104 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….

… Design of Column

CHAPTER 6
Design of Columns
6.1 Introduction:
Columns are important structural members of the building .They carry roof and floor loads to the
foundations. Columns mainly compression members but they sometimes subjected to moment may be
uniaxial acting about one axis or bi-axial acting on both axes.
The design of axially loaded columns is based on simplified direct equations that may take into
account eccentricity due to constructional tolerances, whereas columns subjected to axial loads and
bending moment may results in a complicated form and lengthy equation however, these have been
simplified by applying design charts (21 to 50) given in the (BS-8110) part-3 for rectangular, square
and in the manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures (appendix "D" ) for
rectangular, square and circular columns.

6.2 Size of Columns

According to BS 8110-, part 1, clause (3.8.1.2) the size of a column and the position of the
reinforcement in it may be affected by the requirements for durability and fire resistance, and these
should be considered before the design is commenced.

6.3 Classifications of Columns

Columns may be classified depending on the building stability and on the general column
properties:
1. Braced columns: 2. Unbraced columns:
i- Short columns. ii- Slender columns. i- Short columns. ii- Slender columns.

According to BS 8110, part 1, clause (3.8.1.3) and(3.8.1.5) a column may be considered braced
in a given plane if lateral stability to the structure as a whole is provided by walls or bracing or
buttressing designed to resist all lateral forces in that plane. It should otherwise be considered as
unbraced, and a column may be considered as Short when both the ratios( /h & /b) are less than
15 for braced columns, and less than 10 for unbraced columns. It should otherwise be considered as
slender.
Where:-
Effective height in respect of the major axis.
Effective height in respect of the minor axis.
bWidth of column (dimension of cross section perpendicular to h).
hDepth of the cross section measured in the plane under consideration.

In this project the columns considered to be unbraced columns due to absence of shear walls or any
structural members can be braced the structure.

6.4 Effective Height of Columns

The erotically the effective height of the column is the distance between the inflection points
along the member length. For a braced column the effective height will always be less than or equal
to the actual height in contrast the effective height of an unbraced will be greater than the actual
height except in the case where sway occurs without rotation at the ends.
It is an essential step in the design of column is to be determinate where proposed dimension and
frame arrangement will make it a short or slender column.
105 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

6.4.1 Simplified recommendations method:

Simplified recommendations given in BS 8110, part 1, clause (3.8.1.6) states that the effective height,
, of a column in a given plane may be obtained from the following equation:
Values of β are given in Table 3.19 & 3.20 for braced and unbraced columns respectively as a
function of the end conditions of the column.

6.4.2 Rigorous method:

This method gives more accurate assessment of effective height of columns.It is state that the
effective height for framed structural as recommended in BS 8110, part- 2, clause (2.5.5 and 2.5.6) is
as following:
a) Braced columns:
The effective height for framed structures may be taken as the lesser of:
, OR
( )

b) Unbraced columns:
The effective height for framed structures may be taken as the lesser of:

Where:
Effective height of column in the plane of bending considered.
Clear height between end restraints.
Ratio of the sum of the column stiffness to the sum of the beam stiffness's at the lower end of a
column.
Ratio of the sum of the column stiffness to the sum of the beam stiffness at the upper end of
column.
The lesser of &
According to BS 8110, part 2, clause (2.5.4) in specific cases of relative stiffness the following
simplifying assumptions may be used:
1. Flat slab construction: the beam stiffness is based on an equivalent beam of the width and
thickness of the slab forming the column strip
2. For a simply supported beams framing into a column: to be taken as 10;
3. For the connection between column and base designed to resist only nominal moment: c to
be taken as 5.
4. For the connection between column and base designed to resist column moment: to be
taken as 1.
We will use rigorous method in our project to determine the effective height of columns.

