molecules are
widely spaced, and the cohesive forces
between them are very small.
 Unlike liquids, gases cannot form a free
surface
Fundamental Concepts
11

Differences
Fluids Solids
• Fluids have no shape • Solids have a definite shape
• Fluids cannot sustain a shear force, i.e. • Solids can sustain a shear force; i.e.
a fluid is always in motion they remain static
• Stress is a function of the rate of strain, • Stress is a function of strain, thus a
thus a fluid had a `dynamic' state solid maintains a static or `quasi-static'
• The static properties of a fluid cannot state.
be extended to dynamic properties. • The static properties of a solid can be
extended to dynamic properties.
Fundamental Concepts

Similarities
The continuum hypothesis is used for both fluids and solids.
The fundamental laws of mechanics apply to both fluids and solids.
- Newton's law of motion (conservation of momentum)
- Conservation of Mass
- First law of thermodynamics (conservation of energy)
The constitutive law relating stress and rate of strain also apply to both.

You might also like