6.5 Slenderness limits for columns

The slenderness limits for columns are given in BS 8110, part 1, clause (3.8.1.7) and (3.8.1.8)
as: ≤ 60 × minimum thickness generally, and in unbraced columns, one end of which is
unrestrained (e.g. a cantilever column), its clear height, should not exceed:

Where: h and b are the larger and smaller dimensions of the column respectively. The design
equation from British standard Code BS – 8110, part-1, 1997 clause (3.8.2 to 3.8.4) (Moments &
forces in columns).
106 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

6.6 Moments and Forces in Columns

These will be calculated at ultimate limit state:
Short columns:
The design of short columns resisting moment and axial load is covered in BS-8110 part 1, clauses
(3.8.4.3 and 3.8.4.4), while the load and moment are obtained from analysis.
The design moment applied to the column is compared with moment due to minimum
eccentricity.The larger one is designed.

Slender column:
The design of slender columns is similar to that of short columns; but in case of slender columns, an
additional moment ( ) that induced due to buckling of column. This should be taken into account
in the design of slender column.

Moment due minimum eccentricity:

In BS-8110 part 1, Clause (3.8.2.4) a minimum eccentricitydue to constructional tolerances,
, where, h is the overall dimension of the column in the plan of bending,
Then,

Moment due to beam eccentricity:

The eccentricity of the beam reaction R on column results in moment. This moment is added to the
moment obtained from frame analysis, in case they rotate in same direction (c.w. or anti c.w.).
Otherwise, the difference between the two moments must be designed becausemoment due to
eccentricity of reaction reduces the moment obtained from the analysis. Nevertheless, the maximum
moment of them is designed for more conservative condition.
Moment due to beam eccentricity,

6.7 The design moment for unbraced column

The distribution of moments assumed over the height of an
unbraced column is indicated in BS-8110 part 1, Clause
(3.8.3.7) Figure (3.21), the additional moment at the other end
may be reduced in proportion to the ratio of the joint stiffness's
at either end. The moment will act in a direction such that it
increases the absolute magnitude at the critical section.
We can express that by the following equations (neglecting
the sign of the moment):

Where,
is the initial moment at the bottom of column.
is the initial moment at the top of column. Fig.(6.1) Double Curvature

It is clear from the equation mentioned above that the design moment of un-braced slender column is
the sum of the additional moment ( ) and maximum value of the top or the bottom moment of
column.
If the summation is less than the nominal moment due to minimum eccentricity, minimum moment is
designed .
107 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

1)Un-braced slender columns subjected to a bi-axial moment:

STEP(1) Moment is calculated for both axes :
the greater of the following equations (neglecting the sign of the moment):
1) .
2)
3)

STEP(2)
The code BS-8110 part 1, Clause (3.8.4.5) states that: the biaxial bending is converted in to a uniaxial
bending by increasing the moment about one critical axis by the following procedure:

( )

( )
Where,
h' and b' are shown in Figure (6.2)
{ }
Or obtained from Table 3.22 in BS-8110, part 1.

Fig.(6.2) Biaxial bent column

2)Un-braced slender columns subjected to a uni-axial moment:

This is covered inBS-8110 part 1, Clause (3.8.3.3)and Clause (3.8.3.4). We illustrate it as follows:
a) Column bents about their minor axis:
Then the design moment is the greater of the following equations (neglecting the sign of the
moment):
1) .
2)
3)
b) Column bents about their major axis:
If the following both conditions are satisfied,
,
Then the design moment (about major axis only) will be the same as in case (a). i.e.:
1) .
2)
3)
If one or both of the above conditions are not satisfied, column section should be designed as bi-
axially bent with zero initial moment about the minor axis ( ), as shown below:
 About major axis, the greater of the following:
1) .
2)
108 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

3)

 About minor axis, the greater of the following:

.
2)

-After compute & we apply step (2) mention above.

6.7.1 Computation of Additional Moment:
According to BS-8110 part 1, Clause (3.8.3.1), In general, a cross-section may be designed by the
methods given for a short column but in the design, account has to be taken of the additional moment
induced in the column by its deflection.
The slenderness causes an additional moment in the column and is given by:

Where:
The deflection of a rectangular or circular column under ultimate conditions and may be taken to
be: .

a) In the major axis (x – direction):

Where: ( )
b) For the minor axis (y – direction):-

Where: ( )

k: is a reduction factor that corrects the deflection to allow for the influence of axial load.
k is derived from the following equation:

Where:
& is the capacity under pure axial load.

Where, b and d depend on total moment

At first, the design is carried out with k = 1.0 and then "k" will be corrected at second design steps &
usually is made until the value of "k" converges to its final result.

6.8 Reinforcement Requirements

The minimum percentage of reinforcement is given in Table 3.25 of BS-8110 part 1, for both
grades 250 and 460 reinforcement is:

BS-8110 part 1, Clause 3.12.6.2 states that: the maximum area of reinforcement should not exceed 6
% of gross cross-sectional area of a vertically cast column except in the laps where 10 % is permitted.
Maximum area of reinforcement should not exceed 8% of gross cross-sectional area of a horizontal
cast column.
109 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

6.9 Requirement for links

BS-8110 part 1, Clause (3.12.7.1 &3.12.7.2) states:
 The diameter of links should not be less than 6 mm or one quarter of the diameter of
the largest longitudinal bar.
 The maximum spacing is to be 12 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar.
 The links should be arranged so that every corner bar and each alternate bar in an
outer layer is supported by a link passing round the bar and having an included angle
of not more than 135º. No bar is to be further than 150 mm from a restrained bar.
These requirements are shown in fig. 6.3
 For circular column a circular link pass around a circular arrangement of longitudinal bars is
adequate.

Fig.(6.3)Arrangement of links
110 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

6.10 Calculation sheet of Design of critical unbraced rectangular

column (B-2)
BS8110 Calculation Output
Specification:
Characteristic strength of concrete = 30N/mm2
Characteristic strength of longitudinal steel = 460 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of link steel = 250 N/mm2

Fig. (6.4) Show the layout of Critical Rectangular Column(D2) in plan

111 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Fig. (6.5) Longitudinal Section of Critical Rectangular Column (D2)

Table (6.1) Effective Height of Rectangular Columns

Position Cross Clear height Effective Height
of section β
“mm” “mm” Type of
columns Dimension Lo x-x axis y-y axis Le
“mm” column
b h x-x y-y x-x y-y
2nd 200 500 0582 2850 2.0 5028 0502 5.88 27.1 Unbraced
Slender
1st 200 550 0582 0502 2.8 2.0 5028 0362 2.22 26.8 Unbraced
Slender
Ground 200 600 0582 0502 2.8 2.0 5028 0360 2.20 .16.8 Unbraced
Slender
Pedstal 200 600 2822 2822 2.0 2.0 2582 2522 0.08 6 Unbraced
short
112 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Design of column (B-2):

Load and Bending moment:
Take the axial load and bending moment from envelope case :
-About X-X axis:

-About Y-Y axis:

Fig.(6.6) Bending moment of column (B-2)

113 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

-Axial load from frame (B-B):

-Axial load from frame (2-2):

114 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

At Second floor:

Self-weight=1.4*2.85*0.5*0.2*24=9.576 KN,
Axial load=141.45+83.16+9.576=234.2 KN,

Bending moment
Axial load "KN" "KN.m"
x-x Y-Y
234.2 40 34.36
The column will be design as unbraced slender column subjected to axial
load and biaxial bending moment.

Clause Max. slenderness ratio:

(3.8.1.7)
and (b= 200 mm, h= 500 mm)
(3.8.1.8)
( )

Clause Additional moment (Madd) :

(3.8.3.1)
, (as first trail K= 1)

- About major axis section (X-X) :

( ) ( )

-About minor axis section (Y-Y):

( ) ( )
115 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Clause Minimum moment ( ):

(3.8.2.4)

-About major axis section (X-X):-

, Take: (e = 20 mm)

-About major axis section (y-y):-

e=0.05*200=10mm < 20mm . ok, e=10mm.
Clause
(3.8.3.7)
Total moment (MT) :
.
.
- About major axis section (X-X):-

Fig.(6.7) Cross-
- About minor axis section (Y-Y): section of third
floor column (D2)

Convert Biaxial moment to Equivalent uniaxial:

Hence,
Where:

Main Reinforcement:
Design moment and
Axial load (N) = 234.2 KN
d = 155 mm & h = 200 mm
Table 3.25

Clause
3.12.6.2

From chart we get:

provide
10T16
116 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Clause Link :
(3.12.7.1 Should not be less than :-
&3.12.7.2) Diameter of links = 6 mm
OR 18 / 4 = 4.5 mm
Spacing = 12*16= 192 mm say 150 mm.
Provide R8 @ 180 mm c/c

Fig.(6.8) Reinforcement of second Floor

At first floor:
-Self-weight=1.4*2.85*0.2*0.55*24=10.54 KN,
-Axial load =410.72+263.9+10.54=685.16 KN,

Bending moment "KN.m"

Axia load "KN"
x-x Y-Y
685.16 45.19 37.6
The column will be design as unbraced slender column subjected to axial
load and Biaxial bending moment.
117 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Clause Max. slenderness ratio:

(3.8.1.7)
and
(3.8.1.8) (b = 200 mm, h= 550 mm)
( )

Clause
 Additional moment ( ):
(3.8.3.1)
, (as first trail K= 1)

- About major axis section (X-X) :

( ) ( )

- About minor axis section (Y-Y):

Fig.(6.10) Cross-
( ) ( ) section of second floor
column

Clause Minimum moment ( ):

(3.8.2.4)

-About major axis section (X-X):

Take (e = 20 mm)

- About minor axis section (Y-Y):

Take (e = 10 mm)

Clause
(3.8.3.7)  Total moment ( ):
.

- About major axis section (X-X):

- About minor axis section (Y-Y):

Convert Biaxial Bending Into Uniaxial Moment as Follows:

Hence,
Where:
118 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Main Reinforcement:
Design moment
Axial load (N) = 685.16 KN
d = 155 mm & h = 200 mm

From chart we get:

Provide
Table 3.25 01T16

Clause
3.12.6.2
Clause Calculation of reduction factor K :
(3.8.3.1)

Clause Link :
(3.12.7.1
Link Should not be less than:-
&3.12.7.2)
Diameter of links = 6 mm OR 16/4=
4m m
Spacing = 12*16= 192 mm say
180mm.
Provide R8 @ 180 mm c/c

Fig.(6.11) Reinforcement of first Floor

Column(B-2)
119 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

at ground floor :
Self-Weight=1.4*2.85*0.2*0.6*24=11.5 KN,
-Axial load=680+445+11.5=1136.5 KN,

Bending moment "KN.m"

Axial load "KN" The
x-x Y-Y
1136.5 35.93 28.21

column will be design as unbraced slender column subjected to axial load and
Biaxial bending moment.
Clause  Max. slenderness ratio:
(3.8.1.7) (b = 200 mm, h = 600 mm)
and
(3.8.1.8) ( )

Additional moment ( ):
Clause
(3.8.3.1) (as first trail K= 1)
- About major axis section (X-X) :-

( ) ( )
= 1136.5 * 0.052 * 0.600 * 1 = 17.05 KN.m
- About minor axis section (X-X) :-

( ) ( ) Fig. (6.13)Cross-section
of first floor column
= 1136.5 * 0.14112 * 0.200 * 1 = 32.077 KN.m

Clause Minimum moment ( ):

(3.8.2.4) Where (0.05 * h) 20

-About major axis section (X-X):-

e = (0.05 *600) = 30 mm > 20 mm Take (e = 20 mm)
-3
= 1136.5* 20 * 10 = 22.73 KN.m
-About minor axis section (Y-Y):-
e = (0.05 *200) = 10 mm < 20 mm Take (e = 10 mm)
= 1136.5* 10 * 10-3 = 11.365 KN.m

 Total moment (MT) :

Clause
(3.8.3.7)
- About major axis section (X-X):-

- About minor axis section (Y-Y):-

120 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Convert Biaxial Bending Into Uniaxial Moment In Column As Following:

Hence,
Where:

Main Reinforcement:
Design moment (M'y) = KN.m and Axial load (N) = 1136.5 KN
d = 155 mm & h = 200 mm

From chart we get:

Provide
8T18

Calculation of reduction factor K :

Second trail (K=0.76):

MTx MTy M'y
48.89 52.58 88 339.25 61.204 9.47 2.55 1.45 1740
121 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Calculation of reduction factor K :

Asc=1740mm2, Provide
10T16

Link :
Clause
Link should not be less than:-
(3.12.7.1
Diameter of links = 6 mm OR 16 / 4 = 4mm
&3.12.7.2)
Spacing = 12*16= 192 mm Say 180mm.
Provide R8 @ 180 mm c/c

Fig.(6.14) Reinforcement of Ground

Floor Column (B-2)

Design of column (B-2) at pedestal:

The reinforcement of the column consisting of max. Number of bars Provide 10T16
should be provided in the below columns "generally".
Hence, It should be provided in pedestal.
Therefore bars of ground floor column are provided.
122 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Link :
Clause Link should not be less than:-
(3.8.3.1) Diameter of links = 8 mm OR 18 / 4 =
4.5mm
Spacing = 12*18= 212 mm Say 200mm.
Provide R8 @ 200 mm c/c

Fig. (6.18) Reinforcement of pedestal Column (B-2)

 123 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

6.11 - other Columns:

Column7(C-2)
position Dimension Le Mx My N MT Asc provided
bxh (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m) (KN) (KN.m) (mm2)
Lex Ley
nd
2 200x450 3420 3420 6 30.44 219.57 39.93 1012.5 6T16-
R8@180mm
1st 200x500 4275 3420 11.85 38.87 653.32 64.01 1910 10T16-
R8@180mm
Ground 200x550 4275 3420 11.24 31.23 1091.86 59.5 1584 8T16-
R8@180mm
pedestal 200x550 1950 1800 12.05 20.03 1334.66 21.98 8T16-
R8@180mm
Column1(1-A)
position Dimension Le Mx MT N Asc provided
bxh (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m) (KN) (mm2)
Lex
nd
2 200x400 3420 25.15 36.27 190.18 320 6T16-R8@180mm
1st 200x450 3420 24.94 54.05 442.42 360 6T16-R8@180mm
Ground 200x500 4275 27.96 107.34 694.95 400 6T16- R8@180mm
pedestal 200x500 1950 34.12 854.95 400 6T16- R8@180mm
Column15(A-4)
position Dimension Le Mx MT N Asc provided
bxh (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m) (KN) (mm2)
Lex
nd
2 200x400 3420 38.8 51.54 217.91 320 6T16-R8@180mm
1st 200x450 3420 39.27 72.38 503.3 360 6T16-R8@180mm
Ground 200x500 4275 41.02 98.67 788.6 400 6T16- R8@180mm
pedestal 200x500 1950 40.96 935.64 400 6T16- R8@180mm
Column9(A-3)
position Dimension Le My Mx N MT Asc provided
bxh (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m) (KN) (KN.m) (mm2)
Lex Ley
nd
2 200x450 3420 3420 32.67 32.56 232.47 52.257 1600 8T16-
R8@180mm
1st 200x500 3420 3420 27.07 32.22 534.61 54.23 1530 8T16-
R8@180mm
Ground 200x550 4275 3420 25.21 28.82 836.64 59.8 1584 10T16-
R8@180mm
pedestal 200x550 1950 1800 14.74 27.57 934.41 20.65 10T16-
R8@180mm
 124 RESIDENTAIL STRUCTURAL DESIGN ..…….… Design of Column

Column5(A-2)
position Dimension Le MX MY N MT Asc provided
bxh (mm) (KN.m) (KN.m) (KN) (KN.m) (mm2)
Lex Ley
nd
2 200x400 3420 3420 17.31 7.03 174.8 20.07 320 6T16-
R8@180mm
1st 200x450 3420 3420 19.31 6.43 482.61 28.28 360 6T16-
R8@180mm
Ground 200x500 4275 3420 20.98 4 794.5 35.6 400 6T16-
R8@180mm
pedestal 200x500 1950 1800 25.41 4.41 965.68 33.43 6T16-
R8@180mm

All other columns provide 6T16- R8@180mm